Removal of high concentration of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous mixotrophic solution by Chlorella vulgaris

Tuğba Şentürk; Şükran Yıldız

doi:10.3153/AR20002

Research Article

Removal of high concentration of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous mixotrophic solution by Chlorella vulgaris

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 13 - 23, 01.01.2020

Tuğba Şentürk , Şükran Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20002

Abstract

Microalgae
exhibit large potential as an alternative to advanced biological nutrient
removal in wastewater or simulated wastewater at laboratory conditions.
Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimum conditions for nutrient
removal. This study investigated the total carbohydrate, chlorophyll-a, -b, carotenoid
and lipid production and nutrient removal of mixotrophic microalgae (C. vulgaris) cultured in different
nitrate/phosphate rich modified BG-11 medium (0-200 mg L^-1) at
longer growth periods (10 days). The mean removal efficiency of NO₃-N
(in nitrate source), and PO₄-P (in phosphate source) (88.29 ±0.12
and 31.06 ±0.22%, respectively) was reached in the mixotrophic culture. Under the optimum conditions (200 µmol photon m⁻²s⁻¹
16 h photoperiod and 28% inoculum size), 63.61-99.05% of NO₃^-
and 13.97-63.77% of PO₄³⁻were successfully removed. The lipid and carbohydrate productivities were 27.95 and 29.53 g L⁻¹d⁻¹,
0.2869 and 0.2435 g L^-1 d^-1 respectively, which were
approximately 9-12 times higher than those in photoautotrophic condition. The
BG-11 growth media containing 10 g L⁻¹ glucose and excessive amount
of nutrient effect results indicate that the Chl-a, -b and carotenoid contents
of C. vulgaris is higher at 100 mg L^-1
N and 50 mg L^-1 P growth media composition compared to 100% growth
media composition. Thereby, the findings of this study provided an insight into
the role of algal uptake of nutrients under the nutrient rich mixotrophic medium
for the future algae-based treatment application.

Keywords

Bioremediation, Chlorella, Mixotrophic solution, Nutrient removal, Algal removal

Supporting Institution

Manisa Celal Bayar University Scientific Investigation Project

Project Number

FEF 2015–154

Thanks

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Manisa Celal Bayar University Scientific Investigation Project for the funding of this work (Project No. FEF 2015–154).

