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Ballast operations at ports: Nemrut Bay analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 26 - 38

Çağrı Özdim , Burak Köseoğlu

Abstract

Ballast water operations are one of the most essential activities of commercial ships whose purpose of existence is to carry cargo between ports. With their growing ballast capacities, ships become an important vector that carries the origin species of the sea waters they took into their ballast tanks. Foreign species were transported between ports with ballast water in these operations, which have been going on since the mid-1800s. Although various guidelines were published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regarding ballast water, whose adverse effects on the marine environment began to be noticed in the international arena in the late 1980s, the desired positive effect could not be achieved. As a result of technological developments and R&D studies, ballast water treatment systems (D-2 Standard), which have completed the type approval process, have started to be applied on ships. The deadline for applying treatment systems, which have various types in terms of method and capacity, on ships is September 8, 2024. In this study, an application was made on ships calling Aliağa Port Nemrut Bay to investigate compliance with the International Ballast Water Management Convention and ship ballast operations’ by port state control measures. This study showed that most ballast water at Aliağa Port (73%) was treated and discharged. Mechanical filter + UV treatment systems are also the preferred type (63%) among other systems. Also, according to this study's data set, the Adriatic Sea is the majority (44%) among other origins for Aliağa Port.

Keywords

Ballast water Ship ballast water operations Ballast water treatment International ballast water management convention

