Research Article
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Chemical Composition of the Black Sea Trout (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814): A Comparative Study

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 208 - 219, 28.08.2020

Ekrem Cem Çankırılıgil , Nermin Berik

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20019

Abstract

In this study, the chemical composition of the Black Sea trout (Salmo labrax), which were obtained from different environmental and feeding conditions, were evaluated. Wild trouts were captured from Altındere and Çağlayan rivers, while culture form obtained from aquaculture facilities. According to the results, wild forms had the highest crude protein and fat compared to culture forms, while moisture and crude ash was higher in culture forms. Glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid were higher in the individuals caught from wild, whereas culture forms had the highest isoleucine, threonine, and valine. All essential amino acids were detected in all groups, and total essential amino acids exhibited the highest values in the culture forms. While the total monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids showed the highest values in the wild, they were in lower amounts in the culture forms. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are essential for humans, were detected in all groups. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were found to be the highest polyunsaturated ones, respectively. In filial generations, there are no statistical differences found neither in total essential amino acids nor in fatty acid contents between different generations of Black Sea trout. 

Keywords

Salmo trutta labrax Chemical quality Seafood Aquaculture Salmon

Supporting Institution

This research was part of “A Research on Possibilities of Using Some Phytobiotic Containing Diets in Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1814) nutrition” entitled project supported by General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Thanks

Also, the authors would like to thank Eyüp Çakmak, Dr Osman Tolga Özel, Assoc. Prof. Dr Nazlı Kasapoğlu, and Esen Alp Erbay for the assistance in sampling studies and chemical analyses.