References

Abe, K., Takahashi, E., Hirano, M. (2008). Development of laboratory-scale photobioreactor for water purification by use of a biofilter composed of the aerial microalga Trentepohlia aurea (Chlorophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 20, 283-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9245-9
Andrade, M.R., Costa, J.A.V. (2007). Mixotrophic cultivation of microalga Spirulina platensis using molasses as organic substrate. Aquaculture, 264(1-4), 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.021
Eaton, A.D. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. APHA, AWWA, WEF. ISBN: 0875530478
Azianabiha, A.H.K., Zahira, Y., Siti, R.S.A., Mohd, S.T. (2019). Assessing the feasibility of microalgae cultivation in agricultural wastewater: The nutrient characteristics. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 15, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100402
Babaei1, A.A., Azadi, R., Jaafarzadeh, N., Alavi, N. (2013). Application and kinetic evaluation of upflow anaerobic biofilm reactor for nitrogen removal from wastewater by Anammox process. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science, 10(1), 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-10-20
Barbera, E., Sforza, E., Kumar, S., Morosinotto, T., Bertucco, A. (2016). Cultivation of Scenedesmus obliquus in liquid hydrolysate from flash hydrolysis for nutrient recycling. Bioresource Technology, 207, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.103
Bhatnagara, A., Kumara, E., Sillanpää, M. (2011). Fluoride removal from water by adsorption-A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(3), 811-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.028
Biller, P., Ross, A.B., Skill, S.C., Lea-Langton, A., Balasundaram, B., Hall, C., Riley, R., Llewellyn, C.A. (2012). Nutrient recycling of aqueous phase for microalgae cultivation from the hydrothermal liquefaction process. Algal Research, 1(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2012.02.002
Bruce, E.R. (2008). Opportunities for renewable bioenergy using microorganisms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 100(2), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21875
Cheirsilp, B., Torpee, S. (2012). Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under mixotrophic culture condition: effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch cultivation. Bioresource Technology, 110, 510-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.125
Chisti, Y. (2008). Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends in Biotechnology, 26(3), 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002
Converti, A., Casazza, A.A., Ortiz, E.Y., Perego, P., Borghi M.D. (2009). Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris for biodiesel production. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 48(6), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2009.03.006
Dere, S., Günes, T., Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll-a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents. Turkish Journal of Botany, 22(1), 13-17.
Garcia Alba, L., Torri, C., Fabbri, D., Kersten, S.R.A. & Brilman, D.W.F. (2013). Microalgae growth on the aqueous phase from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of the same microalgae. Chemical Engineering Journal, 228, 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.097
Groom, M.J., Gray, E.M., Townsend, P.A. (2008). Biofuels and biodiversity: principles for creating better policies for biofuel production. Conservation Biology, 22(3), 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00879.x
Heilmann, S.M., Jader, L.R., Harned, L.A., Sadowsky, M.J., Schendel, F.J., Lefebvre, P.A., von Keitz, M.G., Valentas, K.J. (2011). Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae II. Fatty acid, char, and algal nutrient products. Application Energy, 88(10), 3286-3290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.041
Khan, M., Yoshida, N. (2008). Effect of l-glutamic acid on the growth and ammonium removal from ammonium solution and natural wastewater by Chlorella vulgaris NTM06. Bioresource Technology, 99, 575-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.031
Kobayashi, M., Kakizono, T., Nishio, N., Nagai, S. (1992). Effects of light intensity, light quality and illumination cycle on astaxanthin formation in a green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 74(1), 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(92)90271-U
Kong, W.B., Yang, H., Cao, Y.T., Song, H., Hua, S.F., Xia, C.G. (2013). Effect of glycerol and glucose on the enhancement of biomass, lipid and soluble carbohydrate production by Chlorella vulgaris in mixotrophic culture. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 51(1), 62-69.
Lalucat, J., Imperial, J., Pares, R. (1984). Utilization of light for the assimilation of organic matter in Chlorella sp. VJ79. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 26(7), 677-681. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260707
Lee, Y.K., Ding, S.Y., Hoe, C.H., Low, C.S. (1996). Mixotrophic growth of Chlorella sorokiniana in outdoor enclosed photobioreactor. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8(2), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02186320