References

  • AlfaLaval. (2023). Alfa Laval PureBallast 3.1. https://assets.alfalaval.com/documents/p7181fe30/alfa-laval-making-sense-of-ballast-water-management-product-brochure-en-lowres.pdf (accessed 07.12.2023).
  • Altuğ, G. Gurun, S. Çardak, M. Çiftci, P. S & Kalkan, S. (2012). The Occurrence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Some Ships' Ballast Water Incoming from Various Ma-rine Regions to the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye, Marine Environmental Research. 81, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.08.005
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2017). Balast Suyu Arıtım Cihaz-larının İncelenmesi. Teknik Rapor No: DEN 2017/2, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Gemi İnşaatı ve Deniz Bilimleri Fakültesi Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi Mühendis-liği Bölümü.
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2018). IMO Balast Suyu Sözleşme-si’ne Göre Gemilerde Balast Suyu Yönetimi ve Güncel Değişiklikler. Gemi İnşa ve Deniz Bilimleri Dergisi, 12, 21-36.
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2022). Ballast water problem: Current status and expected challenges. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin. 11(4), 397-415. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1162688
  • Carlton, J.T. (1985). Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 23, 313-371.
  • Chen, Y.-S., Kang, C.-K. & Liu, T.-K. (2022). Ballast water management strategy to reduce the impact of in-troductions by utilizing an empirical risk model. Water, 14, 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060981
  • Chuah, L.F., Rofie, N.R.M., Salleh, N.H.M., Bakar, A.A., Oloruntobi, O., Othman, M.R., Fazlee, U.S.M., Mubashir, M., & Asif, S. (2023). Analyzing the influ-encing factors of port state control for a cleaner envi-ronment via the Bayesian network model. Cleaner Engi-neering and Technology, 14, 100636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100636
  • Claisse, P.A. and Calla, C. (2006). Rail ballast: conclu-sions from a historical perspective. Proceedings of the ICE- Transport, 159(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1680/tran.2006.159.2.69
  • Çınar, M., Bilecenoğlu, M., Öztürk, B., Katagan, T., & Aysel, V. (2005). Alien species on the coasts of Tü-rkiye. Mediterranean Marine Science, 6, 119-146. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.187
  • Çınar, M., Bilecenoğlu, M., Öztürk, B., Katagan, T., Yokes, M., B. Aysel, V. Dağlı, E., Açık, S. Özcan, T. & Erdoğan, H. (2011). An updated review of alien species on the coasts of Türkiye. Mediterranean Marine Sci-ence, 12, 257-315. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.34
  • David, M., Gollasch, S., & Penko, L. (2018). Iden-tification of ballast water discharge profiles of a port to enable effective ballast water management and environ-mental studies. Journal of Sea Research, 133, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2017.03.001
  • Davidson, I., Simkanin, C. (2012). The biology of bal-last water 25 years later. Biological Invasions- BIOL INVASIONS. 14:9-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0056-1
  • Elçiçek, H., (2014). Identification And Removal of Mi-croorganisms from Ballast Water in Sea of Marmara. M.Sc. Thesis, Yıldız Teknik University, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, İstanbul, pp.69.
  • Elton, C. S. (1958). The ecology of invasions by ani-mals and plants. The University of Chicago Press Chica-go. 260 p. ISBN: 978-3-030-34720-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7214-9
  • EQUASIS (2023). Search. https://www.equasis.org/EquasisWeb/authen/HomePage?fs=HomePage (accessed 10.03.2023-14.06.2023).
  • Fu, J., Chen, X., Wu, S., Shi, C., Wu, H., & Zhao, J. (2020). Mining ship deficiency correlations from histori-cal port state control (PSC) inspection data. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0229211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229211
  • GEF-UNDP-IMO (2017). The GloBallast Story: Reflec-tions from a Global Family. GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast Partnerships Programme. GloBallast Monograph No. 25.
  • Hasanspahic, N., Pecarevic, M., Hrdalo, N. & Campa-ra, L. (2022). Analysis of Ballast Water Discharged in Port—A Case Study of the Port of Ploce (Croatia). Jour-nal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111700
  • Hayes, K.R., Sliwa, C. (2003). Identifying potential marine pests––a deductive approach applied to Austral-ia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00321-1
  • IMO (2004). International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, London. International Conference on Ballast Water Management for Ships. BWM/CONF/36. http://library.arcticportal.org/1913/1/International%20Conven-tion%20for%20the%20Control%20and%20Management%20of%20Ships%27%20Ballast%20Water%20and%20Sediments.pdf (accessed 03.10.2023).
  • IMO. (2019) IMO Frequently Asked Questions Imple-menting the Ballast Water Management Convention. http://www.Imo.Org/En/Mediacentre/Hottopics/Documents/FAQ%20%20Implementing%20.The%20Balast%20Water%20Management%20Convention.pdf (accessed 01.10.2023).
  • IMO (2022). Procedures For Port State Control, 2021. Resolution A. 1155(32). https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/IIIS/Documents/A%2032-Res.1155%20-20PROCEDURES%20FOR%20PORT%20STATE%20CONTROL,%202021%20(Secretariat).pdf (accessed 04.12.2023).
  • IMO (2023). List of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances which received Basic Approval from IMO. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environ-ment/Documents/Biofouling%20pages/Table%20of%20BA%20FA%20TA%20updated%20August%202023.pdf (accessed 02.12.2023).
  • Interwies, E., Khuchua, N. (2017). Economic Assess-ment of Ballast Water Management: A Synthesis of the National Assessments conducted by the Lead Partnering Countries of the GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast Partner-ships Programme. GloBallast Monograph No. 24. Tech-nical Ed. Ameer Abdulla. CPI Royle, Shoreditch, Lon-don.
  • IRClass (2017). Indian Register of Shipping Technical Circular 089/2017. https://www.irclass.org/media/3223/technical-circular-no-89.pdf (accessed 02.10.2023).
  • Jang, P.G., Cha, H.G. (2020). Long-term changes of disinfection byproducts in treatment of simulated ballast water. Ocean Science Journal, 55, 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-020-0015-9
  • Kara, E.G.E. (2022). Determination of maritime safety performance of flag states based on the Port State Con-trol inspections using TOPSIS. Marine Policy, 143, 2022, 105156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105156
  • Medcof, J. C. (1975). Living marine animals in a ships ballast water, Proceedings National Shellfisheries Asso-ciation, 65, 11–12.
  • Med MoU (2022). Mediterranean Memorandum of Un-derstanding On Port State Control PSCO Manual. 2022 Revision. https://www.medmou.org/Documents/5.02%20Deficiency%20Codes.pdf (accessed 26.12.2023).
  • NRC (1996). Ballast water and ships. stemming the tide: controlling introductions of nonindigenous species by ships’ ballast water. National Academy Press, Washing-ton, D.C.
  • Occhipinti Ambrogi, A. (2001). Transfer of marine or-ganisms: a challenge to the conservation of coastal bio-coenoses. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwa-ter Ecosystems, 11, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.450
  • Olgun, A. (2011). Ballast Water Risk Assessment Sys-tem. https://www.rempec.org/en/knowledge-centre/online-catalogue/segment-3-bw-risk-assessment-system-a_-olgun.pdf/view (accessed 15.12.2023).
  • Paris MoU (2023a). Paris Memorandum of Understand-ing on Port State Control. https://parismou.org/system/files/2023-06/Paris%20MoU%20including%2045th%20amendment.pdf (accessed 15.12.2023)
  • Paris MoU (2023b). Paris MoU Port State Control An-nual Report 2022, 2023. https://parismou.org/system/files/2023-6/Paris%20MOU%20Annual%20Report%202022.pdf (accessed 15.12.2023).
  • Prabovo, A. (2018). Modification System of Existing Ballast System by Applying Electrolysis Method as A Ballast Water Treatment on Mv Sinar Sabang. Bachelor thesis, Hochschule Wismar Indonesia, pp.85.
  • Top, Ç. (2019). Analysis Of Application to Ships of Ballast Water Management Convention Requirements. M.Sc. Thesis, İstanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies, İstanbul.
  • Republic of Türkiye Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Maritime Affairs (2010). Türkiye için Balast Suyu Değerlendirme Raporu. Ankara.
  • TÜRKLİM (2024). Türkiye Limancılık Sektörü 2023 Raporu. Sürdürülebilir Limanlar. https://www.turklim.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/TURKLIM-Sektor-Raporu-2023.pdf (accessed 01.03.2024).
  • USCG (2023a). Bwms Type Approval Certıfıcates. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Prevention-Policy-CG-5P/Commercial-Regulations-standards-CG-5PS/Marine-Safety-Center-MSC (accessed 03.12.2023). USCG (2023b). United States Coast Guard Port State Control in The United States 2022 Annual Report, 2023. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Prevention-Policy-CG-5P/Annual-Reports/ (accessed 11.12.2023).
  • Yang, H., Tong, X. (2021). Study on the removal meth-ods of plankton in micro-polluted reservoir water. Earth and Environmental Science, 702(1), 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/702/1/012045

