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Stress responses of Indian major carps cultured in the East Kolkata Wetland, West Bengal, India

Year 2021, , 351 - 362, 01.10.2021

Anish Das , Talagunda Nagesh , Sarıta Kumarı Das , Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21030

Abstract

Fish are continuously exposed to multiple environmental stressors that work cumulatively and synergistically. This study assessed the stress responses of Indian major carps (IMCs) cultured in a sewage-fed pond (SP) in the East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), India and compared with the normal carps in situ. The experiment was conducted in two farms that cultured Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala for seven months, covering the summer and winter periods. Serum biomarkers of primary (cortisol) and secondary (glucose, total protein, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) stress responses, and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were quantified using standard kits. The health status of carps was evaluated as a tertiary response. The biological oxygen demand, hardness, total dissolved solids, ammonia and phosphate levels of both ponds exhibited marked variations. The SP carps had significantly low haemoglobin and total protein, and high serum glucose, creatinine, ALT, AST and LDH levels. The SOD and cortisol levels were comparatively low in SP carps. The winter temperature had a significant effect on serum glucose, cortisol, SOD, creatinine, ALT and AST. Carps had a high degree of ectoparasitic infestation during the winter. Cirrhinus mrigala of the SP had significantly high serum creatinine levels. The increasing levels of serum glucose, creatinine, ALT and AST suggested that these indices, which were more pronounced in the carps of EKW in conjunction with winter temperature, could be useful biomarkers of stress, kidney and liver functioning in carps, respectively. 

Keywords

Indian major carps Fish health Serum biomarkers Oxidative stress Ectoparasites

Supporting Institution

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Government of India, New Delhi

Project Number

Grant F. 10(12)/2012-EPD dated 23.03.2012.