References

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  • Aydın, H., Yandı, I. (2002). The general status of spawning areas of Blacksea trout in the east Blacksea regions (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811). Ege University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 19(3-4), 501-506.
  • Ballantyne, J.S. (2011). Amino acid metabolism. Fish Physiology, 20, 77-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-088504-9.00002-7
  • Çakmak, Eyup, Çankırılıgil, E.C., Özel, O.T. (2018). The fifth culture generation of Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax): Culture characteristics, meat yield and proximate composition. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 35(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2018.35.1.16
  • Çakmak, Eyüp, Firidin, S., Duzgunes, Z.D., Parlak, R. (2019). The age-dependent reproductive performance of 4th generation Black Sea Trout (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814) Females. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(6), 496-502. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v19
  • Çankırılıgil, E. C., Berik, N., Alp Erbay, E. (2020). Optimization of hydrolization procedure for amino acid analysis in fish meat with HPLC-DAD by response surface methodology (RSM). Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.2.01
  • Çankırılıgil, Ekrem Cem, Çakmak, E., Özel, O.T., Kasapoglu, N. (2017). Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1811) Culture in Turkey and Morphometric Characteristics of Fifth Culture Generation. In Abstract Book of SEAB 2017, International Symposium on EuroAsian Biodiversity (p. 87). Minsk, Belarus.
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  • Fontana, L., Partridge, L. (2015). Promoting health and longevity through diet: From model organisms to humans. Cell Press, 161(1), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.020
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  • Hossain, M. A. (2011). Fish as source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which one is better-farmed or wild? Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(6), 455-466. https://doi.org/I1953E/1/11.10
  • Innis, S. M. (1991). Essential fatty acids in growth and development. Prog Lip Res., 30(1), 39-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(91)90006-Q
  • IUCN (2020). The IUCN red list of threatened species. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 10.04.2020)
  • IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) (1979). Standards methods for the analysis of oils, fats and derivatives (6th ed.). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. ISBN: 0-632-03337-.
  • Kaushik, S.J., Seiliez, I. (2010). Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: Current knowledge and future needs. Aquaculture Research, 41(3), 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.x
  • Kilkenny, C., Browne, W.J., Cuthill, I.C., Emerson, M., Altman, D.G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biology, 8(6), e1000412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412
  • Kolanowski, W., Stolyhwo, A., Grabowski, M. (2007). Fatty acid composition of selected fresh wWater gammarids (amphipoda, crustacea): A potentially innovative source of omega-3 LC PUFA. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 84(9), 827–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1116-7
  • Liu, Y., Rosten, T. W., Henriksen, K., Hognes, E. S., Summerfelt, S., Vinci, B. (2016). Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater. Aquacultural Engineering, 71, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.01.001
  • Lund, E. K. (2013). Health benefits of seafood; Is it just the fatty acids ? Food Chemistry, 140(3), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.034
  • Mazur, C.F., Iwama, G.K. (1993). Effect of handling and stocking density on hematocrit, plasma cortisol, and survival in wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture, 112(4), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90390-K
  • Mirzaei, H., Suarez, J.A., Longo, V.D. (2014). Protein and amino acid restriction, aging and disease: From yeast to humans. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25(11), 558-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.002
  • Nurnadia, A. A., Azrina, A., Amin, I. (2011). Proximate composition and energetic value of selected marine fish and shellfish from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. International Food Research Journal, 18, 137-148.
  • Okumuş, İ., Kurtoğlu, İ. Z., Atasaral, Ş. (2004). General overview of Turkish Sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations. In G. Harris & N. Milner (Eds.), Sea trout: Biology, conservation and management. Proceedings of the First International Sea Trout Symposium, Cardiff, July 2004 (pp. 115–116). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 9781405129916. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996027.ch9
  • Özel, O. T., Öztürk, E., Garipoğlu, A. V. (2017). Balıklarda lipid metabolizması. Aquaculture Studies, 3, 303-317. https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.vi.271321
  • Sahena, F., Zaidul, I.S.M., Jinap, S., Saari, N., Jahurul, H.A., Abbas, K.A., Norulaini, N.A. (2009). PUFAs in fish: Extraction, fractionation, ımportance in health. Comprehensive Review in Food Science and Food Safety, 8, 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00069.x
  • Sanger, A. M., Stobier, W. (2001). Muscle fiber diversity and plasticity. In I. A. Johnston (Ed.), Muscle Development and Growth (pp. 187–250). San Diego, U.S.A.: Academic Press. ISBN: 9780080918730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90190-2
  • Simopoulos, A.P. (1991). Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54(3), 438-463. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.3.438
  • Simopoulos, A.P. (2002). Omega-3 fatty acids in ınflammation and autoimmune diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(6), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248
  • Tabak, I., Aksungur, M., Zengin, M., Yilmaz, C., Aksungur, N., Alkan, A., Zengin, B., Misir, M. (2001). Karadeniz Alabalığının Biyo-Ekolojik Özelliklerinin ve Kültür İmkanlarının Araştırılması. Trabzon, Turkey: Publishing of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Turkey, p. 1-170. Project book: TAGEM/HAYSUD/98/12/01/007.
  • Teixeira, A., Cortes, R.M.V. (2006). Diet of stocked and wild trout, Salmo trutta: Is there competition for resources? Folia Zoologica, 55(1), 61-73.
  • Teletchea, F., Fontaine, P. (2014). Levels of domestication in fish: implications for the sustainable future of aquaculture. Fish and Fisheries, 15(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12006
  • Totland, G.K., Kryvi, H., Jødestøl, K.A., Christiansen, E.N., Tangeras, A., Slinde, E. (1987). Growth and composition of the swimming muscle of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during long-term sustained swimming. Aquaculture, 66(3-4), 229-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(87)90115-3
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2018). TSI web version. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/ (accessed 5.02.2020).
  • Videler, J.J. (1993). Swimming dynamics: Work from muscles. In Fish swimming (pp. 139–163). Chapman and Hall. ISBN: 978-94-010-4687-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1580-3_7
  • Wu, T.S., Hsieh, L. Te, Lin, S.L., Chang, Y.C., Chen, C.B., Hung, C.H. (2010). Emissions from using viscous agent-treated fishing boat fuel oil: Tests with a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) dynamometer. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 10(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2009.09.0054
  • Yeakley, J.A., Hughes, R.M. (2013). Global and regional context of salmonids and urban areas. In J. A. Yeakley, K. G. Maas-Hebner, & R. M. Hughes (Eds.), Wild Salmonids in the Urbanizing Pacific Northwest (pp. 11–29). New York, U.S.A.: Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4614-8818-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8818-7_2

