Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal improves growth performance, feed utilization, amino acids profile, and economic benefits of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.)

Simon Shati; Mary Opiyo; Rita Nairuti; Amon Shoko; Fridah Munyi; Erick Ogello

doi:10.3153/AR22023

EN

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal improves growth performance, feed utilization, amino acids profile, and economic benefits of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.)

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on the growth performance, feed utilization, carcass body composition, and amino acids profile of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) diets containing BSFLM in varying proportions of 0% (BSFLM0), 50% (BSFLM50), and 100% (BSFLM100), were formulated to replace SBM. A commercial diet (COMM0) sourced from the local market was used as a positive control. Male sex-reversed O. niloticus juveniles of a mean weight 20.88 ±0.16 g were stocked in 12 cages each at a density of 12.5 fish m-3. Fish were hand-fed at 5% (28 days), 3% (54 days), and 2.5% (84 days) of the body weight twice a day (1000 hrs and 1600 hrs). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in the final body weight, body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate, and condition factor (K). The best growth performance and feed utilization was recorded in fish fed on BSFLM100. The different diets had significant effects on the body composition and amino acid profiles of the experimental fish (P<0.05). Fish fed on BSFLM100 exhibited highest values for phenylalanine, threonine, Isoleucine, lysine, proline, and glutamic acid amino acids. The partial enterprise budget analysis indicated that replacing SBM with BSFLM at 50% and 100% reduced the cost of production compared to the control diet (BSFLM0) and commercial diet (COMM0). The study demonstrated that BSFLM is a cost-effective alternative to SBM in the diets of Oreochromis niloticus hence can replace soybean meal up to 100% without negative effect on growth and carcass body composition.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This work was carried out with the financial support from ICIPE through the Bioinnovate Africa program funded by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) grant contribution

Project Number

51050076

Thanks

We acknowledge Biobuu Kenya Ltd in Kilifi through Mr. Kigen Compton for provision of the defatted black soldier fly larvae used in this study. The Special thanks to Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Sagana technicians; Elijah Gichana and Joel Gatagwu for technical support during sampling and sample analysis. The Mercantiles: Mr. Johnson Makori and Mr. Kiragu Mutegi are also appreciated for their assistance in daily feeding and monthly sampling of the fish. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) is acknowledged for their technical assistance in proximate analysis and amino acid profiling. Last but not least, KMFRI and Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI) are acknowledged for providing permission to authors to participate in this study.

References

Abdel-Warith, A.A., Younis, E.M., Al-Asgah, N.A., Mahboob, S. (2019). Effect of replacing fish meal by full fat soybean meal on growth performance, feed utilization and gastrointestinal enzymes in diets for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 80, 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.214763
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khalil, R.H., Metwally, A.A., Shakweer, M.S., Khallaf, M.A., Abdel-Latif, H.M. (2020). Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal on growth performance, organs-somatic indices, body composition, and hemato-biochemical variables of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture, 522, 735136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735136
Agbohessou, P.S., Mandiki, S.N., Gougbédji, A., Megido, R.C., Hossain, M.S., De Jaeger, P., Larondelle, Y., Francis, F., Lalèyè, P.A., Kestemont, P. (2021). Total replacement of fish meal by enriched‐fatty acid Hermetia illucens meal did not substantially affect growth parameters or innate immune status and improved whole body biochemical quality of Nile tilapia juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 27(3), 880-896. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13232
Amesa, S., Negesse, T., Teklegiorgis, Y. (2018). Replacing soya bean meal with fish offal meal and poultry litter in the diets of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in pond culture on their growth performance and carcass composition. Agricultural Research & Technology, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555920
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA. USA, 71–72.
APHA (American Public Health Association) (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th Edition. APHA, Washington D.C. USA, 4-106 - 4-112
Arriaga-Hernández, D., Hernández, C., Martínez-Montaño, E., Ibarra-Castro, L., Lizárraga-Velázquez, E., Leyva-López, N., Chávez-Sánchez, M.C. (2021). Fish meal replacement by soybean products in aquaculture feeds for white snook, Centropomus viridis: Effect on growth, diet digestibility, and digestive capacity. Aquaculture, 530, 735823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735823
Basto, A., Matos, E., Valente, L.M. (2020). Nutritional value of different insect larvae meals as protein sources for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture, 521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735085