References

  • Abraham, T.J., Sil, S.K., Vineetha, P. (2010). A comparative study of the aquaculture practices adopted by fish farmers in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 57(3), 41-48.
  • Abraham, T.J., Sil, S.K., Nagesh, T.S. (2020). Association of risk factors and management issues on the occurrence of diseases in carp aquaculture in West Bengal, India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 73, 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-020-00325-7
  • APHA/AWWA/WEF (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 12th edn. Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, USA.
  • Banerjee, S., Dash, G., Abraham, T.J. (2015). Histopathology of gill myxosporean infection in cultured Indian major and minor carps, West Bengal, India. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(6), 1137-1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12917
  • Banerjee, S., Patra, A., Mondal, A., Adikesavalu, H., Ramudu, K.R., Dash, G., Joardar, S.N., Abraham, T.J. (2017). Molecular characterization of Myxobolus catmrigalae (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting the gill lamellae of carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 41, 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0750-0
  • Bernet, D., Schmidt-Posthaus, H., Wahli, T., Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2000). Effects of wastewater on fish health: an integrated approach to biomarker responses in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 8(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011481632510
  • Bernet D., Schmidt H., Wahli T., Burkhardt-Holm P. (2001). Effluent from a sewage treatment works causes changes in serum chemistry of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48(2), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.2012
  • Bhowmik, M.L. (2011). Wastewater aquaculture. In: Ayyappan, S., Jena, J.K., Gopalakrishnan, A., Pandey, A.K., (eds) Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, pp. 320-334.
  • Birnie-Gauvin, K., Costantini, D., Cooke, S.J., Willmore, W.G. (2017). A comparative and evolutionary approach to oxidative stress in fish: A review. Fish and Fisheries, 18(5), 928-942. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12215
  • Boyd, C.E. (1979). Water quality in warm water fish ponds. Agriculture Experiment Station, Alabama: Auburn.
  • Burgos-Aceves, M.A., Lionetti, L., Faggio, C. (2019). Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. Science of the Total Environment, 670, 1170–1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275
  • Chatterjee, N., Pal, A.K., Manush, S.M., Das, T., Mukherjee, S.C. (2004). Thermal tolerance and metabolic status of Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio early fingerlings acclimated to three different temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 29(6), 265-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.05.001
  • Chatterjee, S., Chattopadhyay, B., Mukhopadhyay, S.K. (2010). Monitoring waste metal pollution at Ganga estuary via the East Calcutta Wet¬land areas. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 170(1-4), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1211-3
  • Chitra-Pakhira, Nagesh, T.S., Abraham, T.J., Dash, G., Behera, S. (2015). Stress responses in rohu, Labeo rohita transported at different densities. Aquaculture Reports, 2, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.06.002
  • Das, P.C., Ayyappan, S., Jena, J.K., Das, B.K. (2004a). Acute toxicity of ammonia and its sub-lethal effects on selected haematological and enzymatic parameters of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquaculture Research, 35(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.00994.x
  • Das, P.C., Ayyappan, S., Jena, J.K., Das, B.K. (2004b). Nitrite toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), acute toxicity and sub-lethal effect on selected haematological parameters. Aquaculture, 235(1-4), 633-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.01.020
  • Das, T., Pal, A.K., Chakraborty, S.K., Manush, S.M., Dalvi, R.S., Apte, S.K., Sahu, N.P., Baruah, J.K. (2009). Biochemical and stress responses of rohu Labeo rohita and mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala in relation to acclimation temperatures. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(7), 1487-1498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02216.x
  • Dutta, T., Acharya, S., Das, M.K. (2005). Impact of water quality on the stress physiology of cultured Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan). Journal of Environmental Biology, 26(3), 585-592.
  • EKWMA (2010). East Kolkata Wetlands. Newsletter, Vol 1. The East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority and Wetlands International-South Asia, India, p.24, Available at http://www.ekwma.in/ek/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/NewsletterVolume1.pdf
  • Kavitha, C., Malarvizhi, A., Kumaran, S.S., Ramesh, M. (2010). Toxicological effects of arsenate exposure on hematological, biochemical and liver transaminases activity in an Indian major carp, Catla catla. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(10), 2848-2854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.017