Ballast operations at ports: Nemrut Bay analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 26 - 38

Çağrı Özdim , Burak Köseoğlu

Abstract

Ballast water operations are one of the most essential activities of commercial ships whose purpose of existence is to carry cargo between ports. With their growing ballast capacities, ships become an important vector that carries the origin species of the sea waters they took into their ballast tanks. Foreign species were transported between ports with ballast water in these operations, which have been going on since the mid-1800s. Although various guidelines were published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regarding ballast water, whose adverse effects on the marine environment began to be noticed in the international arena in the late 1980s, the desired positive effect could not be achieved. As a result of technological developments and R&D studies, ballast water treatment systems (D-2 Standard), which have completed the type approval process, have started to be applied on ships. The deadline for applying treatment systems, which have various types in terms of method and capacity, on ships is September 8, 2024. In this study, an application was made on ships calling Aliağa Port Nemrut Bay to investigate compliance with the International Ballast Water Management Convention and ship ballast operations’ by port state control measures. This study showed that most ballast water at Aliağa Port (73%) was treated and discharged. Mechanical filter + UV treatment systems are also the preferred type (63%) among other systems. Also, according to this study's data set, the Adriatic Sea is the majority (44%) among other origins for Aliağa Port.

Keywords

Ballast water Ship ballast water operations Ballast water treatment International ballast water management convention

Ethical Statement

This study does not require ethics committee permission or any special permission.

Thanks

The Author thanks Aliaga Harbour Master Capt. Mr. Burak Bulut, thank you for your assistance throughout this research.

References

  • AlfaLaval. (2023). Alfa Laval PureBallast 3.1. https://assets.alfalaval.com/documents/p7181fe30/alfa-laval-making-sense-of-ballast-water-management-product-brochure-en-lowres.pdf (accessed 07.12.2023).
  • Altuğ, G. Gurun, S. Çardak, M. Çiftci, P. S & Kalkan, S. (2012). The Occurrence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Some Ships' Ballast Water Incoming from Various Ma-rine Regions to the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye, Marine Environmental Research. 81, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.08.005
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2017). Balast Suyu Arıtım Cihaz-larının İncelenmesi. Teknik Rapor No: DEN 2017/2, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Gemi İnşaatı ve Deniz Bilimleri Fakültesi Gemi ve Deniz Teknolojisi Mühendis-liği Bölümü.
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2018). IMO Balast Suyu Sözleşme-si’ne Göre Gemilerde Balast Suyu Yönetimi ve Güncel Değişiklikler. Gemi İnşa ve Deniz Bilimleri Dergisi, 12, 21-36.
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2022). Ballast water problem: Current status and expected challenges. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin. 11(4), 397-415. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1162688
  • Carlton, J.T. (1985). Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 23, 313-371.
  • Chen, Y.-S., Kang, C.-K. & Liu, T.-K. (2022). Ballast water management strategy to reduce the impact of in-troductions by utilizing an empirical risk model. Water, 14, 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060981
  • Chuah, L.F., Rofie, N.R.M., Salleh, N.H.M., Bakar, A.A., Oloruntobi, O., Othman, M.R., Fazlee, U.S.M., Mubashir, M., & Asif, S. (2023). Analyzing the influ-encing factors of port state control for a cleaner envi-ronment via the Bayesian network model. Cleaner Engi-neering and Technology, 14, 100636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100636
  • Claisse, P.A. and Calla, C. (2006). Rail ballast: conclu-sions from a historical perspective. Proceedings of the ICE- Transport, 159(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1680/tran.2006.159.2.69
  • Çınar, M., Bilecenoğlu, M., Öztürk, B., Katagan, T., & Aysel, V. (2005). Alien species on the coasts of Tü-rkiye. Mediterranean Marine Science, 6, 119-146. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.187
  • Çınar, M., Bilecenoğlu, M., Öztürk, B., Katagan, T., Yokes, M., B. Aysel, V. Dağlı, E., Açık, S. Özcan, T. & Erdoğan, H. (2011). An updated review of alien species on the coasts of Türkiye. Mediterranean Marine Sci-ence, 12, 257-315. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.34
  • David, M., Gollasch, S., & Penko, L. (2018). Iden-tification of ballast water discharge profiles of a port to enable effective ballast water management and environ-mental studies. Journal of Sea Research, 133, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2017.03.001
  • Davidson, I., Simkanin, C. (2012). The biology of bal-last water 25 years later. Biological Invasions- BIOL INVASIONS. 14:9-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0056-1
  • Elçiçek, H., (2014). Identification And Removal of Mi-croorganisms from Ballast Water in Sea of Marmara. M.Sc. Thesis, Yıldız Teknik University, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, İstanbul, pp.69.
  • Elton, C. S. (1958). The ecology of invasions by ani-mals and plants. The University of Chicago Press Chica-go. 260 p. ISBN: 978-3-030-34720-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7214-9
  • EQUASIS (2023). Search. https://www.equasis.org/EquasisWeb/authen/HomePage?fs=HomePage (accessed 10.03.2023-14.06.2023).
  • Fu, J., Chen, X., Wu, S., Shi, C., Wu, H., & Zhao, J. (2020). Mining ship deficiency correlations from histori-cal port state control (PSC) inspection data. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0229211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229211
  • GEF-UNDP-IMO (2017). The GloBallast Story: Reflec-tions from a Global Family. GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast Partnerships Programme. GloBallast Monograph No. 25.
  • Hasanspahic, N., Pecarevic, M., Hrdalo, N. & Campa-ra, L. (2022). Analysis of Ballast Water Discharged in Port—A Case Study of the Port of Ploce (Croatia). Jour-nal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111700
  • Hayes, K.R., Sliwa, C. (2003). Identifying potential marine pests––a deductive approach applied to Austral-ia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00321-1
  • IMO (2004). International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, London. International Conference on Ballast Water Management for Ships. BWM/CONF/36. http://library.arcticportal.org/1913/1/International%20Conven-tion%20for%20the%20Control%20and%20Management%20of%20Ships%27%20Ballast%20Water%20and%20Sediments.pdf (accessed 03.10.2023).