Bruni, L., Secci, G., Husein, Y., Faccenda, F., de Medeiros, A.C.L., Parisi, G. (2021). Is it possible to cut down fish meal and soybean meal use in aqua feed limiting the negative effects on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet quality and consumer acceptance? Aquaculture, 736996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736996
Chang, C.Y., Zimmermann, A., Heckelei, T. (2016). The expansion of aquaculture and its effects on global land use and sustainability, 873, 60962. http://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.244765
Cummins Jr, V.C., Rawles, S.D., Thompson, K.R., Velasquez, A., Kobayashi, Y., Hager, J., Webster, C.D. (2017). Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture, 473, 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.02.022
Daliri, M. (2012). Length-weight and length-length relationships, relative condition factor and Fulton’s condition factor of five Cyprinid species in Anzali wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10(1), 25-31.
Daniel, N. (2018). A review on replacing fish meal in aqua feeds using plant protein sources. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 6(2), 164-179.
Dee Roos, B., Sneddon, A.A., Sprague, M., Horgan, G.W., Brouwer, I.A. (2017). The potential impact of compositional changes in farmed fish on its health-giving properties: is it time to reconsider current dietary recommendations? Public Health Nutrition, 20(11), 2042-2049. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017000696
Devic, E., Leschen, W., Murray, F., Little, D.C., 2018. Growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of advanced nursing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. Aquaculture nutrition, 24(1), 416-423. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12573
Dietz, C., Liebert, F. (2018). Does graded substitution of soy protein concentrate by an insect meal respond on growth and N-utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)? Aquaculture Reports, 12, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2018.09.001 El-Hack, A., Mohamed, E., Shafi, M.E., Alghamdi, W.Y., Abdelnour, S.A., Shehata, A.M., Noreldin, A.E., Ashour, E.A., Swelum, A.A., Al-Sagan, A.A., Alkhateeb, M. (2020). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal as a promising feed ingredient for poultry: A comprehensive review. Agriculture, 10(8), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080339
FAO (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 206. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en
Gariglio, M., Dabbou, S., Biasato, I., Capucchio, M.T., Colombino, E., Hernández, F., Madrid, J., Martínez, S., Gai, F., Caimi, C., Oddon, S.B. (2019). Nutritional effects of the dietary inclusion of partially defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal in Muscovy duck. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0344-7
Gasco, L., Biasato, I., Dabbou, S., Schiavone, A., Gai, F. (2019). Animals fed insect-based diets: State-of-the-art on digestibility, performance and product quality. Animals, 9(4), 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040170
Ghosh, K., Ray, A.K. (2017). Aquafeed formulation using plant feedstuffs: Prospective application of fish-gut microorganisms and microbial biotechnology. Academic Press, 109-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811412-4.00005-9
Godoy, A.C., Santos, O.O., Oxford, J.H., de Amorim Melo, I.W., Rodrigues, R.B., Neu, D., Nunes, R.V., Boscolo, W.R. (2019). Soybean oil for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in finishing diets: Economic, zootechnical and nutritional meat improvements. Aquaculture, 512,734324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734324
He, M., Li, X., Poolsawat, L., Guo, Z., Yao, W., Zhang, C., Leng, X. (2020). Effects of fish meal replaced by fermented soybean meal on growth performance, intestinal histology and microbiota of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture Nutrition, 26(4), 1058-1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13064
Hopkins, K.D. (1992). Reporting fish growth: A review of the basics 1. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 23(3), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1992.tb00766.x
Huis, A.V., Itterbeeck, J.V., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible Insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO-Forestry paper, 171.
Li, Y., Kortner, T.M., Chikwati, E.M., Belghit, I., Lock, E.J., Krogdahl, Å. (2020). Total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal does not compromise the gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 520, 734967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734967
Lu, R., Chen, Y., Yu, W., Lin, M., Yang, G., Qin, C., Meng, X., Zhang, Y., Ji, H., Nie, G. (2020). Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal can replace soybean meal in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) diets. Aquaculture Reports, 18, 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100520
Luthada-Raswiswi, R., Mukaratirwa, S., O’Brien, G. (2021). Animal protein sources as a substitute for fish meal in aquaculture diets: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Sciences, 11(9), 3854. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093854