Levine, R.B., Sambolin Sierra, C.O., Hockstad, R., Obeid, W., Hatcher, P.G., Savage, P.E. (2013). The use of hydrothermal carbonization to recycle nutrients in algal biofuel production. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 32(4), 962-975. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11812
Liang, Y., Sarkany, N., Cui, Y. (2009). Biomass and lipid productivities of Chlorella vulgaris under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions. Biotechnology Letters, 31(2), 1043-1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-009-9975-7
Liu, J., Huanga, J., Sun, Z., Zhong, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, F. (2011). Differential lipid and fatty acid profiles of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis: Assessment of algal oils for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 102(1), 106-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.017
Li, X., Hu, H., Gan, K., Sun, Y. (2010). Effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. Bioresource Technology, 101(14), 5494-5500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.016
López Barreiro, D., Prins, W., Ronsse, F., Brilman, W. (2013). Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae for biofuel production: state of the art review and future prospects. Biomass Bioenergy, 53(2013), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.029
Marquez, J., Sasaki, K., Kakizono, T., Nishio, N., Nagai, S. (1993). Growth characteristics of Spirulina platensis in mixotrophic and heterotrophic condtions. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 76(5), 408-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(93)90034-6
Mishra, S.K., Suh, W.I., Farooq, W., Moon, M., Shrivastav, A., Park, M.S., Yang, J.W. (2014). Rapid quantification of microalgal lipids in aqueous medium by a simple colorimetric method. Bioresource Technology, 155(2014), 330-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.077
Mitra, D., Lamsal, B.P. (2012). Heterotrophic/mixotrophic cultivation of oleaginous Chlorella vulgaris on industrial co-products. Algal Research, 1(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2012.03.002
Orús, M.L., Marco, E., Martínez, F. (1991). Suitability of Chlorella vulgaris UAM 101 for heterotrophic biomass production. Bioresource Technology, 38(1991), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(91)90151-9
Perez-Garcia, O., Bashan, Y., Esther Puente, M. (2011). Organic carbon supplementation of sterilized municipal wastewater is essential for heterotrophic growth and removing ammonium by the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Phycology, 47(1), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00934.x
Rösch, C., Skarka, J., Wegerer, N. (2012). Materials flow modeling of nutrient recycling in biodiesel production from microalgae. Bioresource Technology, 107(2012), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.016
Shi, X.M., Zhang, X.W., Chen, F. (2000). Heterotrophic production of biomass and lutein by Chlorella protothecoides on various nitrogen sources. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(3-5), 312-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00208-8
Sialve, B., Bernet, N., Bernard, O. (2009). Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable. Biotechnological Advances, 27(4), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.001
Skoog, D., Holler, F., Nieman, T., Kılıç, E., Köseoğlu, F. (2000). Enstrümantal Analiz ilkeleri. Ankara, Turkey, Bilim Press., 1038 pp. ISBN 9789755560731
Swati, Y.K., Gayatri, G., Sanjay, N., Kiran, P., Bhaskar, K., Sanjay, K. (2017). Exploiting phosphate-starved cells of Scenedesmus sp. for the treatment of raw sewage. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 57(2), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-016-0626-0
Tao, Y.F., Qiang, J., Yin, G.J., Xu, P., Shi, Q., Bao, J.W. (2017). Identification and characterization of lipid metabolism-related microRNAs in the liver of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) by deep sequencing. Fish Shellfish Immunologi. 69(2), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.023
Wan, M.X., Wang, R.M., Xia, J.L., Rosenberg, J.N., Nie, Z.Y., Kobayashi, N. (2012). Physiological evaluation of a new Chlorella sorokiniana isolate for its biomass production and lipid accumulation in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 109(8), 1958-1964. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24477
Ward, A.J., Lewis, D.M., Green, F.B. (2014). Anaerobic digestion of algae biomass: a review. Algal Research, 5, 204-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2014.02.001
Woertz, I.C., Lundquist, T.J., Feffer, A.S., Nelson, Y.M. (2009). Lipid productivity of algae grown during treatment of dairy and municipal wastewaters. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(11), 1115-1122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000129 Zhang, H., Wang, W., Li, Y., Yang, W., Shen, G. (2011). Mixotrophic cultivation of Botryococcus braunii. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(5), 1710-1715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.002
Zhang, Y., Kendall, A., Yuan, J. (2014). A comparison of on-site nutrient and energy recycling technologies in algal oil production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 88, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.04.011