  • IMO. (2019) IMO Frequently Asked Questions Imple-menting the Ballast Water Management Convention. http://www.Imo.Org/En/Mediacentre/Hottopics/Documents/FAQ%20%20Implementing%20.The%20Balast%20Water%20Management%20Convention.pdf (accessed 01.10.2023).
  • IMO (2022). Procedures For Port State Control, 2021. Resolution A. 1155(32). https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/IIIS/Documents/A%2032-Res.1155%20-20PROCEDURES%20FOR%20PORT%20STATE%20CONTROL,%202021%20(Secretariat).pdf (accessed 04.12.2023).
  • IMO (2023). List of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances which received Basic Approval from IMO. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environ-ment/Documents/Biofouling%20pages/Table%20of%20BA%20FA%20TA%20updated%20August%202023.pdf (accessed 02.12.2023).
  • Interwies, E., Khuchua, N. (2017). Economic Assess-ment of Ballast Water Management: A Synthesis of the National Assessments conducted by the Lead Partnering Countries of the GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast Partner-ships Programme. GloBallast Monograph No. 24. Tech-nical Ed. Ameer Abdulla. CPI Royle, Shoreditch, Lon-don.
  • IRClass (2017). Indian Register of Shipping Technical Circular 089/2017. https://www.irclass.org/media/3223/technical-circular-no-89.pdf (accessed 02.10.2023).
  • Jang, P.G., Cha, H.G. (2020). Long-term changes of disinfection byproducts in treatment of simulated ballast water. Ocean Science Journal, 55, 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-020-0015-9
  • Kara, E.G.E. (2022). Determination of maritime safety performance of flag states based on the Port State Con-trol inspections using TOPSIS. Marine Policy, 143, 2022, 105156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105156
  • Medcof, J. C. (1975). Living marine animals in a ships ballast water, Proceedings National Shellfisheries Asso-ciation, 65, 11–12.
  • Med MoU (2022). Mediterranean Memorandum of Un-derstanding On Port State Control PSCO Manual. 2022 Revision. https://www.medmou.org/Documents/5.02%20Deficiency%20Codes.pdf (accessed 26.12.2023).
  • NRC (1996). Ballast water and ships. stemming the tide: controlling introductions of nonindigenous species by ships’ ballast water. National Academy Press, Washing-ton, D.C.
  • Occhipinti Ambrogi, A. (2001). Transfer of marine or-ganisms: a challenge to the conservation of coastal bio-coenoses. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwa-ter Ecosystems, 11, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.450
  • Olgun, A. (2011). Ballast Water Risk Assessment Sys-tem. https://www.rempec.org/en/knowledge-centre/online-catalogue/segment-3-bw-risk-assessment-system-a_-olgun.pdf/view (accessed 15.12.2023).
  • Paris MoU (2023a). Paris Memorandum of Understand-ing on Port State Control. https://parismou.org/system/files/2023-06/Paris%20MoU%20including%2045th%20amendment.pdf (accessed 15.12.2023)
  • Paris MoU (2023b). Paris MoU Port State Control An-nual Report 2022, 2023. https://parismou.org/system/files/2023-6/Paris%20MOU%20Annual%20Report%202022.pdf (accessed 15.12.2023).
  • Prabovo, A. (2018). Modification System of Existing Ballast System by Applying Electrolysis Method as A Ballast Water Treatment on Mv Sinar Sabang. Bachelor thesis, Hochschule Wismar Indonesia, pp.85.
  • Top, Ç. (2019). Analysis Of Application to Ships of Ballast Water Management Convention Requirements. M.Sc. Thesis, İstanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies, İstanbul.
  • Republic of Türkiye Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Maritime Affairs (2010). Türkiye için Balast Suyu Değerlendirme Raporu. Ankara.
  • TÜRKLİM (2024). Türkiye Limancılık Sektörü 2023 Raporu. Sürdürülebilir Limanlar. https://www.turklim.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/TURKLIM-Sektor-Raporu-2023.pdf (accessed 01.03.2024).
  • USCG (2023a). Bwms Type Approval Certıfıcates. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Prevention-Policy-CG-5P/Commercial-Regulations-standards-CG-5PS/Marine-Safety-Center-MSC (accessed 03.12.2023). USCG (2023b). United States Coast Guard Port State Control in The United States 2022 Annual Report, 2023. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Prevention-Policy-CG-5P/Annual-Reports/ (accessed 11.12.2023).
  • Yang, H., Tong, X. (2021). Study on the removal meth-ods of plankton in micro-polluted reservoir water. Earth and Environmental Science, 702(1), 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/702/1/012045
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Maritime Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Çağrı Özdim 0009-0000-7102-629X

Burak Köseoğlu 0000-0003-0830-0385

Early Pub Date November 25, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date March 31, 2024
Acceptance Date July 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özdim, Ç., & Köseoğlu, B. (2024). Ballast operations at ports: Nemrut Bay analysis. Aquatic Research, 8(1), 26-38.
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