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 208 - 219, 28.08.2020

Ekrem Cem Çankırılıgil , Nermin Berik

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20019

Abstract

References

  • AOAC (2000). Protein analysis by total Kjeldahl nitrogen (method no 920.152). Food analysis (Vol. Chapt). Gaithersburg. ISBN: 935584-67-6.
  • Aydın, H., Yandı, I. (2002). The general status of spawning areas of Blacksea trout in the east Blacksea regions (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811). Ege University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 19(3-4), 501-506.
  • Ballantyne, J.S. (2011). Amino acid metabolism. Fish Physiology, 20, 77-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-088504-9.00002-7
  • Çakmak, Eyup, Çankırılıgil, E.C., Özel, O.T. (2018). The fifth culture generation of Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax): Culture characteristics, meat yield and proximate composition. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 35(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2018.35.1.16
  • Çakmak, Eyüp, Firidin, S., Duzgunes, Z.D., Parlak, R. (2019). The age-dependent reproductive performance of 4th generation Black Sea Trout (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814) Females. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(6), 496-502. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v19
  • Çankırılıgil, E. C., Berik, N., Alp Erbay, E. (2020). Optimization of hydrolization procedure for amino acid analysis in fish meat with HPLC-DAD by response surface methodology (RSM). Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.2.01
  • Çankırılıgil, Ekrem Cem, Çakmak, E., Özel, O.T., Kasapoglu, N. (2017). Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax PALLAS, 1811) Culture in Turkey and Morphometric Characteristics of Fifth Culture Generation. In Abstract Book of SEAB 2017, International Symposium on EuroAsian Biodiversity (p. 87). Minsk, Belarus.
  • Cuq, J.-L., Firedman, M. (1989). Effect of heat on tryptophan in food: Chemistry, toxicology, and nutritional consequences. In M. Friedman (Ed.), Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids (p. 103–128). Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. ISBN: 9781351069441. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351069441-7
  • Farkas, T., Csengeri, I., Majoros, F., Oláh, J. (1980). Metabolism of fatty acids in fish: III. Combined effect of environmental temperature and diet on formation and deposition of fatty acids in the carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758. Aquaculture, 20(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(80)90059-9
  • Fidan, D., Zengin, B., Akbaş, U., Kılıç, M.B., Başçınar, N.S., Alkan, A., Feyzioğlu, A.M., Alkan, N., Kurt Yıldız, İ., Gözler, A.M. (2017). Doğu Karadeniz’de Karasal Kaynaklı Kirleticilerin Kıyı ve Deniz Ekosistemine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi. Trabzon, Turkey: Publishing of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Turkey, p. 1-170. Project book: TAGEM/HAYSUD/12/11/02/01
  • Folch, J., Lees, M., & Sladane-Stanley, G. H. A. (1957). Simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497-509.
  • Fontana, L., Partridge, L. (2015). Promoting health and longevity through diet: From model organisms to humans. Cell Press, 161(1), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.020
  • Henderson, J. W., Ricker, R. D., Bidlingmeyer, B. A., Woodward, C. (2000). Rapid, Accurate, Sensitive, and Reproducible HPLC Analysis of Amino Acids. U.S.A. https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/chromatograms/59801193.pdf
  • Horwitz, W. (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC international (Oma). Education Gaithersburg. ISBN: 0935584676.
  • Hossain, M. A. (2011). Fish as source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which one is better-farmed or wild? Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(6), 455-466. https://doi.org/I1953E/1/11.10
  • Innis, S. M. (1991). Essential fatty acids in growth and development. Prog Lip Res., 30(1), 39-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(91)90006-Q
  • IUCN (2020). The IUCN red list of threatened species. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 10.04.2020)
  • IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) (1979). Standards methods for the analysis of oils, fats and derivatives (6th ed.). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. ISBN: 0-632-03337-.
  • Kaushik, S.J., Seiliez, I. (2010). Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: Current knowledge and future needs. Aquaculture Research, 41(3), 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.x
  • Kilkenny, C., Browne, W.J., Cuthill, I.C., Emerson, M., Altman, D.G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biology, 8(6), e1000412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412
  • Kolanowski, W., Stolyhwo, A., Grabowski, M. (2007). Fatty acid composition of selected fresh wWater gammarids (amphipoda, crustacea): A potentially innovative source of omega-3 LC PUFA. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 84(9), 827–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1116-7