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 13 - 23, 01.01.2020

Tuğba Şentürk , Şükran Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20002

Abstract

Project Number

FEF 2015–154

References

Abe, K., Takahashi, E., Hirano, M. (2008). Development of laboratory-scale photobioreactor for water purification by use of a biofilter composed of the aerial microalga Trentepohlia aurea (Chlorophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 20, 283-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9245-9
Andrade, M.R., Costa, J.A.V. (2007). Mixotrophic cultivation of microalga Spirulina platensis using molasses as organic substrate. Aquaculture, 264(1-4), 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.021
Eaton, A.D. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. APHA, AWWA, WEF. ISBN: 0875530478
Azianabiha, A.H.K., Zahira, Y., Siti, R.S.A., Mohd, S.T. (2019). Assessing the feasibility of microalgae cultivation in agricultural wastewater: The nutrient characteristics. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 15, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100402
Babaei1, A.A., Azadi, R., Jaafarzadeh, N., Alavi, N. (2013). Application and kinetic evaluation of upflow anaerobic biofilm reactor for nitrogen removal from wastewater by Anammox process. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science, 10(1), 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-10-20
Barbera, E., Sforza, E., Kumar, S., Morosinotto, T., Bertucco, A. (2016). Cultivation of Scenedesmus obliquus in liquid hydrolysate from flash hydrolysis for nutrient recycling. Bioresource Technology, 207, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.103
Bhatnagara, A., Kumara, E., Sillanpää, M. (2011). Fluoride removal from water by adsorption-A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171(3), 811-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.028
Biller, P., Ross, A.B., Skill, S.C., Lea-Langton, A., Balasundaram, B., Hall, C., Riley, R., Llewellyn, C.A. (2012). Nutrient recycling of aqueous phase for microalgae cultivation from the hydrothermal liquefaction process. Algal Research, 1(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2012.02.002
Bruce, E.R. (2008). Opportunities for renewable bioenergy using microorganisms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 100(2), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21875
Cheirsilp, B., Torpee, S. (2012). Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under mixotrophic culture condition: effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch cultivation. Bioresource Technology, 110, 510-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.125
Chisti, Y. (2008). Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol. Trends in Biotechnology, 26(3), 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002
Converti, A., Casazza, A.A., Ortiz, E.Y., Perego, P., Borghi M.D. (2009). Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris for biodiesel production. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 48(6), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2009.03.006
Dere, S., Günes, T., Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll-a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents. Turkish Journal of Botany, 22(1), 13-17.
Garcia Alba, L., Torri, C., Fabbri, D., Kersten, S.R.A. & Brilman, D.W.F. (2013). Microalgae growth on the aqueous phase from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of the same microalgae. Chemical Engineering Journal, 228, 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.097
Groom, M.J., Gray, E.M., Townsend, P.A. (2008). Biofuels and biodiversity: principles for creating better policies for biofuel production. Conservation Biology, 22(3), 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00879.x
Heilmann, S.M., Jader, L.R., Harned, L.A., Sadowsky, M.J., Schendel, F.J., Lefebvre, P.A., von Keitz, M.G., Valentas, K.J. (2011). Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae II. Fatty acid, char, and algal nutrient products. Application Energy, 88(10), 3286-3290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.041
Khan, M., Yoshida, N. (2008). Effect of l-glutamic acid on the growth and ammonium removal from ammonium solution and natural wastewater by Chlorella vulgaris NTM06. Bioresource Technology, 99, 575-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.031
Kobayashi, M., Kakizono, T., Nishio, N., Nagai, S. (1992). Effects of light intensity, light quality and illumination cycle on astaxanthin formation in a green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 74(1), 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(92)90271-U
Kong, W.B., Yang, H., Cao, Y.T., Song, H., Hua, S.F., Xia, C.G. (2013). Effect of glycerol and glucose on the enhancement of biomass, lipid and soluble carbohydrate production by Chlorella vulgaris in mixotrophic culture. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 51(1), 62-69.
Lalucat, J., Imperial, J., Pares, R. (1984). Utilization of light for the assimilation of organic matter in Chlorella sp. VJ79. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 26(7), 677-681. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260260707
Lee, Y.K., Ding, S.Y., Hoe, C.H., Low, C.S. (1996). Mixotrophic growth of Chlorella sorokiniana in outdoor enclosed photobioreactor. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8(2), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02186320
Levine, R.B., Sambolin Sierra, C.O., Hockstad, R., Obeid, W., Hatcher, P.G., Savage, P.E. (2013). The use of hydrothermal carbonization to recycle nutrients in algal biofuel production. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 32(4), 962-975. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11812
