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Effects of intermittent feeding regimes on growth performance and economic benefits of Amur catfish (Silurus asotus)

Yıl 2020, , 167 - 176, 01.06.2020

Gladys Mwaka Holeh , Patrick Appenteng Mary A. Opıyo Jeonghwan Park Christopher Lyon Brown

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20015

Öz

A study was conducted to determine the growth performance and economic viability of culturing Amur Catfish (Silurus asotus) using four different feeding regimes: Every-day feeding (EDF), Every two-days feeding (ETDF), Tertian feeding (TF) and Quartan feeding (QF) for 65 days. Twenty fingerlings of sizes between 2-3 grams each were randomly distributed in 12 glass aquaria and assigned to each of the feeding regime in triplicates. Fish were fed on commercial feed (Woosung feed) containing 50% crude protein. Highest specific growth rates (SGR) (5.15 ±0.06%) was recorded in EDF with significance differences in all treatments (P ˃ 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in TF (P ˂ 0.05) while survival rate ranged from 83.33% to 96.67% and was not significantly different among the treatments (P > 0.05). The length-weight relationship (LWR) analysis indicated that the regression slope b values were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Partial enterprise budget analysis of S. asotus using different feeding regimes indicated that net returns above total costs were significantly higher in EDF (P ˂ 0.05). This shows that every day feeding to satiation is the best feeding regime to be adopted for economic benefits of rearing Amur catfish. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Amur catfish Feeding regimes Alternate feeding Bio-economy Growth

