Araştırma Makalesi
Nijerya Delta eyaleti, delta kuzey tarım bölgesindeki mahsul çiftçileri arasında tarım sigortası himayesinin belirleyicileri
Öz
Amaç: Bu makale, Delta Eyaleti Nijerya'daki Delta kuzey tarım bölgesinde tarım sigortasının himayesinin belirleyicilerini tanımlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çok aşamalı örnekleme yöntemi 120 katılımcıyı seçmek için kullanılmıştır. Veriler anket yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Bu araştırmada, tanımlayıcı istatistikler, logit modeli ve t-testi kullanılmıştır.
Araştırma Bulguları: Bulgular, kadın çiftçilerin %59,2'si ile ortalama yaşın 48 olduğunu gösterdi. Bunların yaklaşık %60'ı, ortaokul düzeyinde eğitime sahip ve ortalama çiftlik büyüklükleri 2.10 hektardı. Ortalama geliri N 80, 278.33 olan bir kooperatif topluluğuna %75'i üye olmayan çiftçilerin, ortalama çiftçilik deneyimi 11 yıldı. Başlıca riskler haşere, yüksek sıcaklık, verimde değişiklik, sel ve en azı bir yangın çıkmasıydı. Üreticilerin yaşı, eğitim düzeyi, prim oranı, işletme büyüklüğü, kredi kullanım durumu, cinsiyet, farkındalık ve arazi mülkiyet şekli üreticilerin tarım sigortası yaptırma kararını etkilediği logit modelde saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, üreticilerin sosyoekonomik faktörleri ile sigortanın yaptırma kararı arasındaki etkileşimi vurgulayarak sigorta yaptırma kararını incelemektedir. Bu çalışmada belirtildiği gibi, tanımlanan faktörler yaptırma kararını önemli ölçüde iyileştirecek ve verimliliği artıracaktır
Anahtar Kelimeler
tarım sigortası, ekilebilir ürün çiftçileri, belirleyiciler kısıtlamalar himaye
Kaynakça
- Achoja, F.O & F. Ukwama, 2020. Adoption of Smart Strategies for Enhancing Productivity and Income of West African Dwarf (WAD) Goat Farmers in Southern Nigeria, Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 57 (3): 343-350
- Adetunji, A.S., O.A. Akeredolu., O.V. Arowolo & A. A. Ogundoyin, 2020. Effect of Adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties on Household Income in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Agricultural Journal, 51 (2): 362-369.
- Adeyonu, A.G., E.O. Oyawoye., A.O. Otunaiya & R.J. Akinlade, 2016. Determinants of Poultry Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in National Agricultural Insurance Scheme in Oyo State, Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 21 (3): 55-62.
- Agidew, A.A & K.N. Singh, 2019. Factors affecting the adoption of sustainable land management practices at farm level in the Northeastern highlands of Ethiopia: The Teleyayen sub-watershed case study. Journal of Environmental Pollution and Management, 2 (1): 103-115.
- Aidoo, R., O.J. Mensah., P. Wie & D. Awunyo-Vitor, 2014. Prospects of crop insurance as a risk management tool among arable crop farmers in Ghana. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4 (3): 341-354.
- Akintunde, O.K., 2015. Determinants of poultry farmers participation in livestock insurance in southwest Nigeria. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 233-241.
- Arshad, M., T.S. Amjath-Babu., H. Kächele & K. Müller, 2015. What drives the willingness to pay for crop insurance against extreme weather events (flood and drought) in Pakistan? A hypothetical market approach. Climate and Development, 8 (3): 234-244.
- Asamoah, J.O. 2019. Livestock Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Cattle Insurance in the Northern Region of Ghana. An M.Sc Thesis Submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Ghana, Legon.
- Balma lssaka, Y., B. Wumbei., J. Buckner & R. Nartey, 2015. Willingness to participate in the market for crop drought index insurance among farmers in Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11 (14): 1257-1265.
- Bierer, C & M. Eling, 2012.Insurability in Micro-insurance Markets: An Analysis of Problems and Potential Solutions. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice, 37 (1): 77-107.
- Cole, S.A & W. Xiong, 2017. Agricultural Insurance and Economic Development. Annual Review of Economics, 9 (1): 235-262.
- Danso-Abbeam, G., K.N. Addai & D. Ehiakpor, 2014. Willingness to Pay for Farm Insurance by Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. Journal of Social Science Policy Implication, 2: 163-183.
- Delavallade, C., F. Dizon., R.V. Hill & J.P. Petraud, 2015. Managing Risk with Insurance and Savings: Experimental Evidence for Male and Female Farm Managers in West Africa IFPRI Discussion Paper 01426. https: //dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssm.2583847.
- Dercon, S, R.V. Hill., D. Clarke., I. Outes-Leon & A.S. Taffesse, 2014. Offering rainfall insurance to informal insurance groups: Evidence from a field experiment in Ethiopia, Journal of Development Economics, 106: 132-143.
- Dhakal, N.H., 2019. “Agricultural Credit and Insurance in Nepal. Coverage, Issues and Opportunities, 529-572”. In: Agricultural Transformation in Nepal (Eds. G. Thapa, A. Kumar & P. K. Joshi). Springer, Singapore, 628pp. https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9648-018.
- Ellis, E., 2016. ‘Farmers’ willingness to pay for crop insurance: Evidence from Eastern Canada’. Available at: http: //digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1493234802508~362 [accessed 05 June 2019].
- Elvis, A.A & S. Andrews, 2015. Abysmal Insurance Patronage for Residential Properties in Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5 (9): 125-144.
- Enjolras, G., F. Capitanio & F. Adinolfi, 2012.The Demand for Crop Insurance: Combined Approaches for France and Italy. Agricultural Economics Review, 13 (1): 5-22.
- Fallah, R., M. Armin & M. Tajabadi, 2012. A Study of Attitudes and Determinant Factors in Insurance Development for Strategic Agricultural Products. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2 (2): 44-50.
- Farrin, K & M.J. Miranda, 2015. A heterogeneous Agent Model of Credit-Linked Index Insurance and Farm Technology Adoption. Journal of Development Economics, 116: 199-211.
- Field, C.B., 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gbigbi, T.M., 2017. Are There Road Blocks to Access Micro-Credit From Selected Microfinance Banks in Delta State, Nigeria? Implications for Small Scale Farmers Sustainability! Journal of Food Industry, 1 (1): 1-16.
- Gininda, P., M. Antwi & O. Oladele, 2014. Smallholder Sugarcane Farmers’ Perception of the Effect of Micro Agricultural Finance Institution of South Africa on Livelihood Outcomes in Nkomazi Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5 (27): 1032-1040.
- Hazell, P & P. Varangis, 2020. Best practices for subsidizing agricultural insurance. Global Food Security, 25. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100326.
- Idris, Y.A., 2018. Acceptance and Patronage of Insurance Services in Northern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 23 (4): 32-43.
- Jehu-Appiah, C., G. Aryeetey., I. Agyepong., E. Spaan & R. Balthussen, 2011. Households’ Perception and their Implications for Enrolment in the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana. Health and Policy Planning, 1-12.
- Jin, J., W. Wang & X. Wang, 2016. Farmers Risk Preferences and Agricultural Weather Index Insurance Uptake in Rural China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 7 (4): 366-373.
- Koloma, Y., 2015. Crop Microinsurance for Maize Farmers in Burkina Faso: Access and Agriculture Performance in the Dandé Village. Strategic Change, 24, 115-129.
- Koşum, N., T. Taşkın S. Engindeniz & C. Kandemir, 2019. Goat Meat Production and Evaluation of its Sustainability in Türkiye. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 56 (3): 395-407.
- Kumari, M., K.M. Singh & D.K. Sinha, et al., 2017. Role of Socio-Economic Variables in Adoption of Crop Insurance: A Discriminant Function Approach. Available from: https: //mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/80271/1/MPRA_paper_80271.pdf.
- Lin, J., M. Boyd., J. Pai., L. Porth, Q. Zhang & K. Wang, 2015. Factors Affecting Farmers’ Willingness to Purchase Weather Index Insurance in the Hainan Province of China. Agricultural Finance Review, 75 (1): 103-113.
- Lyu., K. & T.J. Barre, 2017. Risk Aversion in Crop Insurance Program Purchase Decisions. China. Agricultural Economic Review, 9: 62-80.
- Masara, C. & L. Dube, 2017. Socio-economic Factors Influencing Uptake of Agriculture Insurance by Smallholder Maize Farmers in Goromonzi District Zimbabwe. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 3 (1): 160-166.
- Muroiwa, J., A. Mushunje & T. Musitini, 2018. Factors influencing smallholder farmer participation in tobacco contract farming arrangements in mount Darwin district of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 7 (12): 2986-3001.
- National Population Commission, 2006. The Nigeria Population Census 2006.
- Nmadu, J.N., G.P. Eze & A.J. Jirgi, 2012. Determinants of risk status of small scale farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. British Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 2 (2): 92-108.