  • Martínez-Porchas, M., Martínez-Córdova, L.R., Ramos-Enriquez, R. (2009). Cortisol and glucose: reliable indicators of fish stress?. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 4(2), 158-178.
  • Mishra, R., Shukla, S.P. (2003). Endosulfan effects on muscle malate dehydrogenase of the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56(3), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00006-X
  • Nayak, A.K., Das, B.K., Kohli, M.P.S., Mukherjee, S.C. (2004). The immunosuppressive effect of α-permethrin on Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 16(1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(03)00029-9
  • Nicula, M., Bura, M., Simiz, E., Banatean-Dunea, I., Patruica, S., Marcu, A., Lunca, M., Szelei, Z. (2010). Researches concerning reference values assessment of serum biochemical parameters in some fish species from Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae and Salmonidae family. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1), 498-505.
  • Nussey, G., van Vuren, J.H., Du Preez, H.H. (1995). Effect of copper on blood coagulation of Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology Toxicology and Endocrinology, 111(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(95)00062-3
  • Outtandy, P., Russell, C., Kleta, R., Bockenhauer, D. (2019). Zebrafish as a model for kidney function and disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 34, 751-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3921-7
  • Pavlović, S.Z., Borković-Mitić, S.S., Radovanović, T.B., Perendija, B.R., Despotović, S.G., Gavrić, J.P., Saičić, Z.S. (2013). Antioxidant enzymes in the liver of Chelidonichthys obscurus from the Montenegrin coastline. Central European Journal of Biology, 8(8), 747-755. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0179-0
  • Petitjean, Q., Jean, S., Gandar, A., Côte, J., Laffaille, P., Jacquin, L. (2019). Stress responses in fish: From molecular to evolutionary processes. Science of the Total Environment, 684, 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.357
  • Pradhan, S.C., Patra, A.K., Pal, A. (2014). Hematological and plasma chemistry of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12297
  • Prusty, A.K., Kohli, M.P.S., Sahu, N.P., Pal, A.K., Saharan, N., Mohapatra, S., Gupta S.K. (2011). Effect of short-term exposure of fenvalerate on biochemical and haematological responses in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 100(2), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.02.010
  • Relić, R.R., Hristov, S.V., Vučinić, M.M., Poleksić, V.D., Marković, Z.Z. (2010). Principles of fish welfare assessment in farm rearing conditions. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(3), 273-282. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS1003273R
  • Rey-Vázquez, G.R., Guerrero, G.A. (2007). Characterization of blood cells and hematological parameters in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes). Tissue and Cell, 39(3), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2007.02.004
  • Rodwell, V.W. (1988). Metabolism of proteins and amino acids. P. 265-319, In: Harper’s review of biochemistry (Ed. Martin, D.W., Mayes, P.A., Rodwell, V.W.). Published by Lange Medical Publications, California.
  • Sarkar, S., Ghosh, P.B., Sil, A.K., Saha, T. (2011). Heavy metal pollution assess¬ment through comparison of different indices in sewage-fed fishery pond sediments at East Kolkata Wetland, India.‎ Environmental Earth Sciences, 63(5), 915-924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0760-7
  • Simmons, D.B.D., Miller, J., Clarence, S., McCallum, E.S., Balshine, S., Chandramouli, B., Cosgrove, J., Sherry, J.P. (2017). Altered expression of metabolites and proteins in wild and caged fish exposed to wastewater effluents in situ. Scientific Reports, 7, 17000. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12473-6
  • Sopinka, N.M., Donaldson, M.R., O'Connor, C.M., Suski, C.D., Cooke S.J. (2016). Stress indicators in fish. P.405-462. In: Biology of stress in fish: Vol. 35. Fish physiology, 1st Edition (Ed. Schreck, C.B., Tort, L., Farrell, A.P., Brauner, C.J.), Published by Academic Press, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802728-8.00011-4
  • SWRE (2007). Monitoring and modeling of discharge of Dry Weather Flow (DWF) to East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW). Final Report. Kolkata: School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, p 62.
  • Valon, M., Valbona, A., Fahri, G., Qenan, M., Dhurat, K., Fatmir, C. (2013). Evaluating environmental pollution by applying oxidative stress biomarkers as bioindicators of water pollution in fish. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(5), 1519-1523.
  • Wahli, T. (2002). Approaches to investigate environmental impacts on fish health. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 22(2), 126-132.
  • Wintrobe, M.M. (1975). Clinical hematology. 7th Edition, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
  • Zikić, R.V., Stajn, A.S., Pavlovic, S.Z., Ognjanovic, B., Maletic, S., Markovic, M., Djokovic, L.D., Radojicic, R.M., Saicic, Z. (2002). Effect of acute hypoxia on the energy status and antioxidant defense system in the blood of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Archives of Biological Science Belgrade, 54(1-2), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS0202011Z