Destekleyen Kurum

This study is a part of first authors Msc. Thesis which was supported by the World Fisheries University-Pilot Program at the Pukyong National University, Aquaculture Laboratory.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Tawwab, M., Ahmad, M.H. (2009). Effect of dietary protein regime during the growing period on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 40(13), 1532-1537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.02254.x
  • Abou-Zied, R. M. (2015). Effect of diet extruded type on growth performance, feed utilization and economic efficiency of Nile tilapia in commercial farms. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 18(1), 143-150.
  • Ali, M. Z., Jauncey, K. (2004). Evaluation of mixed feed-ing schedules with respect to compensatory growth and body composition in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10(1). 1365-2095. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00278.x
  • Anderson, R., Neumann, R. M. (1996). Length, Weight and Associated Structural Indices. In: B.R.. Murphy, & D. W. Willis, (Eds), Fisheries techniques, 2nd edition. Ameri-can Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland 447-482.
  • Bailey, D.S., Hargreaves, J.A., Rakocy, J.E. (1992). En-terprise budget analysis of three stocking densities of caged Florida red tilapia. Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish.
  • Biswal, G., Jena, J.K., Singh, S.K., Muduli, H.K. (2006). Effect of feeding frequency on growth, survival and feed utilization in fingerlings of Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) in outdoor rearing systems. Aquaculture Research, 37(5), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01457.x
  • Bolivar, R.J., Brown, C.L. (2006). Alternate day feeding strategy for nile tilapia growth out in the phillipines: mar-ginal cost revenue analysis 1. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 68, 192-197. https://doi.org/10.1577/A05-012.1
  • Boyd, C.E., Tucker, C.S. (1998). Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Bos-ton, Massachusetts, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5407-3
  • Brown, C.L., Bolivar, R.B., Jimenez, E.B. (2000). timing of the onset of supplemental feeeding of Nile Tilapia (Ore-ochromis niloticus) in ponds. In: Fitzsimmons K, Filho JC, editors. Tilapia Aquaculture in the 21st Century. Proceed-ings from the 5th Int'l Symposium on Tilapia Aquaculture. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 2000. p. 682, 237-240.
  • Brown, C.L., Bolivar, B., Jimenez, E.B. (2004). Philip-pine studies support moderate feeding in tilapia. Global Aquaculture Alliance Advocate 7,4 p70.
  • Bulut M., Yigit M., Ergun S., Kesbic O.S., Acar U., Gultepe N., Karga M., Yilmaz S., Guroy D. (2014). Eval-uation of dietary protein and lipid requirements of two banded seabream Diplodus vulgaris cultured in a Recircu-lating. Aquaculture International, 22, 965-973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-013-9720-z
  • Cho, S.H., Lim, Y.S., Lee, J.H., Lee, J.K., Park, S., Lee, S.M. (2007). Effects of feeding rate and feeding frequency on survival, growth, and body composition of ayu postlarvae Plecoglossus altivelis. Journal of the World Aq-uaculture Society, 34 (1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00042.x
  • Craig, S., Helfrich, L.A. (2002). Understanding Fish Nu-trition, Feeds and Feeding, Cooperative Extension Service, publication 420-256. Virginia State University, USA.
  • Davies, O.A., Inko-Tariah. M.B., Amachree, D. (2006). Growth response and survival of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings fed at different feeding frequencies. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(9), 778-787.
  • El-sayed, A.F., Malcolm, W. Dickson., Gamal, O. El-Naggar. (2015). Value chain analysis of the aquaculture feed sector in Egypt. Aquaculture, 437, 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.11.033
  • Engle, C.R. (1977). Catfish production budgets. Coopera-tive extension program, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, United states Department of Agriculture, and Coun-ty Governments cooperating. MP 466-PD-6-07N.
  • Engle, C., Neira, I. (2005). Tilapia farm Business man-agement and Economics: a train manual. Aquaculture Col-laborative Research Program (CRSP), United States Agen-cy for International Development (USAID), Pine Bluff. p. 41.
  • Ereiegha, Ochuko. Joshua., Ekokotu, Peterson. Adogbe-ji. (2017). Factors affecting feed intake in cultured fish aspecies, A review. Animal Research International, 14(2), 2697-2709.
  • Ergun, S., Yigit, M., Turker, A., Harmantepe, F.B. (2008a). Incorporation of soybean meal and hazelnut meal in diets for Black Sea Turbot (Scophthaimus maeoticus). Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 60, 27-36.
  • Ergun, S., Yigit, M., Turker, A., Harmantepe, F.B., (2008b). Partial replacement of Fishmeal by Defatted Soy-bean Meal in Diets for Black Sea Turbot Psetta maeoti-ca Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Winter. Israel Jour-nal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 60, 177-184.
  • FAO (2020). FAO-Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-production/query/en (Accessed 07.05.2019). 
  • Froese, R. (2006). Cube law, Condition factor and weight-length relationship: History, meta-analysis and recommen-dations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
