Review Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 40 - 65, 01.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20005

Abstract

References

  • Akten, N. (2007). Türk Boğazları ve Geleceği. Çetingil ve Kender’e 50. Çalışma Yılı Armağanı, p: 246.
  • Barlas, M. (1979). Sorular ve Sorunlar (Interview with veteran pilot Tahsin Keşmir) Turkish daily newspaper Milliyet, 19.11.1979, p. 11.
  • Cumpana, C. (2006). Tragedia navei "Independenţa", Editura Telegraf Advertising, p. 185-195.
  • IMO Web Site (2019, September 23). http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/OilPollution/Pages/Background.aspx (Retrieved on 15/09/2019).
  • İstikbal, C. (2001). Regional Transport Demands and the Safety of Navigation in Turkish Straits, In: Problems of Regional Seas 2001: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Problems of Regional Seas, Turkish Marine Research Foundation, p. 77, Held between 12-14 May 2001, Ataköy Marina, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • İstikbal, C. (2006). Turkish Straits: Difficulties and Importance of Pilotage (2006), Edit: Oral, N. and Öztürk, B. The Turkish Straits, maritime safety, legal and environmental aspects. Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul. Publication Number 25, p: 66-80. ISBN: 975-8825-15-1
  • İstikbal, C. (2010). Marmara Denizinde Deniz Ulaşımı ve Türk Boğazları, In: Marmara Denizi 2010 Bildiriler Kitabı, Öztürk B. Ed. TÜDAV Yayın No: 32, p. 65. ISBN: 978-975-8825-22-6
  • İstikbal, C. (2012). Dünyada ve Türk Deniz Ticareti İçerisinde Kılavuzluğun Tarihsel Gelişimi, In: Türk Deniz Ticaret Tarihi Sempozyumu IV, Gemi Mekineleri İşletme Mühendisleri Odası, Sena Ofset, p. 52, 16-17 April 2012.
  • Koçu, R.E. (1963). İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 6, İstanbul Ansiklopedisi ve Neşriyat Koll. Şti, p. 2897.
  • Kvaternik, Boris (2018, July 7). http://kurziv.net/najveca-hrvatska-pomorska-tragedija-i-mi-na-zalost-imamo-svoj-titanic/ (Retrieved October 1, 2019).
  • Lameijer, J.N.F., Cockroft, A.N. (2004). A Guide to Collision Avoidance Rules, imprint of Elsevier, Sixth Edition, p.97. ISBN 0-7506-6179-8
  • Mihailescu, S. (2009). Petrolierul „Independenţa“ şi misterele lui, from. https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/petrolierul-independenta-misterele-lui-1_50accc777c42d5a6638a13ff/index.html (Retrieved on 19/11/2019).
  • Nautical History, OCT-DEC 2010. vol 73, edition of the Maritime Museum of Greece p. 30.
  • Oğuzülgen, S. (2016). 80. Yılında Montreux Türk Boğazları Sempozyumu, p. 182-185 . 9-10 November 2016, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul.
  • Özözlü, H. (2018). Independenta Tanker Yangını, https://www.sihirlitur.com/olaylar/tanker/tanker_yazi.html (Retrieved on 19/11/2019).
  • Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Beşiktepe, Ş. (2002). The current system of the Bosphorus Strait based on recent measurements. The 2nd Meeting on the Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, Villefranche, 15th-19th April 2002.
  • Soltani, A. (2009). Proactive maritime safety: concepts and applications. World Maritime University Dissertations. 254. http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/254 p.7 (Retrieved on 20/09/2019).
  • Tuğrul, S., Beşiktepe, Ş.T., Salihoğlu, İ. (2002). Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Sea of Marmara. Mediterranean Marine Science, 3(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.256
  • Turkish Navy (1990). Istanbul Strait Current Profiles, Turkish Navy publications, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Ünlüata, Ü. Oğuz, T. Latif, M.A., Özsoy, E. (1990). On the Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, In: The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, L.J. Pratt (Ed.), NATO/ASI Series, 318, 26-60, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0677-8_2

Strait of Istanbul, major accidents and abolishment of left-hand side navigation

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 40 - 65, 01.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20005

Abstract

Strait of
Istanbul is one of the most difficult waterways in the world. It’s curved
structure, sharp bends which require 12 major course alterations form a unique
marine environment for passing vessels. Currents also form a natural difficulty
for navigation, especially at areas at the North of Kandilli point. There are three
types of currents prevail in the Strait of Istanbul: the first is the surface
currents, which finds it’s dynamics at the difference of sea levels between Sea
of Marmara and Black Sea. Due to this difference in levels, which is around 40
centimeters on average and fed by the rivers flowing into Black Sea, waters run
down to Sea of Marmara and to outer seas. Second, is the counter currents and
eddies inside the bays. Third is the subsurface currents, formed by the
difference of salinity between Marmara and Black Sea, starts from 10 meters to
40 deep and in counter direction with the surface currents. To make this
currents system more complicated, in the case of strong SW winds when lasted
more than 2-3 days, the whole currents system changes when the surface currents
reversed by the wind and above-mentioned difference in sea levels exchange
positions to the favor of Sea of Marmara. 
Due to this unique system of currents, Strait of Istanbul used to have a
unique navigational system, too. Starting from ancient times, ships navigating
in the Strait of Istanbul used to navigate on the Port side, especially when
navigating from Sea of Marmara to Black Sea direction. Thus, ships could get
better protection against current. This practice was inked on the
paper in 1933 and by the Istanbul Port Regulation through which it became
compulsory for ships navigating in the Strait of Istanbul. But as the
international regulations on the preventing collision at sea emerged and it
appeared that right-hand navigation was established for narrow channels and
altering the course to Starboard in the head-on situations has become a rule,
the Left-hand side navigation in the Strait of Istanbul started to lead to
confusion. There have been three major accidents in the Strait of Istanbul
which could be attributed to confusion created by this national rule against
the international rule; in 1960, 1966 and 1979, finally Left-hand side
navigation in the Strait of Istanbul was abolished in 1982. This article is
about these long-term proceedings of Left-hand side navigation in the Strait of
Istanbul, concentrating on and analysing three major accidents. 