Malcorps, W., Kok, B., van‘t Land, M., Fritz, M., van Doren, D., Servin, K., van der Heijden, P., Palmer, R., Auchterlonie, N.A., Rietkerk, M., Santos, M.J. (2019). The sustainability conundrum of fish meal substitution by plant ingredients in shrimp feeds. Sustainability, 11(4), 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041212
Muin, H., Taufek, N.M., Kamarudin, M.S., Razak, S.A. (2017). Growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed with different levels of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) maggot meal diet. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 16(2), 567-577.
Musa, S., Aura, C.M., Okechi, J.K. (2021). Economic analysis of tilapia cage culture in Lake Victoria using different cage volumes. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2021.1884632
Niyibituronsa, M., Onyango, A.N., Gaidashova, S., Imathiu, S., Uwizerwa, M., Wanjuki, I., Munga, F., Mutiga, S., Harvey, J. (2016). Evaluation of aflatoxin contamination of soybean in Rwanda. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(OCE3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966511600269X
Rana, K.J., Siriwardena, S., Hasan, M.R. (2009). Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production (No. 541). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://www.fao.org/i1143e00.htm
Rawski, M., Mazurkiewicz, J., Kierończyk, B., Józefiak, D. (2021). Black soldier fly full-fat larvae meal is more profitable than fish meal and fish oil in Siberian sturgeon farming: The effects on aquaculture sustainability, economy and fish GIT development. Animals, 11(3), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092599
Sealey, W.M., Gaylord, T.G., Barrows, F.T., Tomberlin, J.K., McGuire, M.A., Ross, C., St‐Hilaire, S. (2011). Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00441.x
Sharda, P., Sharma, O.P., Saini, V.P. (2017). Replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(4), 845-849.
Taufek, N.M., Lim, J.Z.Y., Bakar, N.H. (2021). Comparative evaluation of Hermetia illucens larvae reared on different substrates for red tilapia diet: effect on growth and body composition. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 7(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2019.0058
Tippayadara, N., Dawood, M.A., Krutmuang, P., Hoseinifar, S.H., Doan, H.V., Paolucci, M. (2021). Replacement of fish meal by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal: effects on growth, haematology, and skin mucus immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Animals, 11(1), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010193
Wachira, M.N., Osuga, I.M., Munguti, J.M., Ambula, M.K., Subramanian, S., Tanga, C.M. (2021). Efficiency and improved profitability of insect-based aquafeeds for farming Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Animals, 11(9), 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092599
Wu, G., Bazer, F.W., Dai, Z., Li, D., Wang, J., Wu, Z. (2014). Amino acid nutrition in animals: Protein synthesis and beyond. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 2(1), 387-417. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114113
Xiao, X., Jin, P., Zheng, L., Cai, M., Yu, Z., Yu, J., Zhang, J. (2018). Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal protein as a fish meal replacement on the growth and immune index of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Aquaculture Research, 49(4), 1569-1577. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13611
Zhou, Z., Ringø, E., Olsen, R.E., Song, S.K. (2018). Dietary effects of soybean products on gut microbiota and immunity of aquatic animals: a review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(1), 644-665. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12532
Zurbrügg, C., Dortmans, B., Fadhila, A., Verstappen, B., Diener, S. (2018). From pilot to full scale operation of a waste-to-protein treatment facility. Detritus, 1(1), 18-22. https://doi.org/10.26403/detritus/2018.22

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Hydrobiology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Simon Shati ^*
0000-0003-0552-7728
Kenya

Mary Opiyo
0000-0001-9660-5888
Kenya

Rita Nairuti
0000-0001-7188-7516
Kenya

Amon Shoko
0000-0002-2174-8857
Tanzania

Fridah Munyi
0000-0003-2513-3558
Kenya

Erick Ogello
0000-0001-9250-7869
Kenya

Publication Date

July 1, 2022

Submission Date

April 26, 2022

Acceptance Date

June 11, 2022

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 5 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22023

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA66HR52SW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Shati, S., Opiyo, M., Nairuti, R., Shoko, A., Munyi, F., & Ogello, E. (2022). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal improves growth performance, feed utilization, amino acids profile, and economic benefits of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.). Aquatic Research, 5(3), 238-249. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22023

Öz

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal improves growth performance, feed utilization, amino acids profile, and economic benefits of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.)

Abstract

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Thanks

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite