Research Article
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Status of benthic cover in Carbin Reef, Sagay Marine Reserve, Western Visayas, the Philippines

Year 2022, , 257 - 267, 01.10.2022

Dina S. Davıd Lagutın Rolindo B. Demoos Alfonso T. Jr. Cabahug Roswyn Hailey Uy Donna Fe V. Toledo Frank Paolo Jay Albarico , Roger G. Dolorosa

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22025

Abstract

This study determined the status of Carbin Reef benthic cover, Sagay Marine Reserve, Negros Occidental. The underwater benthic assessment was conducted on March 2019 by laying eight 50-meter transect lines at the depths of 6 meters (crest) and 12 meters (slope). Photo-quadrat method was used in obtaining still benthic images for every 1-m across eight 50-meter transect lines. A total of 400 still images were acquired and analyzed using Coral Point Count with Excel Extension (CPCe). The sedimentation rate was also determined by deploying sediment collectors. Results showed that Carbin Reef is characterized by 26.09% live coral cover and 43.25% abiotic structure such as rocks, sand, and coral rubbles. Fifty-five (55) coral species belonging to thirty-three (33) genera were identified, dominated by Porites, Fungia, and Goniastrea. Throughout the area, Porites lobata was the most dominant coral species. The overall hard coral cover seemed to have decreased since 2014. Further analysis showed the prevalence of bleached corals and diseases such as white syndrome, and white band disease. Similarly, two signs of compromised health including sediment damage and competition overgrowth were also present. The sedimentation rate per day was below the maximum tolerable levels by most corals during dry season. Overall, this study presents the first extensive study of coral diversity in Carbin Reef–characterized by a moderately diverse area and considered as a moderately stressed habitat.

Keywords

Live coral cover CPCe Transect images Species diversity Sedimentation

Supporting Institution

This work was partially financed by the Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the Protected Area Management Board-Sagay Marine Reserve (PAMB-SMR) and the City Environment and Natural Resources Office for their approval and assistance in this research. The assistance of Dr. Alberto A. Silva and Dr. Wynne S. Silva during the conduct of the study and the Faculty of the College of Fisheries and Allied Sciences are highly appreciated.

References

  • Albarico, F.P.J.B., Gacutan, R.Q., Bedi, A.M. (2020). First record of Thalassina kelanang (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidae) from the Philippines. Palawan Scientist, 12, 61-67.
  • Alcala, A.C. (1988). Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine coral reefs. Ambio, 17(3), 194-199.
  • Aliño, P.M., Gomez, E.D. (1994). Philippine coral reef conservation: its significance to the South China Sea. In Development and Conservation in the Asia-Pacific Region, Proceedings of the Regional Conference of the East-West Center Association (pp. 222-229).
  • Aliño P.M., Miclat, E.F.B., Nañola Jr., C. L., Roa-Quiaoit, H.A., Campos, R.T. (2002). Philippine coral reef information network (Philreefs): Atlas of Philippine coral reefs. Quezon city: Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. (Goodwill Bookstore) p 264.
  • Anticamara, J.A., Go, K.T.B. (2017). Impacts of super-typhoon Yolanda on Philippine reefs and communities. Regional Environmental Change, 17(3), pp.703-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1062-8
  • Arias-González, J.E., Acosta-González, G., Membrillo, N., Garza-Pérez, J.R., Castro-Pérez, J.M. (2012). Predicting spatially explicit coral reef fish abundance, richness and Shannon–Weaver index from habitat characteristics. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(1), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0169-y
  • ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2014). State of the coral triangle: Philippines. 128pp. ISBN: 978-92-9254-518-5 (Print), 978-92-9254-519-2 (PDF)
  • Bantigue, J.D. (2016). Reef condition, fish abundance and biomass community structure of sagay marine reserve before and after typhoon Yolanda. NONESCOST Research Journal, 1(1), 57-59.
  • Bourne, D.G., Munn, C.B. (2005). Diversity of bacteria associated with the coral Pocillopora damicornis from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology, 7(8), 1162-1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00793.x
  • Bourne, D., Iida, Y., Uthicke, S., Smith-Keune, C. (2008). Changes in coral-associated microbial communities during a bleaching event. The ISME Journal, 2(4), 350-363. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.112
  • Bruno, J.F., Selig, E.R., Casey, K.S., Page, C.A., Willis, B.L., Harvell, C.D., Sweatman, H., Melendy, A.M. (2007). Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. PLoS Biology, 5(6), p.e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050124
  • Burke, L., Selig, E., Spalding, M. (2002). Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. World Resources Institute, Cambridge, p. 72. ISBN: 1-56973-490-9
  • Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M., Perry, A. (2011). Reefs at risk revisited. World Resources Institute. ISBN: 978-1-56973-762-0
  • Carpenter, K.E., Barber, P.H., Crandall, E.D., Ablan-Lagman, M., Carmen, A., Mahardika, G.N., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M., Juinio-Meñez, M.A., Santos, M.D., Starger, C.J., Toha, A.H.A. (2011). Comparative phylogeography of the Coral Triangle and implications for marine management. Journal of Marine Biology, 2011, 396982. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/396982
  • Colwell, R.R. (1996). Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science, 274(5295), 2025-2031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2025
  • Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB) (2017). BMB Technical Bulletin No. 05, series of 2017. Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau, Quezon Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City. Accessed 12 December 2021. 39pp. https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/resources/downloadables/laws-and-policies/technical-bulletins/technical-bulletin-2017?download=278:technical-bulletin-2017-05
  • Fernando, E.S. (1998). Forest formations and flora of the Philippines: Handout in FBS 21. College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines at Los Baños (Unpublished).
  • Gonçalves, F.B., Menezes, M.S.D. (2011). A comparative analysis of biotic indices that use macroinvertebrates to assess water quality in a coastal river of Paraná state, southern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 11, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400002
  • Gomez, E.D., Alcala, A.C., San Diego, A.C. (1981). Status of Philippine coral reefs – 1981. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium; 1981 Manila, 1, 275-282.
  • Gomez, E.D., Alino, P.M., Yap, H.T., Licuanan, W.Y. (1994). A review of the status of Philippine reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 29(1-3), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90427-8
  • Gomez, G.M. (2004). A rapid ecological assessment (REA) of coral reefs and reef fishes of barrier islands within central Belize barrier reef complex utilizing the Mesoamerican barrier reef systems (MBRS) protocol. MSc thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
  • Hughes, T.P., Barnes, M.L., Bellwood, D.R., Cinner, J.E., Cumming, G.S., Jackson, J.B., Kleypas, J., Van De Leemput, I.A., Lough, J.M., Morrison, T.H., Palumbi, S.R. (2017). Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature, 546 (7656), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901
  • Hughes, T.P., Connell, J.H. (1999). Multiple stressors on coral reefs: A long‐term perspective. Limnology and Oceanography, 44(3), 932-940. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0932
  • Ismail, M.S., Ilias, Z., Ismail, M., Goeden, G.B., Yap, C.K., Al-Mutairi, K.A., Al-Shami, S.A. (2022). Coral health assessment in Malaysia: a case study of Pulau Anak Datai, Langkawi. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19133-x
  • Kohler, K.E., Gill, S.M. (2006). Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers & Geosciences, 32(9), 1259-1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009
  • Licuanan, A.M., Reyes, M.Z., Luzon, K.S., Chan, M.A.A., Licuanan, W.Y. (2017). Initial findings of the nationwide assessment of Philippine coral reefs. Philippine Journal of Science, 146(2), 177-185.
  • Lough, J.M., Cooper, T.F. (2011). New insights from coral growth band studies in an era of rapid environmental change. Earth-Science Reviews, 108(3-4), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.07.001
  • Luna, G.M., Bongiorni, L., Gili, C., Biavasco, F., Danovaro, R. (2010). Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of the White Syndrome in tropical stony corals. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 2(1), 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00114.x
  • Maderazo, M., Advisors, S.S.G. (2016). Supporting the Fisheries Commission's Community Fisheries Watchdog Committees: Legal Review of the Bantay Dagat Program in the Philippines. The USAID/Ghana Sustainable Fisheries Management Project (SFMP). Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island and SSG Advisors. GH2014_POL051_SSG.
  • Maliao, R.J., Webb, E.L., Jensen, K.R. (2004). A survey of stock of the donkey’s ear abalone, Haliotis asinina L. in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines: evaluating the effectiveness of marine protected area enforcement. Fisheries Research, 66(2-3), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(03)00181-4
  • Manejar, A.J.A., Sandoy, L.M.H. and Subade, R.F. (2019). Linking marine biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation: A case study in selected rural communities of Sagay Marine Reserve, Negros Occidental. Marine Policy, 104, 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.015
  • National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of (1992). Republic Act No. 7586, Congress of the Philippines, Metro Manila. Accessed December 12, 2021 from https://mirror.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/06/01/republic-act-no-7586/
  • Pastorok, R.A., Bilyard, G.R. (1985). Effects of sewage pollution on coral-reef communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Oldendorf, 21(1), 175-189.
  • PHILREEFS Coral Reef Network of the Philippines (2010). State of the coasts: promoting the state of the coast reporting. Quezon city: Coral Reef Information Network of the Philippines (Philreefs), MPA Support Network, Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc. and the Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman. 118pp.
  • Proclamation No. 592 (1995). Malacañang Manila. June 1, 1995. Accessed December 12, 2021 from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/06/01/proclamation-no-592-s-1995/
  • Raymundo, L.J., Couch, C.S., Harvell, C.D. (2008). Coral disease handbook: guidelines for assessment, monitoring & management. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld.
  • Richards, Z. (2018). Hard Coral Genus Identification Guide, Version 2. The coral compactus: Western Australia. Western Australian Museum. pp. 23.
  • Republic Act No. 9106 (2001). April 14, 2001, Congress of the Philippines, Metro Manila. Accessed December 12, 2021 from https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9106_2001.html
  • Rogers, C.S. (1990). Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Oldendorf, 62(1), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps062185
  • Roberts, T.E. (2018). Ecological determinants of depth zonation in reef-building corals (Doctoral dissertation, James Cook University). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2761
  • Spalding, M., Spalding, M.D., Ravilious, C., Green, E.P. (2001). World atlas of coral reefs. Univ of California Press. ISBN: 0-520-23255-0
  • Surtida, M.B., Adan, R.I.Y., Surtida, A.P. (2001). Co-management and marine reserves. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 23 (5 and 6) September - December 2001.
  • Tabugo, S.R.M. (2016). Coral reef assessment and monitoring made easy using Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) software in Calangahan, Lugait, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Computational Ecology and Software, 6(1), 21.
  • van Woesik, R., Gilner, J., Hooten, A.J. (2009). Standard operating procedures for repeated measures of process and state variables of coral reef environments. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, Centre for Marine Studies, Gerhmann Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072.
  • Veron J.E.N., Stafford-Smith M.G., Turak E., DeVantier L.M. (2019). Corals of the World. Accessed April–October 2019, http://coralsoftheworld.org/
  • Webb, E.L., Maliao, R.J., Siar, S.V. (2004). Using local user perceptions to evaluate outcomes of protected area management in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines. Environmental Conservation, 31(2), 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892904001377

Year 2022, , 257 - 267, 01.10.2022

Dina S. Davıd Lagutın Rolindo B. Demoos Alfonso T. Jr. Cabahug Roswyn Hailey Uy Donna Fe V. Toledo Frank Paolo Jay Albarico , Roger G. Dolorosa

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22025

Abstract

References

  • Albarico, F.P.J.B., Gacutan, R.Q., Bedi, A.M. (2020). First record of Thalassina kelanang (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidae) from the Philippines. Palawan Scientist, 12, 61-67.
  • Alcala, A.C. (1988). Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine coral reefs. Ambio, 17(3), 194-199.
  • Aliño, P.M., Gomez, E.D. (1994). Philippine coral reef conservation: its significance to the South China Sea. In Development and Conservation in the Asia-Pacific Region, Proceedings of the Regional Conference of the East-West Center Association (pp. 222-229).
  • Aliño P.M., Miclat, E.F.B., Nañola Jr., C. L., Roa-Quiaoit, H.A., Campos, R.T. (2002). Philippine coral reef information network (Philreefs): Atlas of Philippine coral reefs. Quezon city: Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. (Goodwill Bookstore) p 264.
  • Anticamara, J.A., Go, K.T.B. (2017). Impacts of super-typhoon Yolanda on Philippine reefs and communities. Regional Environmental Change, 17(3), pp.703-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1062-8
  • Arias-González, J.E., Acosta-González, G., Membrillo, N., Garza-Pérez, J.R., Castro-Pérez, J.M. (2012). Predicting spatially explicit coral reef fish abundance, richness and Shannon–Weaver index from habitat characteristics. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(1), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0169-y
  • ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2014). State of the coral triangle: Philippines. 128pp. ISBN: 978-92-9254-518-5 (Print), 978-92-9254-519-2 (PDF)
  • Bantigue, J.D. (2016). Reef condition, fish abundance and biomass community structure of sagay marine reserve before and after typhoon Yolanda. NONESCOST Research Journal, 1(1), 57-59.
  • Bourne, D.G., Munn, C.B. (2005). Diversity of bacteria associated with the coral Pocillopora damicornis from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology, 7(8), 1162-1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00793.x
  • Bourne, D., Iida, Y., Uthicke, S., Smith-Keune, C. (2008). Changes in coral-associated microbial communities during a bleaching event. The ISME Journal, 2(4), 350-363. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.112
  • Bruno, J.F., Selig, E.R., Casey, K.S., Page, C.A., Willis, B.L., Harvell, C.D., Sweatman, H., Melendy, A.M. (2007). Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. PLoS Biology, 5(6), p.e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050124
  • Burke, L., Selig, E., Spalding, M. (2002). Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. World Resources Institute, Cambridge, p. 72. ISBN: 1-56973-490-9
  • Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M., Perry, A. (2011). Reefs at risk revisited. World Resources Institute. ISBN: 978-1-56973-762-0
  • Carpenter, K.E., Barber, P.H., Crandall, E.D., Ablan-Lagman, M., Carmen, A., Mahardika, G.N., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M., Juinio-Meñez, M.A., Santos, M.D., Starger, C.J., Toha, A.H.A. (2011). Comparative phylogeography of the Coral Triangle and implications for marine management. Journal of Marine Biology, 2011, 396982. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/396982
  • Colwell, R.R. (1996). Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science, 274(5295), 2025-2031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2025
  • Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB) (2017). BMB Technical Bulletin No. 05, series of 2017. Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau, Quezon Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City. Accessed 12 December 2021. 39pp. https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/resources/downloadables/laws-and-policies/technical-bulletins/technical-bulletin-2017?download=278:technical-bulletin-2017-05
  • Fernando, E.S. (1998). Forest formations and flora of the Philippines: Handout in FBS 21. College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines at Los Baños (Unpublished).
  • Gonçalves, F.B., Menezes, M.S.D. (2011). A comparative analysis of biotic indices that use macroinvertebrates to assess water quality in a coastal river of Paraná state, southern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 11, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000400002
  • Gomez, E.D., Alcala, A.C., San Diego, A.C. (1981). Status of Philippine coral reefs – 1981. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium; 1981 Manila, 1, 275-282.
  • Gomez, E.D., Alino, P.M., Yap, H.T., Licuanan, W.Y. (1994). A review of the status of Philippine reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 29(1-3), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90427-8
  • Gomez, G.M. (2004). A rapid ecological assessment (REA) of coral reefs and reef fishes of barrier islands within central Belize barrier reef complex utilizing the Mesoamerican barrier reef systems (MBRS) protocol. MSc thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
  • Hughes, T.P., Barnes, M.L., Bellwood, D.R., Cinner, J.E., Cumming, G.S., Jackson, J.B., Kleypas, J., Van De Leemput, I.A., Lough, J.M., Morrison, T.H., Palumbi, S.R. (2017). Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature, 546 (7656), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901
  • Hughes, T.P., Connell, J.H. (1999). Multiple stressors on coral reefs: A long‐term perspective. Limnology and Oceanography, 44(3), 932-940. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0932
  • Ismail, M.S., Ilias, Z., Ismail, M., Goeden, G.B., Yap, C.K., Al-Mutairi, K.A., Al-Shami, S.A. (2022). Coral health assessment in Malaysia: a case study of Pulau Anak Datai, Langkawi. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19133-x