  • Liu, Y., Rosten, T. W., Henriksen, K., Hognes, E. S., Summerfelt, S., Vinci, B. (2016). Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater. Aquacultural Engineering, 71, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.01.001
  • Lund, E. K. (2013). Health benefits of seafood; Is it just the fatty acids ? Food Chemistry, 140(3), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.034
  • Mazur, C.F., Iwama, G.K. (1993). Effect of handling and stocking density on hematocrit, plasma cortisol, and survival in wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture, 112(4), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90390-K
  • Mirzaei, H., Suarez, J.A., Longo, V.D. (2014). Protein and amino acid restriction, aging and disease: From yeast to humans. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25(11), 558-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.002
  • Nurnadia, A. A., Azrina, A., Amin, I. (2011). Proximate composition and energetic value of selected marine fish and shellfish from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. International Food Research Journal, 18, 137-148.
  • Okumuş, İ., Kurtoğlu, İ. Z., Atasaral, Ş. (2004). General overview of Turkish Sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations. In G. Harris & N. Milner (Eds.), Sea trout: Biology, conservation and management. Proceedings of the First International Sea Trout Symposium, Cardiff, July 2004 (pp. 115–116). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 9781405129916. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996027.ch9
  • Özel, O. T., Öztürk, E., Garipoğlu, A. V. (2017). Balıklarda lipid metabolizması. Aquaculture Studies, 3, 303-317. https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.vi.271321
  • Sahena, F., Zaidul, I.S.M., Jinap, S., Saari, N., Jahurul, H.A., Abbas, K.A., Norulaini, N.A. (2009). PUFAs in fish: Extraction, fractionation, ımportance in health. Comprehensive Review in Food Science and Food Safety, 8, 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00069.x
  • Sanger, A. M., Stobier, W. (2001). Muscle fiber diversity and plasticity. In I. A. Johnston (Ed.), Muscle Development and Growth (pp. 187–250). San Diego, U.S.A.: Academic Press. ISBN: 9780080918730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90190-2
  • Simopoulos, A.P. (1991). Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54(3), 438-463. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.3.438
  • Simopoulos, A.P. (2002). Omega-3 fatty acids in ınflammation and autoimmune diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(6), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248
  • Tabak, I., Aksungur, M., Zengin, M., Yilmaz, C., Aksungur, N., Alkan, A., Zengin, B., Misir, M. (2001). Karadeniz Alabalığının Biyo-Ekolojik Özelliklerinin ve Kültür İmkanlarının Araştırılması. Trabzon, Turkey: Publishing of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Turkey, p. 1-170. Project book: TAGEM/HAYSUD/98/12/01/007.
  • Teixeira, A., Cortes, R.M.V. (2006). Diet of stocked and wild trout, Salmo trutta: Is there competition for resources? Folia Zoologica, 55(1), 61-73.
  • Teletchea, F., Fontaine, P. (2014). Levels of domestication in fish: implications for the sustainable future of aquaculture. Fish and Fisheries, 15(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12006
  • Totland, G.K., Kryvi, H., Jødestøl, K.A., Christiansen, E.N., Tangeras, A., Slinde, E. (1987). Growth and composition of the swimming muscle of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during long-term sustained swimming. Aquaculture, 66(3-4), 229-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(87)90115-3
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2018). TSI web version. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/ (accessed 5.02.2020).
  • Videler, J.J. (1993). Swimming dynamics: Work from muscles. In Fish swimming (pp. 139–163). Chapman and Hall. ISBN: 978-94-010-4687-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1580-3_7
  • Wu, T.S., Hsieh, L. Te, Lin, S.L., Chang, Y.C., Chen, C.B., Hung, C.H. (2010). Emissions from using viscous agent-treated fishing boat fuel oil: Tests with a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) dynamometer. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 10(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2009.09.0054
  • Yeakley, J.A., Hughes, R.M. (2013). Global and regional context of salmonids and urban areas. In J. A. Yeakley, K. G. Maas-Hebner, & R. M. Hughes (Eds.), Wild Salmonids in the Urbanizing Pacific Northwest (pp. 11–29). New York, U.S.A.: Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4614-8818-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8818-7_2
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ekrem Cem Çankırılıgil 0000-0001-5898-4469

Nermin Berik 0000-0003-3015-8688

Publication Date August 28, 2020
Submission Date June 7, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çankırılıgil, E. C., & Berik, N. (2020). Chemical Composition of the Black Sea Trout (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814): A Comparative Study. Aquatic Research, 3(4), 208-219. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20019
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