References

  • Akten, N. (2007). Türk Boğazları ve Geleceği. Çetingil ve Kender’e 50. Çalışma Yılı Armağanı, p: 246.
  • Barlas, M. (1979). Sorular ve Sorunlar (Interview with veteran pilot Tahsin Keşmir) Turkish daily newspaper Milliyet, 19.11.1979, p. 11.
  • Cumpana, C. (2006). Tragedia navei "Independenţa", Editura Telegraf Advertising, p. 185-195.
  • IMO Web Site (2019, September 23). http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/OilPollution/Pages/Background.aspx (Retrieved on 15/09/2019).
  • İstikbal, C. (2001). Regional Transport Demands and the Safety of Navigation in Turkish Straits, In: Problems of Regional Seas 2001: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Problems of Regional Seas, Turkish Marine Research Foundation, p. 77, Held between 12-14 May 2001, Ataköy Marina, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • İstikbal, C. (2006). Turkish Straits: Difficulties and Importance of Pilotage (2006), Edit: Oral, N. and Öztürk, B. The Turkish Straits, maritime safety, legal and environmental aspects. Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul. Publication Number 25, p: 66-80. ISBN: 975-8825-15-1
  • İstikbal, C. (2010). Marmara Denizinde Deniz Ulaşımı ve Türk Boğazları, In: Marmara Denizi 2010 Bildiriler Kitabı, Öztürk B. Ed. TÜDAV Yayın No: 32, p. 65. ISBN: 978-975-8825-22-6
  • İstikbal, C. (2012). Dünyada ve Türk Deniz Ticareti İçerisinde Kılavuzluğun Tarihsel Gelişimi, In: Türk Deniz Ticaret Tarihi Sempozyumu IV, Gemi Mekineleri İşletme Mühendisleri Odası, Sena Ofset, p. 52, 16-17 April 2012.
  • Koçu, R.E. (1963). İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 6, İstanbul Ansiklopedisi ve Neşriyat Koll. Şti, p. 2897.
  • Kvaternik, Boris (2018, July 7). http://kurziv.net/najveca-hrvatska-pomorska-tragedija-i-mi-na-zalost-imamo-svoj-titanic/ (Retrieved October 1, 2019).
  • Lameijer, J.N.F., Cockroft, A.N. (2004). A Guide to Collision Avoidance Rules, imprint of Elsevier, Sixth Edition, p.97. ISBN 0-7506-6179-8
  • Mihailescu, S. (2009). Petrolierul „Independenţa“ şi misterele lui, from. https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/petrolierul-independenta-misterele-lui-1_50accc777c42d5a6638a13ff/index.html (Retrieved on 19/11/2019).
  • Nautical History, OCT-DEC 2010. vol 73, edition of the Maritime Museum of Greece p. 30.
  • Oğuzülgen, S. (2016). 80. Yılında Montreux Türk Boğazları Sempozyumu, p. 182-185 . 9-10 November 2016, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul.
  • Özözlü, H. (2018). Independenta Tanker Yangını, https://www.sihirlitur.com/olaylar/tanker/tanker_yazi.html (Retrieved on 19/11/2019).
  • Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Beşiktepe, Ş. (2002). The current system of the Bosphorus Strait based on recent measurements. The 2nd Meeting on the Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, Villefranche, 15th-19th April 2002.
  • Soltani, A. (2009). Proactive maritime safety: concepts and applications. World Maritime University Dissertations. 254. http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/254 p.7 (Retrieved on 20/09/2019).
  • Tuğrul, S., Beşiktepe, Ş.T., Salihoğlu, İ. (2002). Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Sea of Marmara. Mediterranean Marine Science, 3(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.256
  • Turkish Navy (1990). Istanbul Strait Current Profiles, Turkish Navy publications, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Ünlüata, Ü. Oğuz, T. Latif, M.A., Özsoy, E. (1990). On the Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, In: The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, L.J. Pratt (Ed.), NATO/ASI Series, 318, 26-60, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0677-8_2
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Maritime Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Cahit İstikbal 0000-0002-5020-1025

Publication Date January 1, 2020
Submission Date November 26, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İstikbal, C. (2020). Strait of Istanbul, major accidents and abolishment of left-hand side navigation. Aquatic Research, 3(1), 40-65. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20005

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