Liang, Y., Sarkany, N., Cui, Y. (2009). Biomass and lipid productivities of Chlorella vulgaris under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions. Biotechnology Letters, 31(2), 1043-1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-009-9975-7
Liu, J., Huanga, J., Sun, Z., Zhong, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, F. (2011). Differential lipid and fatty acid profiles of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis: Assessment of algal oils for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 102(1), 106-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.017
Li, X., Hu, H., Gan, K., Sun, Y. (2010). Effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the growth, nutrient uptake, and lipid accumulation of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. Bioresource Technology, 101(14), 5494-5500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.016
López Barreiro, D., Prins, W., Ronsse, F., Brilman, W. (2013). Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae for biofuel production: state of the art review and future prospects. Biomass Bioenergy, 53(2013), 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.029
Marquez, J., Sasaki, K., Kakizono, T., Nishio, N., Nagai, S. (1993). Growth characteristics of Spirulina platensis in mixotrophic and heterotrophic condtions. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 76(5), 408-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0922-338X(93)90034-6
Mishra, S.K., Suh, W.I., Farooq, W., Moon, M., Shrivastav, A., Park, M.S., Yang, J.W. (2014). Rapid quantification of microalgal lipids in aqueous medium by a simple colorimetric method. Bioresource Technology, 155(2014), 330-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.077
Mitra, D., Lamsal, B.P. (2012). Heterotrophic/mixotrophic cultivation of oleaginous Chlorella vulgaris on industrial co-products. Algal Research, 1(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2012.03.002
Orús, M.L., Marco, E., Martínez, F. (1991). Suitability of Chlorella vulgaris UAM 101 for heterotrophic biomass production. Bioresource Technology, 38(1991), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(91)90151-9
Perez-Garcia, O., Bashan, Y., Esther Puente, M. (2011). Organic carbon supplementation of sterilized municipal wastewater is essential for heterotrophic growth and removing ammonium by the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Phycology, 47(1), 190-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00934.x
Rösch, C., Skarka, J., Wegerer, N. (2012). Materials flow modeling of nutrient recycling in biodiesel production from microalgae. Bioresource Technology, 107(2012), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.016
Shi, X.M., Zhang, X.W., Chen, F. (2000). Heterotrophic production of biomass and lutein by Chlorella protothecoides on various nitrogen sources. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(3-5), 312-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00208-8
Sialve, B., Bernet, N., Bernard, O. (2009). Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable. Biotechnological Advances, 27(4), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.001
Skoog, D., Holler, F., Nieman, T., Kılıç, E., Köseoğlu, F. (2000). Enstrümantal Analiz ilkeleri. Ankara, Turkey, Bilim Press., 1038 pp. ISBN 9789755560731
Swati, Y.K., Gayatri, G., Sanjay, N., Kiran, P., Bhaskar, K., Sanjay, K. (2017). Exploiting phosphate-starved cells of Scenedesmus sp. for the treatment of raw sewage. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 57(2), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-016-0626-0
Tao, Y.F., Qiang, J., Yin, G.J., Xu, P., Shi, Q., Bao, J.W. (2017). Identification and characterization of lipid metabolism-related microRNAs in the liver of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) by deep sequencing. Fish Shellfish Immunologi. 69(2), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.023
Wan, M.X., Wang, R.M., Xia, J.L., Rosenberg, J.N., Nie, Z.Y., Kobayashi, N. (2012). Physiological evaluation of a new Chlorella sorokiniana isolate for its biomass production and lipid accumulation in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 109(8), 1958-1964. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24477
Ward, A.J., Lewis, D.M., Green, F.B. (2014). Anaerobic digestion of algae biomass: a review. Algal Research, 5, 204-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2014.02.001
Woertz, I.C., Lundquist, T.J., Feffer, A.S., Nelson, Y.M. (2009). Lipid productivity of algae grown during treatment of dairy and municipal wastewaters. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(11), 1115-1122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000129 Zhang, H., Wang, W., Li, Y., Yang, W., Shen, G. (2011). Mixotrophic cultivation of Botryococcus braunii. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(5), 1710-1715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.002
Zhang, Y., Kendall, A., Yuan, J. (2014). A comparison of on-site nutrient and energy recycling technologies in algal oil production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 88, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.04.011

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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Hydrobiology
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Tuğba Şentürk 0000-0002-9882-0079 Şükran Yıldız 0000-0003-3195-2269
Project Number	FEF 2015–154
Publication Date	January 1, 2020
Submission Date	October 31, 2019
Published in Issue	Year 2020Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Şentürk, T., & Yıldız, Ş. (2020). Removal of high concentration of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous mixotrophic solution by Chlorella vulgaris. Aquatic Research, 3(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20002

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