Research Article
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THE LIVER LIPID FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF TWO CARTILAGINOUS FISH, THE THORNBACK RAY (Raja clavata) AND THE COMMON SMOOTH-HOUND (Mustelus mustelus)

Year 2019, , 143 - 153, 01.07.2019

Cahide Çiğdem Yığın , Fikret Çakır , Koray Cabbar Bayram Kızılkaya , Hasan Basri Ormancı , Alkan Öztekin , Yeliz Özüdoğru

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR19012

Abstract

We
have evaluated the fatty acid composition of the livers from two cartilaginous
fish species Raja clavata (thornback
ray) and Mustelus mustelus (common
smooth-hound) caught off the Northern Aegean Sea. While there was generally
little variation between species, Mustelus
mustelus indicated low saturated (SFA) in summer (29.61%), in spring
(32.57%), in autumn (30.07%) and in winter (31.81%) and high polyunsaturated
fatty acid (PUFA) in summer (40.35%), in spring
(36.50%), in autumn (30.21%) and in winter (27.26%) levels. The dominant fatty
acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1 (n-9)), eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA; C20:5 (n-3)), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 (n-3)) in both
cartilaginous fish species in all seasons. The ratio of DHA/EPA
with respect to the total of fatty acids in livers oils was ranged from 2.66%
to 4.44% for Mustelus mustelus and
2.89% to 4.46% for Raja clavata. The
n:3/n:6 ratio of thornback ray was higher compared to smooth-hound shark in all
seasons. The liver oil of R. clavata
and M. mustelus represent a valuable
source of omega-3 PUFA that can be used for human and animal nutrition.

Keywords

Raja clavata Mustelus mustelus Cartilaginous fish Fatty acids Liver

Supporting Institution

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Project Number

FBA-2015-533

Thanks

This research was financially supported by the Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, Turkey (FBA-2015-533).