- Nnadi, F.N., J. Chikaire., J.A. Echetama., R.A. Iheanacho., P.C. Umunnakwe & C.O. Utazi, 2013. Agricultural Insurance: A Strategic Tool for Climate Change Adaptation. Agricultural Insurance: A Strategic tool for Climate Change Adaptation, 1 (1): 1-9.
- Nwosu, F.O., N.N.O. Oguoma., J.I. Lemchi., G.O. Ben-Chendo., A. Henri-Ukoha.,S.U.O. Onyeagocha & I.I. Ibeawuchi, 2012. Output Performance of Food-Crop Farmers Under the Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Scheme in Imo State, South East, Nigeria. Academia Arena, 2 (6): 43-47.
- Ofuoku, A.U & F.E. Evwierhurhoma, 2018. Effect of land conflict on arable crops production in Delta State, Nigeria. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg, 55 (3): 357-366.
- Okwoche, V.A., B.C. Asogwa & C.P. Obinne, 2012. Evaluation of the Impact of Agricultural Insurance on the Performance of Peasant Farmers in Benue State of Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific Research, 60: 94-103.
- Rola, A.C.C. & C.T. Aragon, .2013. Crop Insurance Participation Decisions and their Impact on Net Farm Income Loss of Rice Farmers in The Lakeshore Municipalities of Laguna, Philippines. Paper Presented During Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society, Intercontinental Hotel Manila, and November 15, 2013.
- Saqib, S.E., M.M. Ahmad., S. Panezai & U. Ali, 2016. Factors Influencing Farmers Adoption of Agricultural Credit as A Risk Management Strategy. The Case of Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17: 67-76.
- Sargazi, A., M. Salarpour & M.M. Hejazi, 2013. Effective Factors on the Demand for Insurance of Agricultural Crops in Sistan Area (of Iran). Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2 (3): 90-94.
- Wan, W., 2014. Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Breeding Sow Insurance: Evidence from China’s Hubei Province. A Thesis Submitted for the Requirement of An MSC Degree in Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, USA.
- Wang, Y., M. Qiao., Y. Liu & Y. Zhu, 2012. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Vegetables from Wastewater Irrigated Area, Beijing-Tianjin City Cluster, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24 (4): 690-698.
- Warner, K.K., M. Yuzva., S. Zissener., J.V. Gille & S. Wanczeck, 2013. Innovative Insurance Solutions for Climate Change: How to Integrate Climate Risk Insurance into a Comprehensive Climate Risk Management Approach. Report No. 12. Bonn: United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS).
- Zhang, X., Z. Zhang., Y. Zhang., D. Wei & Y. Deng, 2013. Route Selection for Emergency Logistics Management: A Bio-Inspired Algorithm. Safety Science, 54: 87-91.
Determinants of agricultural insurance patronage among crop farmers in Delta north agricultural zone, Delta State, Nigeria
Öz
Objective: The objective of this paper was to identify the determinants of patronage of agricultural insurance in Delta north agricultural zone, Delta State Nigeria.
Material and Methods: A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents. Data were obtained through questionnaire administration. Descriptive statistics, logit model, and t-test were employed in the study.
Results: The findings showed that the mean age was 48 years with 59.2% of female farmers. About 60% of them had secondary education with a mean farm size of 2.10 ha. The mean farming experience was 11 years with 75% of the farmers not belonging to a cooperative society with a mean income of N80, 278.33. The major risks were pests, high temperature, variation in yield, flood and the least were a fire outbreak. Only 39.2% of the farmers are aware of agricultural insurance. The logit model showed that the age of farmers, educational level, premium rate, farm size, accessibility to credit, gender, awareness, and land tenure influenced farmers' decision to patronize agricultural insurance.
Conclusion: This study examines insurance patronage by highlighting the interaction between the socioeconomic factors of farmers and the decision to patronize insurance. As far as this study is concerned, the identified factors will significantly improve patronage and increase productivity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Patronage agricultural insurance, ,arable crop farmers determinants, constraints
Kaynakça
- Achoja, F.O & F. Ukwama, 2020. Adoption of Smart Strategies for Enhancing Productivity and Income of West African Dwarf (WAD) Goat Farmers in Southern Nigeria, Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 57 (3): 343-350
- Adetunji, A.S., O.A. Akeredolu., O.V. Arowolo & A. A. Ogundoyin, 2020. Effect of Adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties on Household Income in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Agricultural Journal, 51 (2): 362-369.
- Adeyonu, A.G., E.O. Oyawoye., A.O. Otunaiya & R.J. Akinlade, 2016. Determinants of Poultry Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in National Agricultural Insurance Scheme in Oyo State, Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture, 21 (3): 55-62.