  • Goda, A.M.A-S., Wafa, M.E., El-Haroun, E.R., Chow-dhury, M.A.K. (2007b). Growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and tilapia galilae Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed plant pro-tein based diets. Aquacul-ture Research, 38(8), 827-837. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01731.x
  • Hossain, M.M., Chakraborty, S.C., Brown, C.L. (2019). Evaluation of sunflower cake as a replacement for fishmeal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production. Austral-ian Journal of Science and Technology 2(2), 90-98.
  • Jamu, D.M. Ayinla, O.A. (2003). Potential for the devel-opment of aquaculture in Africa. Naga, 26(3), 9-13,
  • Jin, S., Yan, X., Zhang, H., Fan, W. (2015). Weight-Length relationship and fulton's condition factors of skip-jack tuna (Katsuwonas pelamis) in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. PeerJ, 12(3), e758. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.758
  • Jobling, M. (1982). Some observations on the effects of feeding frequency on the food intake and growth of plaice, Pleuronectes platesa L. Journal of Fish Biology, 20(4), 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03936.x
  • Katya, K., Yun, Y.H., Lee, J.Y., Yoo, G., Bai, S.C. (2014). Evaluation of the efficacy of fermented by-product of mushroom, pleurotus ostreatus, as a fish meal replacer in juvenile Amur Catfish, Silurus asotus: effects on growth, serological characteristics and immune responses. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(10), 1478-1486. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14038
  • Ighwela, K.A., Ahmed, A.B., Abol-Munafi, A.B. (2011). Condition factor as an indicator of growth and feeding intensity of Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) feed on different levels of maltose. American-Eurasian Jo-urnal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 11(4), 559-563.
  • Luthada, R.W. (2012). Effect of dietary protein level, feed-ing frequency and amount of food offered on growth and gastric evacuation of Oreochromis mosambicus fry. Doctor-al dissertation, Department of Zoology, University of Zulu-land, South Africa.
  • Marimuthu, K., Cheen, A.C., Muralikrishnan, S., Ku-mar, D. (2010). Effect of different feeding frequency on the growth and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepi-nus) fingerlings. Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(2), 187-193.
  • Novoa-Olvera, M.A., Campos, G. S., Sabido, G.M., Mar-tinez Palacios, C.A. (1990). The use of alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia (Oreo-chromis mossambicus). Aquaculture, 90(3-4), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90253-J
  • Opiyo, M.A, Munguti, J.M., Ogello, E.O., Karisa, H.C. (2014). Growth response, survival and profitability of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed at different feeding fre-quencies in fertilized earthen ponds. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(9), 2319-7064.
  • Patel, B.A., Yakupitiyage, A. (2003). Mixed feeding schedules in semi-intensive pond culture of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. is it necessary to have two diets of different protein content? Aquaculture Research, 34, 1343-1352. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00957.x
  • Salama, A.J. (2008). Effects of different feeding frequency on the growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of the Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer juveniles reared under hypersaline seawater of the Red Sea. Aquaculture Research, 39(6), 561-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01890.x
  • Schnaittacher, G., King, V.W., Berlinsky, D.L. (2005). The effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. Aquaculture Research, 36(4), 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01218.x
  • Shell, E.W. (1996). Proceedings of the FAO World Sympo-sium on Warm water pond fish culture. FAO Fisheries reports No. 44, Vol.3
  • Stone, H., Sidel, J.L., Oliver, S., Woolsey, A. (2008). Sen-sory Evaluation by quantitative descriptive analysis, pp.23-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470385036.ch1c
  • Verreth, J.A., Eding, E. (1993). European farming indus-try of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Facts and fig-ures. Aquaculture Europe Magazine, 18(2), 6-13.
  • Wu, Y.V., Tudor, K.W., Brown, P.B. (1999). Substitution of plant proteins and bone meal for fish meal in diets of Nile tilapia. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 6, 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0058:SOPPOM>2.0.CO;2
  • Yigit, M., Ergun, S., Turker, A., Harmantepe, F.B., Adnan, E. (2010). Evaluation of soybean meal as a protein source and its effects on growth and nitrogen utilization of Black Sea Turbot (Psetta maeotica) juveniles. Journal of Marine Science and Technology-Taiwan, 18, 682-688.
  • Yigit, M., Bulut, M., Ergun, S., Guroy, D., Karga, M., Kesbic, O.S., Yilmaz, S., Acar, U., Guroy, B., (2012). Utilization of corn gluten meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 6, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2012008
  • Yusuf, V.A., Buhari, S. (2016). Why Prices of Fish Feeds Go up. Nigeria: Daily Trust. https://allafrica.com/stories/201606160661.html (Accessed 07.05.2019).