References

  • Aidos, I. (2002). Production of High-Quality Fish Oils from Herring By-products. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
  • Akşıray, F. (1987). Türkiye Deniz Balıkları ve Tayin Anahtarı. 2nd edition. Publication No. 3490. İstanbul: İstanbul University.
  • Allen, K.G.D., Harris, M.A. (2001). The role of n-3 fatty acids in gestation and parturition. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 226, 498-506. Avşar, D. (2005). Balıkçılık Biyolojisi ve Populasyon Dinamiği. Nobel Kitapevi, ISBN: 975-8561-44-8.
  • Bakes, M., Nichols, P. (1995). Lipid, fatty acid and squalene composition of liver oil from six species of deep-sea sharks collected in southern Australian waters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 110(1), 267-275.
  • Bigger, J. (2001). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardi-ovascular events: a fish tale. Circulation, 103, 623-625.
  • Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37, 911-917.
  • Bordier, C.G., Sellier, N., Foucault, A.P., Le Goffic, F. (1996). Purification and characterization of deep-sea shark Centrophorus squamosus liver oil 1-O-alkylglycerol ether lipids. Lipids, 31, 521-528.
  • Branstetter, S. (1984). Carcharhinidae. p. 102-114. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen, and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, volume 1. UNESCO, Paris.
  • Cabbar, K., Yığın, C.Ç. (2015). Mahmuzlu camgöz (Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758) köpek balığı karaciğerinin yağ asidi profili. Dünya Gıda Dergisi, 8, 85-91.
  • Capapé, C., Reynaud, C. (2011). Maturity, reproductive cycle and fecundity of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae) off the Languedocian coast (southern France, northern Mediterranean). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91(8), 1627-1635.
  • Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A., Smale, M.J. (1989). Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. New Holland, London.
  • Deprez, P., Volkman, J., Davenport, S. (1990). Squalene content and neutral lipid composition of livers from deep-sea sharks caught in Tasmanian waters. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 41, 375-387.
  • Fischer, W. (ed) (1973). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes Mediterranean and Black Sea (Fishing Area 37). FAO, Rome. 1530 p.
  • Golani, D., Öztürk, B., Başusta, N. (2006). The Fishes of Eastern Mediterranean. Istanbul, Turkish Marine Research Foundation.
  • Haag, M. (2003). Essential fatty acids the brain. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(3), 195-203.
  • Hall, A. (1992). Signal Transduction Through Small GTPases-A Tale of Two GAPs. Cell, 69(3), 475-479.
  • Hoffman, D.R., Uauy, R. (1992). Essentiality of dietary ɷ-3 fatty acids for premature infants: plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition. Lipids, 27, 886-894.
  • Ismen, A., Yıgın, C.C., Altınagac, U., Ayaz, A. (2009). Length-weight relationships for ten shark species from Saros Bay (North Aegean Sea). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25(1), 109-112.
  • IUPAC (1979). Standart Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 6th Edition (Fifth Edition Method II.D.19) Pergamon Pres, 96102. Oxford. UK.
  • Kabasakal, H. (1998). Shark and ray fisheries in Turkey. Shark news 11:14. Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group, UK.
  • Kousteni, V., Megalogonou, P. (2011). Reproductive biology and embryonic development of Squalus blainvillei in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 75(2), 237-249.
  • Le Néchet, S., Dubois, N., Gouygou, J.P., Bergé, J.P. (2007). Lipid composition of the liver oil of the ray, Himantura bleekeri. Food Chemistry, 104(2), 559-564.
  • Lee, K, Lip, G. (2003). The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 96, 465-480.
  • Malins, D., Wekell, J., Houle, R. (1965). Composition of the glyceryl ethers and triglycerides of the fresh and liver of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Journal of Lipid Research, 6, 100-105.
  • Mater, S., Kaya, M., Bilecenoğlu, M. (2005). Türkiye Deniz Balıkları-I, Kıkırdaklı Balıklar (Chondrich-thyes). Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Yayın No: 72, Ders Kitabı Dizin No: 34, Ege Üniversitesi Basım Evi, Bornova-İzmir.
  • Mytilineou, C., Politou, C.Y., Papaconstantinou, C., Kavadas, S., Díonghia, G., Sion, L. (2005). Deep-water fish fauna in the eastern Ionian Sea. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 135(1), 229-233.
  • Navarro-García, G., Pacheco-Aguilar, R., Vallejo-Cordova, B., Ramírez-Suarez, J.C., Bolaños, A. (2000). Lipid composition of the liver oil of shark species from the Caribbean and Gulf of California waters. Journal Food Composition and Analysis, 13, 791-798.