- Agidew, A.A & K.N. Singh, 2019. Factors affecting the adoption of sustainable land management practices at farm level in the Northeastern highlands of Ethiopia: The Teleyayen sub-watershed case study. Journal of Environmental Pollution and Management, 2 (1): 103-115.
- Aidoo, R., O.J. Mensah., P. Wie & D. Awunyo-Vitor, 2014. Prospects of crop insurance as a risk management tool among arable crop farmers in Ghana. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4 (3): 341-354.
- Akintunde, O.K., 2015. Determinants of poultry farmers participation in livestock insurance in southwest Nigeria. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 233-241.
- Arshad, M., T.S. Amjath-Babu., H. Kächele & K. Müller, 2015. What drives the willingness to pay for crop insurance against extreme weather events (flood and drought) in Pakistan? A hypothetical market approach. Climate and Development, 8 (3): 234-244.
- Asamoah, J.O. 2019. Livestock Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Cattle Insurance in the Northern Region of Ghana. An M.Sc Thesis Submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Ghana, Legon.
- Balma lssaka, Y., B. Wumbei., J. Buckner & R. Nartey, 2015. Willingness to participate in the market for crop drought index insurance among farmers in Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11 (14): 1257-1265.
- Bierer, C & M. Eling, 2012.Insurability in Micro-insurance Markets: An Analysis of Problems and Potential Solutions. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice, 37 (1): 77-107.
- Cole, S.A & W. Xiong, 2017. Agricultural Insurance and Economic Development. Annual Review of Economics, 9 (1): 235-262.
- Danso-Abbeam, G., K.N. Addai & D. Ehiakpor, 2014. Willingness to Pay for Farm Insurance by Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. Journal of Social Science Policy Implication, 2: 163-183.
- Delavallade, C., F. Dizon., R.V. Hill & J.P. Petraud, 2015. Managing Risk with Insurance and Savings: Experimental Evidence for Male and Female Farm Managers in West Africa IFPRI Discussion Paper 01426. https: //dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssm.2583847.
- Dercon, S, R.V. Hill., D. Clarke., I. Outes-Leon & A.S. Taffesse, 2014. Offering rainfall insurance to informal insurance groups: Evidence from a field experiment in Ethiopia, Journal of Development Economics, 106: 132-143.
- Dhakal, N.H., 2019. “Agricultural Credit and Insurance in Nepal. Coverage, Issues and Opportunities, 529-572”. In: Agricultural Transformation in Nepal (Eds. G. Thapa, A. Kumar & P. K. Joshi). Springer, Singapore, 628pp. https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9648-018.
- Ellis, E., 2016. ‘Farmers’ willingness to pay for crop insurance: Evidence from Eastern Canada’. Available at: http: //digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1493234802508~362 [accessed 05 June 2019].
- Elvis, A.A & S. Andrews, 2015. Abysmal Insurance Patronage for Residential Properties in Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5 (9): 125-144.
- Enjolras, G., F. Capitanio & F. Adinolfi, 2012.The Demand for Crop Insurance: Combined Approaches for France and Italy. Agricultural Economics Review, 13 (1): 5-22.
- Fallah, R., M. Armin & M. Tajabadi, 2012. A Study of Attitudes and Determinant Factors in Insurance Development for Strategic Agricultural Products. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2 (2): 44-50.
- Farrin, K & M.J. Miranda, 2015. A heterogeneous Agent Model of Credit-Linked Index Insurance and Farm Technology Adoption. Journal of Development Economics, 116: 199-211.
- Field, C.B., 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gbigbi, T.M., 2017. Are There Road Blocks to Access Micro-Credit From Selected Microfinance Banks in Delta State, Nigeria? Implications for Small Scale Farmers Sustainability! Journal of Food Industry, 1 (1): 1-16.
- Gininda, P., M. Antwi & O. Oladele, 2014. Smallholder Sugarcane Farmers’ Perception of the Effect of Micro Agricultural Finance Institution of South Africa on Livelihood Outcomes in Nkomazi Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5 (27): 1032-1040.
- Hazell, P & P. Varangis, 2020. Best practices for subsidizing agricultural insurance. Global Food Security, 25. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100326.
- Idris, Y.A., 2018. Acceptance and Patronage of Insurance Services in Northern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 23 (4): 32-43.
- Jehu-Appiah, C., G. Aryeetey., I. Agyepong., E. Spaan & R. Balthussen, 2011. Households’ Perception and their Implications for Enrolment in the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana. Health and Policy Planning, 1-12.
- Jin, J., W. Wang & X. Wang, 2016. Farmers Risk Preferences and Agricultural Weather Index Insurance Uptake in Rural China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 7 (4): 366-373.