Yıl 2020, , 167 - 176, 01.06.2020

Gladys Mwaka Holeh , Patrick Appenteng Mary A. Opıyo Jeonghwan Park Christopher Lyon Brown

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20015

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Tawwab, M., Ahmad, M.H. (2009). Effect of dietary protein regime during the growing period on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture Research, 40(13), 1532-1537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.02254.x
  • Abou-Zied, R. M. (2015). Effect of diet extruded type on growth performance, feed utilization and economic efficiency of Nile tilapia in commercial farms. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 18(1), 143-150.
  • Ali, M. Z., Jauncey, K. (2004). Evaluation of mixed feed-ing schedules with respect to compensatory growth and body composition in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 10(1). 1365-2095. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00278.x
  • Anderson, R., Neumann, R. M. (1996). Length, Weight and Associated Structural Indices. In: B.R.. Murphy, & D. W. Willis, (Eds), Fisheries techniques, 2nd edition. Ameri-can Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland 447-482.
  • Bailey, D.S., Hargreaves, J.A., Rakocy, J.E. (1992). En-terprise budget analysis of three stocking densities of caged Florida red tilapia. Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish.
  • Biswal, G., Jena, J.K., Singh, S.K., Muduli, H.K. (2006). Effect of feeding frequency on growth, survival and feed utilization in fingerlings of Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) in outdoor rearing systems. Aquaculture Research, 37(5), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01457.x
  • Bolivar, R.J., Brown, C.L. (2006). Alternate day feeding strategy for nile tilapia growth out in the phillipines: mar-ginal cost revenue analysis 1. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 68, 192-197. https://doi.org/10.1577/A05-012.1
  • Boyd, C.E., Tucker, C.S. (1998). Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Bos-ton, Massachusetts, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5407-3
  • Brown, C.L., Bolivar, R.B., Jimenez, E.B. (2000). timing of the onset of supplemental feeeding of Nile Tilapia (Ore-ochromis niloticus) in ponds. In: Fitzsimmons K, Filho JC, editors. Tilapia Aquaculture in the 21st Century. Proceed-ings from the 5th Int'l Symposium on Tilapia Aquaculture. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 2000. p. 682, 237-240.
  • Brown, C.L., Bolivar, B., Jimenez, E.B. (2004). Philip-pine studies support moderate feeding in tilapia. Global Aquaculture Alliance Advocate 7,4 p70.
  • Bulut M., Yigit M., Ergun S., Kesbic O.S., Acar U., Gultepe N., Karga M., Yilmaz S., Guroy D. (2014). Eval-uation of dietary protein and lipid requirements of two banded seabream Diplodus vulgaris cultured in a Recircu-lating. Aquaculture International, 22, 965-973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-013-9720-z
  • Cho, S.H., Lim, Y.S., Lee, J.H., Lee, J.K., Park, S., Lee, S.M. (2007). Effects of feeding rate and feeding frequency on survival, growth, and body composition of ayu postlarvae Plecoglossus altivelis. Journal of the World Aq-uaculture Society, 34 (1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00042.x
  • Craig, S., Helfrich, L.A. (2002). Understanding Fish Nu-trition, Feeds and Feeding, Cooperative Extension Service, publication 420-256. Virginia State University, USA.
  • Davies, O.A., Inko-Tariah. M.B., Amachree, D. (2006). Growth response and survival of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings fed at different feeding frequencies. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(9), 778-787.
  • El-sayed, A.F., Malcolm, W. Dickson., Gamal, O. El-Naggar. (2015). Value chain analysis of the aquaculture feed sector in Egypt. Aquaculture, 437, 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.11.033
  • Engle, C.R. (1977). Catfish production budgets. Coopera-tive extension program, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, United states Department of Agriculture, and Coun-ty Governments cooperating. MP 466-PD-6-07N.
  • Engle, C., Neira, I. (2005). Tilapia farm Business man-agement and Economics: a train manual. Aquaculture Col-laborative Research Program (CRSP), United States Agen-cy for International Development (USAID), Pine Bluff. p. 41.
  • Ereiegha, Ochuko. Joshua., Ekokotu, Peterson. Adogbe-ji. (2017). Factors affecting feed intake in cultured fish aspecies, A review. Animal Research International, 14(2), 2697-2709.
  • Ergun, S., Yigit, M., Turker, A., Harmantepe, F.B. (2008a). Incorporation of soybean meal and hazelnut meal in diets for Black Sea Turbot (Scophthaimus maeoticus). Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 60, 27-36.
  • Ergun, S., Yigit, M., Turker, A., Harmantepe, F.B., (2008b). Partial replacement of Fishmeal by Defatted Soy-bean Meal in Diets for Black Sea Turbot Psetta maeoti-ca Growth and Nutrient Utilization in Winter. Israel Jour-nal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 60, 177-184.
  • FAO (2020). FAO-Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-production/query/en (Accessed 07.05.2019). 
  • Froese, R. (2006). Cube law, Condition factor and weight-length relationship: History, meta-analysis and recommen-dations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
  • Goda, A.M.A-S., Wafa, M.E., El-Haroun, E.R., Chow-dhury, M.A.K. (2007b). Growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and tilapia galilae Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings fed plant pro-tein based diets. Aquacul-ture Research, 38(8), 827-837. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01731.x