  • Navarro-García, G., Bringas-Alvarado, L., Pacheco-Aguilar, R., Ortega-García, J. (2004a). Oxidative resistance, carotenes, tocopherols and lipid profile of liver oil of the ray Rhinoptera steinchneri. Journal Food Composition and Analysis, 17, 699-706.
  • Navarro-García, G., Pacheco-Aguilar, R., Bringas-Alvarado, L., Ortega-García, J. (2004b). Characterization of the lipid composition and natural antioxidants in the liver oil of Dasyatis brevis and Gymnura marmorata rays. Food Chemistry, 87, 89-96.
  • Navarro-García, G., Suarez, J.C.R., Garcia, J.U. (2009). Lipid composition, natural antioxidants and physicochemical characteristics in liver oil from rajiforms from the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 86, 323-328.
  • Navarro-García, G., González-Félix, M.L., Márquez-Farías, F., Bringas-Alvarado, L., Pérez-Velazquez, M., Montoya-Laos, J.M., Moreno-Silva, B. (2014). Lipid content and fatty acid composition of the liver from the rajiforms Urotrygon chilensis, Urobatis halleri, Rhinobatos glaucostigma, Rhinoptera steindachneri and Dasyatis dipeteura captured in Sinaloa, México. International Food Research Journal, 21(1), 229-235.
  • Nichols, P.D., Bakes, M.J., Elliott, N.G. (1998). Oils rich in docosahexaenoic acid in livers of sharks from temperate Australian waters. Marine and Freshwater Research, 49, 763-767.
  • Nuñez, G.C. (2007). Quality And Stability Of Cuban Shark Liver Oil: Comparison With Icelandic Cod Liver Oil, UNU Fishers Trainind Program, Project 2007.
  • Osman, H., Suriah, A.R., Law, E.C. (2001). Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of selected marine fish in Malaysian waters. Food Chemistry, 73(1), 55-60.
  • Ould El Kebir, M.V., Barnathan, G., Siau, I., Miralles, J., Gaydou, E.M. (2003). Fatty acid distribution in muscle, liver, and gonad of rays (Dasyatis marmorata, Rhinobatos cemiculus, and Rhinoptera marginata) from the East Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51, 1942-1947.
  • Ould El Kebir, M.V., Barnathan, G., Gaydou, E.M., Siau, I., Miralles, J. (2007). Fatty acids in liver, muscle and gonad of three tropical rays including nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids. Lipids, 42, 525-535.
  • Özyılmaz, A. (2016). Tocopherol, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), and fatty acid contents of thornback ray (Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758) liver oil in relation to gender and origin in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32, 564-568.
  • Özyılmaz, A., Öksüz, A. (2015). Determination of the biochemical properties of liver oil from selected cartilaginous fish living in the northeastern Mediterranean. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 25, 160-167.
  • Pal, D., Banerjee, D., Patra, T.K., Patra, A., Ghosh, A. (1998). Liver lipids and fatty acids of the sting ray Dasyatis bleekeri (Blyth). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75, 1373-1378.
  • Remme, J.F., Larsen, W.E., Stoknes, I.S. (2005). Bioactive lipids in deep-sea sharks. Report A0510 Project: Search for Bioactive Lipids in Internal Organs from Deep-Sea Sharks, More Research, Ålesund, Norway.
  • Sellami, M., Rebah, B.F., Gargouri, Y., Miled, N. (2014). Lipid composition and antioxidant activity of liver oils from ray species living in Tunisian coasts. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7(10), 1-7.
  • Solomon, N., Passwater, R., Joelsson, I., Haimes, L., Buono, A. (1997). Shark liver oil: Nature's amazing healer. New York: Kensington Books, 1997. - XIV, 175 p. ISBN: 1-57566-202-7.
  • Stehmann, M. (1990). Rhinobatidae. In: Checklist of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic, vol. 1. J.C. Quero, J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post, L. Saldanha (Eds), UNESCO, Paris, pp. 23-27.
  • Tortonese, E. (1975). Osteichthyes, (Pesci ossei). Parte Seconda. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna. Fauna Italia, 11, 1-636.
  • Tufan, B., Koral, S., Köse, S. (2013). The variations in proximate chemical composition and fatty acid profile in different parts of the thornback ray (Raja clavata) caught from Black Sea. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 22, 83-95.
  • TUIK (2018). Fisheries Statistics 2018. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=97&locale=tr (accessed 10.05.2019)
  • Turan, H., Sönmez, G., Kaya, Y. (2007). Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of the thornback ray (Raja clavata, L. 1758) from the Sinop coast in the Black Sea. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 1(2), 97-103.
  • Yıgın, C.C., Ismen, A. (2009). Length-weight relation-ships for seven rays from Saros Bay (North Aegean Sea). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25(1), 106-108.