Year 2021, , 351 - 362, 01.10.2021

Anish Das , Talagunda Nagesh , Sarıta Kumarı Das , Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21030

Abstract

Project Number

Grant F. 10(12)/2012-EPD dated 23.03.2012.

References

  • Abraham, T.J., Sil, S.K., Vineetha, P. (2010). A comparative study of the aquaculture practices adopted by fish farmers in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 57(3), 41-48.
  • Abraham, T.J., Sil, S.K., Nagesh, T.S. (2020). Association of risk factors and management issues on the occurrence of diseases in carp aquaculture in West Bengal, India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 73, 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-020-00325-7
  • APHA/AWWA/WEF (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 12th edn. Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, USA.
  • Banerjee, S., Dash, G., Abraham, T.J. (2015). Histopathology of gill myxosporean infection in cultured Indian major and minor carps, West Bengal, India. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(6), 1137-1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12917
  • Banerjee, S., Patra, A., Mondal, A., Adikesavalu, H., Ramudu, K.R., Dash, G., Joardar, S.N., Abraham, T.J. (2017). Molecular characterization of Myxobolus catmrigalae (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting the gill lamellae of carp Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 41, 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0750-0
  • Bernet, D., Schmidt-Posthaus, H., Wahli, T., Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2000). Effects of wastewater on fish health: an integrated approach to biomarker responses in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 8(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011481632510
  • Bernet D., Schmidt H., Wahli T., Burkhardt-Holm P. (2001). Effluent from a sewage treatment works causes changes in serum chemistry of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48(2), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.2012
  • Bhowmik, M.L. (2011). Wastewater aquaculture. In: Ayyappan, S., Jena, J.K., Gopalakrishnan, A., Pandey, A.K., (eds) Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, pp. 320-334.
  • Birnie-Gauvin, K., Costantini, D., Cooke, S.J., Willmore, W.G. (2017). A comparative and evolutionary approach to oxidative stress in fish: A review. Fish and Fisheries, 18(5), 928-942. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12215
  • Boyd, C.E. (1979). Water quality in warm water fish ponds. Agriculture Experiment Station, Alabama: Auburn.
  • Burgos-Aceves, M.A., Lionetti, L., Faggio, C. (2019). Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. Science of the Total Environment, 670, 1170–1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275
  • Chatterjee, N., Pal, A.K., Manush, S.M., Das, T., Mukherjee, S.C. (2004). Thermal tolerance and metabolic status of Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio early fingerlings acclimated to three different temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 29(6), 265-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.05.001
  • Chatterjee, S., Chattopadhyay, B., Mukhopadhyay, S.K. (2010). Monitoring waste metal pollution at Ganga estuary via the East Calcutta Wet¬land areas. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 170(1-4), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1211-3
  • Chitra-Pakhira, Nagesh, T.S., Abraham, T.J., Dash, G., Behera, S. (2015). Stress responses in rohu, Labeo rohita transported at different densities. Aquaculture Reports, 2, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.06.002
  • Das, P.C., Ayyappan, S., Jena, J.K., Das, B.K. (2004a). Acute toxicity of ammonia and its sub-lethal effects on selected haematological and enzymatic parameters of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquaculture Research, 35(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.00994.x
  • Das, P.C., Ayyappan, S., Jena, J.K., Das, B.K. (2004b). Nitrite toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), acute toxicity and sub-lethal effect on selected haematological parameters. Aquaculture, 235(1-4), 633-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.01.020
  • Das, T., Pal, A.K., Chakraborty, S.K., Manush, S.M., Dalvi, R.S., Apte, S.K., Sahu, N.P., Baruah, J.K. (2009). Biochemical and stress responses of rohu Labeo rohita and mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala in relation to acclimation temperatures. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(7), 1487-1498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02216.x
  • Dutta, T., Acharya, S., Das, M.K. (2005). Impact of water quality on the stress physiology of cultured Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan). Journal of Environmental Biology, 26(3), 585-592.
  • EKWMA (2010). East Kolkata Wetlands. Newsletter, Vol 1. The East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority and Wetlands International-South Asia, India, p.24, Available at http://www.ekwma.in/ek/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/NewsletterVolume1.pdf
  • Kavitha, C., Malarvizhi, A., Kumaran, S.S., Ramesh, M. (2010). Toxicological effects of arsenate exposure on hematological, biochemical and liver transaminases activity in an Indian major carp, Catla catla. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(10), 2848-2854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.017
  • Martínez-Porchas, M., Martínez-Córdova, L.R., Ramos-Enriquez, R. (2009). Cortisol and glucose: reliable indicators of fish stress?. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 4(2), 158-178.