- Koloma, Y., 2015. Crop Microinsurance for Maize Farmers in Burkina Faso: Access and Agriculture Performance in the Dandé Village. Strategic Change, 24, 115-129.
- Koşum, N., T. Taşkın S. Engindeniz & C. Kandemir, 2019. Goat Meat Production and Evaluation of its Sustainability in Türkiye. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 56 (3): 395-407.
- Kumari, M., K.M. Singh & D.K. Sinha, et al., 2017. Role of Socio-Economic Variables in Adoption of Crop Insurance: A Discriminant Function Approach. Available from: https: //mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/80271/1/MPRA_paper_80271.pdf.
- Lin, J., M. Boyd., J. Pai., L. Porth, Q. Zhang & K. Wang, 2015. Factors Affecting Farmers’ Willingness to Purchase Weather Index Insurance in the Hainan Province of China. Agricultural Finance Review, 75 (1): 103-113.
- Lyu., K. & T.J. Barre, 2017. Risk Aversion in Crop Insurance Program Purchase Decisions. China. Agricultural Economic Review, 9: 62-80.
- Masara, C. & L. Dube, 2017. Socio-economic Factors Influencing Uptake of Agriculture Insurance by Smallholder Maize Farmers in Goromonzi District Zimbabwe. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 3 (1): 160-166.
- Muroiwa, J., A. Mushunje & T. Musitini, 2018. Factors influencing smallholder farmer participation in tobacco contract farming arrangements in mount Darwin district of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 7 (12): 2986-3001.
- National Population Commission, 2006. The Nigeria Population Census 2006.
- Nmadu, J.N., G.P. Eze & A.J. Jirgi, 2012. Determinants of risk status of small scale farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. British Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 2 (2): 92-108.
- Nnadi, F.N., J. Chikaire., J.A. Echetama., R.A. Iheanacho., P.C. Umunnakwe & C.O. Utazi, 2013. Agricultural Insurance: A Strategic Tool for Climate Change Adaptation. Agricultural Insurance: A Strategic tool for Climate Change Adaptation, 1 (1): 1-9.
- Nwosu, F.O., N.N.O. Oguoma., J.I. Lemchi., G.O. Ben-Chendo., A. Henri-Ukoha.,S.U.O. Onyeagocha & I.I. Ibeawuchi, 2012. Output Performance of Food-Crop Farmers Under the Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Scheme in Imo State, South East, Nigeria. Academia Arena, 2 (6): 43-47.
- Ofuoku, A.U & F.E. Evwierhurhoma, 2018. Effect of land conflict on arable crops production in Delta State, Nigeria. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg, 55 (3): 357-366.
- Okwoche, V.A., B.C. Asogwa & C.P. Obinne, 2012. Evaluation of the Impact of Agricultural Insurance on the Performance of Peasant Farmers in Benue State of Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific Research, 60: 94-103.
- Rola, A.C.C. & C.T. Aragon, .2013. Crop Insurance Participation Decisions and their Impact on Net Farm Income Loss of Rice Farmers in The Lakeshore Municipalities of Laguna, Philippines. Paper Presented During Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society, Intercontinental Hotel Manila, and November 15, 2013.
- Saqib, S.E., M.M. Ahmad., S. Panezai & U. Ali, 2016. Factors Influencing Farmers Adoption of Agricultural Credit as A Risk Management Strategy. The Case of Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17: 67-76.
- Sargazi, A., M. Salarpour & M.M. Hejazi, 2013. Effective Factors on the Demand for Insurance of Agricultural Crops in Sistan Area (of Iran). Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2 (3): 90-94.
- Wan, W., 2014. Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Breeding Sow Insurance: Evidence from China’s Hubei Province. A Thesis Submitted for the Requirement of An MSC Degree in Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, USA.
- Wang, Y., M. Qiao., Y. Liu & Y. Zhu, 2012. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Vegetables from Wastewater Irrigated Area, Beijing-Tianjin City Cluster, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24 (4): 690-698.
- Warner, K.K., M. Yuzva., S. Zissener., J.V. Gille & S. Wanczeck, 2013. Innovative Insurance Solutions for Climate Change: How to Integrate Climate Risk Insurance into a Comprehensive Climate Risk Management Approach. Report No. 12. Bonn: United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS).
- Zhang, X., Z. Zhang., Y. Zhang., D. Wei & Y. Deng, 2013. Route Selection for Emergency Logistics Management: A Bio-Inspired Algorithm. Safety Science, 54: 87-91.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 4 Temmuz 2022 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 4 Temmuz 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Şubat 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 23 Aralık 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 59 Sayı: 2 |