Year 2019, , 143 - 153, 01.07.2019

Cahide Çiğdem Yığın , Fikret Çakır , Koray Cabbar Bayram Kızılkaya , Hasan Basri Ormancı , Alkan Öztekin , Yeliz Özüdoğru

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR19012

Abstract

Project Number

FBA-2015-533

References

  • Aidos, I. (2002). Production of High-Quality Fish Oils from Herring By-products. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
  • Akşıray, F. (1987). Türkiye Deniz Balıkları ve Tayin Anahtarı. 2nd edition. Publication No. 3490. İstanbul: İstanbul University.
  • Allen, K.G.D., Harris, M.A. (2001). The role of n-3 fatty acids in gestation and parturition. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 226, 498-506. Avşar, D. (2005). Balıkçılık Biyolojisi ve Populasyon Dinamiği. Nobel Kitapevi, ISBN: 975-8561-44-8.
  • Bakes, M., Nichols, P. (1995). Lipid, fatty acid and squalene composition of liver oil from six species of deep-sea sharks collected in southern Australian waters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 110(1), 267-275.
  • Bigger, J. (2001). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardi-ovascular events: a fish tale. Circulation, 103, 623-625.
  • Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37, 911-917.
  • Bordier, C.G., Sellier, N., Foucault, A.P., Le Goffic, F. (1996). Purification and characterization of deep-sea shark Centrophorus squamosus liver oil 1-O-alkylglycerol ether lipids. Lipids, 31, 521-528.
  • Branstetter, S. (1984). Carcharhinidae. p. 102-114. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen, and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, volume 1. UNESCO, Paris.
  • Cabbar, K., Yığın, C.Ç. (2015). Mahmuzlu camgöz (Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758) köpek balığı karaciğerinin yağ asidi profili. Dünya Gıda Dergisi, 8, 85-91.
  • Capapé, C., Reynaud, C. (2011). Maturity, reproductive cycle and fecundity of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae) off the Languedocian coast (southern France, northern Mediterranean). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91(8), 1627-1635.
  • Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A., Smale, M.J. (1989). Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. New Holland, London.
  • Deprez, P., Volkman, J., Davenport, S. (1990). Squalene content and neutral lipid composition of livers from deep-sea sharks caught in Tasmanian waters. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 41, 375-387.
  • Fischer, W. (ed) (1973). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes Mediterranean and Black Sea (Fishing Area 37). FAO, Rome. 1530 p.
  • Golani, D., Öztürk, B., Başusta, N. (2006). The Fishes of Eastern Mediterranean. Istanbul, Turkish Marine Research Foundation.
  • Haag, M. (2003). Essential fatty acids the brain. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(3), 195-203.
  • Hall, A. (1992). Signal Transduction Through Small GTPases-A Tale of Two GAPs. Cell, 69(3), 475-479.
  • Hoffman, D.R., Uauy, R. (1992). Essentiality of dietary ɷ-3 fatty acids for premature infants: plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition. Lipids, 27, 886-894.
  • Ismen, A., Yıgın, C.C., Altınagac, U., Ayaz, A. (2009). Length-weight relationships for ten shark species from Saros Bay (North Aegean Sea). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25(1), 109-112.
  • IUPAC (1979). Standart Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 6th Edition (Fifth Edition Method II.D.19) Pergamon Pres, 96102. Oxford. UK.
  • Kabasakal, H. (1998). Shark and ray fisheries in Turkey. Shark news 11:14. Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group, UK.
  • Kousteni, V., Megalogonou, P. (2011). Reproductive biology and embryonic development of Squalus blainvillei in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 75(2), 237-249.
  • Le Néchet, S., Dubois, N., Gouygou, J.P., Bergé, J.P. (2007). Lipid composition of the liver oil of the ray, Himantura bleekeri. Food Chemistry, 104(2), 559-564.
  • Lee, K, Lip, G. (2003). The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 96, 465-480.
  • Malins, D., Wekell, J., Houle, R. (1965). Composition of the glyceryl ethers and triglycerides of the fresh and liver of the dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Journal of Lipid Research, 6, 100-105.
  • Mater, S., Kaya, M., Bilecenoğlu, M. (2005). Türkiye Deniz Balıkları-I, Kıkırdaklı Balıklar (Chondrich-thyes). Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Yayın No: 72, Ders Kitabı Dizin No: 34, Ege Üniversitesi Basım Evi, Bornova-İzmir.
  • Mytilineou, C., Politou, C.Y., Papaconstantinou, C., Kavadas, S., Díonghia, G., Sion, L. (2005). Deep-water fish fauna in the eastern Ionian Sea. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 135(1), 229-233.
  • Navarro-García, G., Pacheco-Aguilar, R., Vallejo-Cordova, B., Ramírez-Suarez, J.C., Bolaños, A. (2000). Lipid composition of the liver oil of shark species from the Caribbean and Gulf of California waters. Journal Food Composition and Analysis, 13, 791-798.
  • Navarro-García, G., Bringas-Alvarado, L., Pacheco-Aguilar, R., Ortega-García, J. (2004a). Oxidative resistance, carotenes, tocopherols and lipid profile of liver oil of the ray Rhinoptera steinchneri. Journal Food Composition and Analysis, 17, 699-706.