  • Kohler, K.E., Gill, S.M. (2006). Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers & Geosciences, 32(9), 1259-1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009
  • Licuanan, A.M., Reyes, M.Z., Luzon, K.S., Chan, M.A.A., Licuanan, W.Y. (2017). Initial findings of the nationwide assessment of Philippine coral reefs. Philippine Journal of Science, 146(2), 177-185.
  • Lough, J.M., Cooper, T.F. (2011). New insights from coral growth band studies in an era of rapid environmental change. Earth-Science Reviews, 108(3-4), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.07.001
  • Luna, G.M., Bongiorni, L., Gili, C., Biavasco, F., Danovaro, R. (2010). Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of the White Syndrome in tropical stony corals. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 2(1), 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00114.x
  • Maderazo, M., Advisors, S.S.G. (2016). Supporting the Fisheries Commission's Community Fisheries Watchdog Committees: Legal Review of the Bantay Dagat Program in the Philippines. The USAID/Ghana Sustainable Fisheries Management Project (SFMP). Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island and SSG Advisors. GH2014_POL051_SSG.
  • Maliao, R.J., Webb, E.L., Jensen, K.R. (2004). A survey of stock of the donkey’s ear abalone, Haliotis asinina L. in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines: evaluating the effectiveness of marine protected area enforcement. Fisheries Research, 66(2-3), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(03)00181-4
  • Manejar, A.J.A., Sandoy, L.M.H. and Subade, R.F. (2019). Linking marine biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation: A case study in selected rural communities of Sagay Marine Reserve, Negros Occidental. Marine Policy, 104, 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.015
  • National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of (1992). Republic Act No. 7586, Congress of the Philippines, Metro Manila. Accessed December 12, 2021 from https://mirror.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/06/01/republic-act-no-7586/
  • Pastorok, R.A., Bilyard, G.R. (1985). Effects of sewage pollution on coral-reef communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Oldendorf, 21(1), 175-189.
  • PHILREEFS Coral Reef Network of the Philippines (2010). State of the coasts: promoting the state of the coast reporting. Quezon city: Coral Reef Information Network of the Philippines (Philreefs), MPA Support Network, Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc. and the Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman. 118pp.
  • Proclamation No. 592 (1995). Malacañang Manila. June 1, 1995. Accessed December 12, 2021 from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/06/01/proclamation-no-592-s-1995/
  • Raymundo, L.J., Couch, C.S., Harvell, C.D. (2008). Coral disease handbook: guidelines for assessment, monitoring & management. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld.
  • Richards, Z. (2018). Hard Coral Genus Identification Guide, Version 2. The coral compactus: Western Australia. Western Australian Museum. pp. 23.
  • Republic Act No. 9106 (2001). April 14, 2001, Congress of the Philippines, Metro Manila. Accessed December 12, 2021 from https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9106_2001.html
  • Rogers, C.S. (1990). Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Oldendorf, 62(1), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps062185
  • Roberts, T.E. (2018). Ecological determinants of depth zonation in reef-building corals (Doctoral dissertation, James Cook University). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2761
  • Spalding, M., Spalding, M.D., Ravilious, C., Green, E.P. (2001). World atlas of coral reefs. Univ of California Press. ISBN: 0-520-23255-0
  • Surtida, M.B., Adan, R.I.Y., Surtida, A.P. (2001). Co-management and marine reserves. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 23 (5 and 6) September - December 2001.
  • Tabugo, S.R.M. (2016). Coral reef assessment and monitoring made easy using Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) software in Calangahan, Lugait, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Computational Ecology and Software, 6(1), 21.
  • van Woesik, R., Gilner, J., Hooten, A.J. (2009). Standard operating procedures for repeated measures of process and state variables of coral reef environments. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, Centre for Marine Studies, Gerhmann Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072.
  • Veron J.E.N., Stafford-Smith M.G., Turak E., DeVantier L.M. (2019). Corals of the World. Accessed April–October 2019, http://coralsoftheworld.org/
  • Webb, E.L., Maliao, R.J., Siar, S.V. (2004). Using local user perceptions to evaluate outcomes of protected area management in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines. Environmental Conservation, 31(2), 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892904001377
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dina S. Davıd Lagutın 0000-0002-6706-6325

Rolindo B. Demoos 0000-0003-2724-2686

Alfonso T. Jr. Cabahug 0000-0001-5137-5791

Roswyn Hailey Uy 0000-0002-0888-7174

Donna Fe V. Toledo 0000-0002-0879-2917

Frank Paolo Jay Albarico 0000-0001-6173-4567

Roger G. Dolorosa 0000-0002-3863-3968

Publication Date October 1, 2022
Submission Date March 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Davıd Lagutın, D. S., Demoos, R. B., Cabahug, A. T. J., Uy, R. H., et al. (2022). Status of benthic cover in Carbin Reef, Sagay Marine Reserve, Western Visayas, the Philippines. Aquatic Research, 5(4), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22025

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