  • Mishra, R., Shukla, S.P. (2003). Endosulfan effects on muscle malate dehydrogenase of the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56(3), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00006-X
  • Nayak, A.K., Das, B.K., Kohli, M.P.S., Mukherjee, S.C. (2004). The immunosuppressive effect of α-permethrin on Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 16(1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(03)00029-9
  • Nicula, M., Bura, M., Simiz, E., Banatean-Dunea, I., Patruica, S., Marcu, A., Lunca, M., Szelei, Z. (2010). Researches concerning reference values assessment of serum biochemical parameters in some fish species from Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae and Salmonidae family. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1), 498-505.
  • Nussey, G., van Vuren, J.H., Du Preez, H.H. (1995). Effect of copper on blood coagulation of Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology Toxicology and Endocrinology, 111(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(95)00062-3
  • Outtandy, P., Russell, C., Kleta, R., Bockenhauer, D. (2019). Zebrafish as a model for kidney function and disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 34, 751-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3921-7
  • Pavlović, S.Z., Borković-Mitić, S.S., Radovanović, T.B., Perendija, B.R., Despotović, S.G., Gavrić, J.P., Saičić, Z.S. (2013). Antioxidant enzymes in the liver of Chelidonichthys obscurus from the Montenegrin coastline. Central European Journal of Biology, 8(8), 747-755. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0179-0
  • Petitjean, Q., Jean, S., Gandar, A., Côte, J., Laffaille, P., Jacquin, L. (2019). Stress responses in fish: From molecular to evolutionary processes. Science of the Total Environment, 684, 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.357
  • Pradhan, S.C., Patra, A.K., Pal, A. (2014). Hematological and plasma chemistry of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12297
  • Prusty, A.K., Kohli, M.P.S., Sahu, N.P., Pal, A.K., Saharan, N., Mohapatra, S., Gupta S.K. (2011). Effect of short-term exposure of fenvalerate on biochemical and haematological responses in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 100(2), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.02.010
  • Relić, R.R., Hristov, S.V., Vučinić, M.M., Poleksić, V.D., Marković, Z.Z. (2010). Principles of fish welfare assessment in farm rearing conditions. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(3), 273-282. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS1003273R
  • Rey-Vázquez, G.R., Guerrero, G.A. (2007). Characterization of blood cells and hematological parameters in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes). Tissue and Cell, 39(3), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2007.02.004
  • Rodwell, V.W. (1988). Metabolism of proteins and amino acids. P. 265-319, In: Harper’s review of biochemistry (Ed. Martin, D.W., Mayes, P.A., Rodwell, V.W.). Published by Lange Medical Publications, California.
  • Sarkar, S., Ghosh, P.B., Sil, A.K., Saha, T. (2011). Heavy metal pollution assess¬ment through comparison of different indices in sewage-fed fishery pond sediments at East Kolkata Wetland, India.‎ Environmental Earth Sciences, 63(5), 915-924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0760-7
  • Simmons, D.B.D., Miller, J., Clarence, S., McCallum, E.S., Balshine, S., Chandramouli, B., Cosgrove, J., Sherry, J.P. (2017). Altered expression of metabolites and proteins in wild and caged fish exposed to wastewater effluents in situ. Scientific Reports, 7, 17000. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12473-6
  • Sopinka, N.M., Donaldson, M.R., O'Connor, C.M., Suski, C.D., Cooke S.J. (2016). Stress indicators in fish. P.405-462. In: Biology of stress in fish: Vol. 35. Fish physiology, 1st Edition (Ed. Schreck, C.B., Tort, L., Farrell, A.P., Brauner, C.J.), Published by Academic Press, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802728-8.00011-4
  • SWRE (2007). Monitoring and modeling of discharge of Dry Weather Flow (DWF) to East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW). Final Report. Kolkata: School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, p 62.
  • Valon, M., Valbona, A., Fahri, G., Qenan, M., Dhurat, K., Fatmir, C. (2013). Evaluating environmental pollution by applying oxidative stress biomarkers as bioindicators of water pollution in fish. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22(5), 1519-1523.
  • Wahli, T. (2002). Approaches to investigate environmental impacts on fish health. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 22(2), 126-132.
  • Wintrobe, M.M. (1975). Clinical hematology. 7th Edition, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
  • Zikić, R.V., Stajn, A.S., Pavlovic, S.Z., Ognjanovic, B., Maletic, S., Markovic, M., Djokovic, L.D., Radojicic, R.M., Saicic, Z. (2002). Effect of acute hypoxia on the energy status and antioxidant defense system in the blood of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Archives of Biological Science Belgrade, 54(1-2), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS0202011Z
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Anish Das

Talagunda Nagesh 0000-0002-6256-5029

Sarıta Kumarı Das 0000-0003-2820-979X

Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham 0000-0003-0581-1307

Project Number Grant F. 10(12)/2012-EPD dated 23.03.2012.
Publication Date October 1, 2021
Submission Date January 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Das, A., Nagesh, T., Das, S. K., Abraham, T. J. (2021). Stress responses of Indian major carps cultured in the East Kolkata Wetland, West Bengal, India. Aquatic Research, 4(4), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21030

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