  • Navarro-García, G., Pacheco-Aguilar, R., Bringas-Alvarado, L., Ortega-García, J. (2004b). Characterization of the lipid composition and natural antioxidants in the liver oil of Dasyatis brevis and Gymnura marmorata rays. Food Chemistry, 87, 89-96.
  • Navarro-García, G., Suarez, J.C.R., Garcia, J.U. (2009). Lipid composition, natural antioxidants and physicochemical characteristics in liver oil from rajiforms from the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 86, 323-328.
  • Navarro-García, G., González-Félix, M.L., Márquez-Farías, F., Bringas-Alvarado, L., Pérez-Velazquez, M., Montoya-Laos, J.M., Moreno-Silva, B. (2014). Lipid content and fatty acid composition of the liver from the rajiforms Urotrygon chilensis, Urobatis halleri, Rhinobatos glaucostigma, Rhinoptera steindachneri and Dasyatis dipeteura captured in Sinaloa, México. International Food Research Journal, 21(1), 229-235.
  • Nichols, P.D., Bakes, M.J., Elliott, N.G. (1998). Oils rich in docosahexaenoic acid in livers of sharks from temperate Australian waters. Marine and Freshwater Research, 49, 763-767.
  • Nuñez, G.C. (2007). Quality And Stability Of Cuban Shark Liver Oil: Comparison With Icelandic Cod Liver Oil, UNU Fishers Trainind Program, Project 2007.
  • Osman, H., Suriah, A.R., Law, E.C. (2001). Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of selected marine fish in Malaysian waters. Food Chemistry, 73(1), 55-60.
  • Ould El Kebir, M.V., Barnathan, G., Siau, I., Miralles, J., Gaydou, E.M. (2003). Fatty acid distribution in muscle, liver, and gonad of rays (Dasyatis marmorata, Rhinobatos cemiculus, and Rhinoptera marginata) from the East Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51, 1942-1947.
  • Ould El Kebir, M.V., Barnathan, G., Gaydou, E.M., Siau, I., Miralles, J. (2007). Fatty acids in liver, muscle and gonad of three tropical rays including nonmethylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids. Lipids, 42, 525-535.
  • Özyılmaz, A. (2016). Tocopherol, heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), and fatty acid contents of thornback ray (Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758) liver oil in relation to gender and origin in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32, 564-568.
  • Özyılmaz, A., Öksüz, A. (2015). Determination of the biochemical properties of liver oil from selected cartilaginous fish living in the northeastern Mediterranean. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 25, 160-167.
  • Pal, D., Banerjee, D., Patra, T.K., Patra, A., Ghosh, A. (1998). Liver lipids and fatty acids of the sting ray Dasyatis bleekeri (Blyth). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75, 1373-1378.
  • Remme, J.F., Larsen, W.E., Stoknes, I.S. (2005). Bioactive lipids in deep-sea sharks. Report A0510 Project: Search for Bioactive Lipids in Internal Organs from Deep-Sea Sharks, More Research, Ålesund, Norway.
  • Sellami, M., Rebah, B.F., Gargouri, Y., Miled, N. (2014). Lipid composition and antioxidant activity of liver oils from ray species living in Tunisian coasts. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7(10), 1-7.
  • Solomon, N., Passwater, R., Joelsson, I., Haimes, L., Buono, A. (1997). Shark liver oil: Nature's amazing healer. New York: Kensington Books, 1997. - XIV, 175 p. ISBN: 1-57566-202-7.
  • Stehmann, M. (1990). Rhinobatidae. In: Checklist of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic, vol. 1. J.C. Quero, J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post, L. Saldanha (Eds), UNESCO, Paris, pp. 23-27.
  • Tortonese, E. (1975). Osteichthyes, (Pesci ossei). Parte Seconda. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna. Fauna Italia, 11, 1-636.
  • Tufan, B., Koral, S., Köse, S. (2013). The variations in proximate chemical composition and fatty acid profile in different parts of the thornback ray (Raja clavata) caught from Black Sea. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 22, 83-95.
  • TUIK (2018). Fisheries Statistics 2018. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=97&locale=tr (accessed 10.05.2019)
  • Turan, H., Sönmez, G., Kaya, Y. (2007). Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of the thornback ray (Raja clavata, L. 1758) from the Sinop coast in the Black Sea. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 1(2), 97-103.
  • Yıgın, C.C., Ismen, A. (2009). Length-weight relation-ships for seven rays from Saros Bay (North Aegean Sea). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25(1), 106-108.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cahide Çiğdem Yığın 0000-0002-8808-2252

Fikret Çakır 0000-0001-5261-2365

Koray Cabbar 0000-0001-5254-1384

Bayram Kızılkaya

Hasan Basri Ormancı 0000-0003-3136-9196

Alkan Öztekin 0000-0003-3914-9788

Yeliz Özüdoğru 0000-0002-8808-2252

Project Number FBA-2015-533
Publication Date July 1, 2019
Submission Date May 16, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Yığın, C. Ç., Çakır, F., Cabbar, K., Kızılkaya, B., et al. (2019). THE LIVER LIPID FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF TWO CARTILAGINOUS FISH, THE THORNBACK RAY (Raja clavata) AND THE COMMON SMOOTH-HOUND (Mustelus mustelus). Aquatic Research, 2(3), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR19012

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