  • Hossain, M.M., Chakraborty, S.C., Brown, C.L. (2019). Evaluation of sunflower cake as a replacement for fishmeal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production. Austral-ian Journal of Science and Technology 2(2), 90-98.
  • Jamu, D.M. Ayinla, O.A. (2003). Potential for the devel-opment of aquaculture in Africa. Naga, 26(3), 9-13,
  • Jin, S., Yan, X., Zhang, H., Fan, W. (2015). Weight-Length relationship and fulton's condition factors of skip-jack tuna (Katsuwonas pelamis) in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. PeerJ, 12(3), e758. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.758
  • Jobling, M. (1982). Some observations on the effects of feeding frequency on the food intake and growth of plaice, Pleuronectes platesa L. Journal of Fish Biology, 20(4), 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03936.x
  • Katya, K., Yun, Y.H., Lee, J.Y., Yoo, G., Bai, S.C. (2014). Evaluation of the efficacy of fermented by-product of mushroom, pleurotus ostreatus, as a fish meal replacer in juvenile Amur Catfish, Silurus asotus: effects on growth, serological characteristics and immune responses. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(10), 1478-1486. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14038
  • Ighwela, K.A., Ahmed, A.B., Abol-Munafi, A.B. (2011). Condition factor as an indicator of growth and feeding intensity of Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) feed on different levels of maltose. American-Eurasian Jo-urnal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 11(4), 559-563.
  • Luthada, R.W. (2012). Effect of dietary protein level, feed-ing frequency and amount of food offered on growth and gastric evacuation of Oreochromis mosambicus fry. Doctor-al dissertation, Department of Zoology, University of Zulu-land, South Africa.
  • Marimuthu, K., Cheen, A.C., Muralikrishnan, S., Ku-mar, D. (2010). Effect of different feeding frequency on the growth and survival of African catfish (Clarias gariepi-nus) fingerlings. Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(2), 187-193.
  • Novoa-Olvera, M.A., Campos, G. S., Sabido, G.M., Mar-tinez Palacios, C.A. (1990). The use of alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia (Oreo-chromis mossambicus). Aquaculture, 90(3-4), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90253-J
  • Opiyo, M.A, Munguti, J.M., Ogello, E.O., Karisa, H.C. (2014). Growth response, survival and profitability of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed at different feeding fre-quencies in fertilized earthen ponds. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(9), 2319-7064.
  • Patel, B.A., Yakupitiyage, A. (2003). Mixed feeding schedules in semi-intensive pond culture of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. is it necessary to have two diets of different protein content? Aquaculture Research, 34, 1343-1352. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00957.x
  • Salama, A.J. (2008). Effects of different feeding frequency on the growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of the Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer juveniles reared under hypersaline seawater of the Red Sea. Aquaculture Research, 39(6), 561-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01890.x
  • Schnaittacher, G., King, V.W., Berlinsky, D.L. (2005). The effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. Aquaculture Research, 36(4), 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01218.x
  • Shell, E.W. (1996). Proceedings of the FAO World Sympo-sium on Warm water pond fish culture. FAO Fisheries reports No. 44, Vol.3
  • Stone, H., Sidel, J.L., Oliver, S., Woolsey, A. (2008). Sen-sory Evaluation by quantitative descriptive analysis, pp.23-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470385036.ch1c
  • Verreth, J.A., Eding, E. (1993). European farming indus-try of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Facts and fig-ures. Aquaculture Europe Magazine, 18(2), 6-13.
  • Wu, Y.V., Tudor, K.W., Brown, P.B. (1999). Substitution of plant proteins and bone meal for fish meal in diets of Nile tilapia. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 6, 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0058:SOPPOM>2.0.CO;2
  • Yigit, M., Ergun, S., Turker, A., Harmantepe, F.B., Adnan, E. (2010). Evaluation of soybean meal as a protein source and its effects on growth and nitrogen utilization of Black Sea Turbot (Psetta maeotica) juveniles. Journal of Marine Science and Technology-Taiwan, 18, 682-688.
  • Yigit, M., Bulut, M., Ergun, S., Guroy, D., Karga, M., Kesbic, O.S., Yilmaz, S., Acar, U., Guroy, B., (2012). Utilization of corn gluten meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 6, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2012008
  • Yusuf, V.A., Buhari, S. (2016). Why Prices of Fish Feeds Go up. Nigeria: Daily Trust. https://allafrica.com/stories/201606160661.html (Accessed 07.05.2019).
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Gladys Mwaka Holeh 0000-0002-7103-9485

Patrick Appenteng 0000-0002-8335-2516

Mary A. Opıyo 0000-0001-9660-5888

Jeonghwan Park 0000-0002-6524-3383

Christopher Lyon Brown 0000-0002-4578-3593

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Holeh, G. M., Appenteng, P., Opıyo, M. A., Park, J., vd. (2020). Effects of intermittent feeding regimes on growth performance and economic benefits of Amur catfish (Silurus asotus). Aquatic Research, 3(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20015

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