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Tuzlu Su Özelliğine Sahip Bafa Gölü’nün (Muğla, Türkiye) Su Kalitesinin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Analizler Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 271 - 284, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.774739

Öz

Bafa Gölü, Türkiye'nin batısındaki en büyük göllerden biridir. Hem tarihsel hem de biyolojik çeşitlilik açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Büyük Menderes Nehri tarafından beslenen Bafa Gölü, nehrin taşıdığı kirletici faktörlerin zamanla biriktiği bir alan haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda Bafa Gölü'nün karmaşık fizikokimyasal özellikleri değerlendirilmiş ve bir izleme modeli oluşturmak amacıyla su kalitesi sınıfları belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada, su örnekleri iki yıllık çalışma döneminde (2015-2017) Bafa Gölü'nde belirlenen sekiz farklı istasyondan aylık olarak alınmıştır. Su numunelerinde atmosfer basıncı, sıcaklık, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, toplam çözünüş katı madde, tuzluluk, bulanıklık, çözünmüş oksijen, oksijen doygunluğu, biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı, amonyum, nitrat, nitrit, kalsiyum, sodyum, magnezyum, potasyum, klorür, sülfat, toplam fosfor ve toplam azot olmak üzere toplam 22 su kalite parametresi tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, Temel Bileşen Analizi (PCA), Kümeleme Analizi (CA) ve Pearson Korelasyon Analizi kullanılarak istatistiki olarak değerlendirilmiş ve çeşitli ulusal ve uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından bildirilen limit değerler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. PCA sonuçlarına göre, üç faktör (PCA 1, PCA 2 and PCA 3) toplam varyansın %79,05'ini açıklarken CA sonuçlarıyla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı üç küme tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre, Bafa Gölü'nün yüksek miktarda kirliliğe maruz kaldığı ve Klee metodu ve Türkiye Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği’ne göre genel olarak “Sınıf III-IV” su kalitesinde olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBİTAK

Proje Numarası

114Y249

Teşekkür

Finansal desteklerinden ötürü Tubitak'a teşekkür ederiz

Kaynakça

  • Akkan T, Yazicioglu O, Yazici R, Yilmaz M. 2018. Assessment of irrigation water quality of Turkey using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index: Sıddıklı Dam Lake. Desalin Water Treat. 115:261. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2018.22302
  • Alberto WD, Del Pilar DM, Valeria AM, Fabiana PS, Cecilia HA, De Los Angeles BM. 2001. Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia River basin (Cordoba—Argentina). Water Resour. 35:2881-94. doi: 10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00592-3
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  • Atıcı T, Obalı O. 1999. Susuz Göleti (Ankara) algleri ve su kalite değerlendirmesi. Gazi Üniviversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 19(3):99-104.[in Turkish]
  • Balık S. Ustaoglu MR. 1989. Bafa Gölündeki Ulubat Balıgı (Acanthobrama mirabilis Ladiges, 1960)’nin biyoekolojik ve ekonomik yönlerden incelenmesi. Turkish J Zool. 13(3):141–174. [in Turkish]
  • Balık S, Ustaoglu MR, Sarı HM. 1992. Bafa Gölü (Söke-Aydın) Kababurun (Chondrostoma nasus L., 1758) populasyonunun biyolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Fırat Universitesi XI. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi. 49–58, Elazığ. [in Turkish]
  • Balık S. 1995. Freshwater Fish in Anatolia, Turkey. Biological Conservation. 72: 213–223.
  • Bremond R, Vuichard R. 1973. Parameters de la qualite des eaux: Ministere de la Protection de la Nature et de Environnement, Documentation, Française, Paris, 179 p.
  • Cirik S, Metin C. 1989. Planktonic algae and the seasonal changes of Lake Bafa (in Turkish). Enviroment Symposium. 604–613, Adana.
  • Dauba F. 1981. Etude comperative de la fauna des poissons dans les ecosystemes de deux reservoirs: Luzech (Lut) et Chastang (Dordogone): These de troisieme cycle L’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse. 179 p.
  • Demir N. 2007. Changes in the phytoplankton community of a coastal, hyposaline lake in western Anatolia, Turkey. Limnology. 8, 337–342. doi: 10.1007/s10201-007-0214-4
  • Duran M. 2006. Monitoring water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of Behzat Stream in Turkey. Polish JEnviron Stud. 15(5):709-717.
  • Duran M, Akyildiz GK. 2011. Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrate fauna and water quality of Suleymanli Lake (Buldan-Denizli) in Turkey. Acta Zool Bulgar. 63(2):169- 178.
  • Dügel M, Kazancı N. 2004. Assessment of water quality of the Büyük Menderes River (Turkey) by using ordination and classification of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables. J Freshwater Ecol. 19(4):605-612. doi: 10.1080/02705060.2004.9664741
  • EC (European Communities). 2006. EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 6 September 2006 on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life. Directive 2006/44.
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  • Elvira B. 1987. Taxonomic revision of the genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1835 (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Cybium 11:111–140.
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  • Erdoğan S. 2011. Fiziksel etkiye kimyasal tepki: Bafa Gölü sulak alan ekosistemi (Türkiye) örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 3(1):1-8. doi: 10.1501/Csaum_0000000040. [in Turkish]
  • Helena B, Pardo R, Vega M, Barrado E, Fernandez JM, Fernandez L. 2000. Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga river, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Resources. 3:807-16. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0
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  • Kazancı N, Girgin S, Dügel M. 2008. Research on the Limnology of Lake Bafa in South-Western Turkey and climate change ımpacts. Rewiew of Hydrobiology. 2:207-223.
  • Kazi TG, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Jalbani N, Afridi HI, Sarfraz RA, Baig JA, Shah AQ. 2009. Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 72:301-309. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.024
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  • Koç C. 2008. The effects of the environment and ecology projects on lake management and water quality. Environ Monit Assess. 146:397-409. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0446-8
  • Kuru M, Balık S, Ustaoglu MR, Unlu E, Taskavak E, Gul A, Yılmaz M, Sarı HM, Kucuk F, Kutrup B, Hamalosmanoglu M. 2001. Türkiye’de bulunan sulak alanların RAMSAR Sözleşmesi balık kriterlerine gore değerlendirilmesi. Proje Kesin raporu, 55-58. [in Turkish]
  • Kükrer S, Mutlu E. 2019. Assessment of surface water quality using water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses in Saraydüzü Dam Lake, Turkey. Environ MonitAssess. 191(2):71. doi: 10.1007/s10661-019-7197-6
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Assessment of Water Quality in Brackish Lake Bafa (Muğla, Turkey) by Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 271 - 284, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.774739

Öz

Lake Bafa is one of the biggest lake in the western part of Turkey. It has a great importance in terms of both historical and biodiversity. Lake Bafa which was fed by Büyük Menderes River has become an area where the pollutant factors carried by the river accumulated over time. In this context, the complex physicochemical characteristics of Lake Bafa were evaluated and water quality classes were determined in order to constitute a monitoring pattern. In this research, the water samples were taken monthly from eight different stations located in the Lake Bafa during the two years study period (2015-2017). Total of 22 water quality parameters including atmospheric pressure, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolution solids, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sulphate total phosphorus and total nitrogen were investigated in water samples. The data obtained were statistically evaluated by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and Pearson Correlation Analysis and compared with the limit values reported by various national and international organizations. According to the results PCA, three factors (PCA 1, PCA 2 and PCA 3) explained 79.05% of the total variance while CA results exhibited three statistically significant clusters. Overall the results suggested that Lake Bafa has been exposed to high amount of pollution and it is generally classified in “Class III-IV” water quality level based on both Klee’s method and Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation.

Proje Numarası

114Y249

Kaynakça

  • Akkan T, Yazicioglu O, Yazici R, Yilmaz M. 2018. Assessment of irrigation water quality of Turkey using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index: Sıddıklı Dam Lake. Desalin Water Treat. 115:261. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2018.22302
  • Alberto WD, Del Pilar DM, Valeria AM, Fabiana PS, Cecilia HA, De Los Angeles BM. 2001. Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia River basin (Cordoba—Argentina). Water Resour. 35:2881-94. doi: 10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00592-3
  • Arrignon J. 1976. Aménagement Ecologique et Piscicole des Eaux Douces. Bordas, Paris, 322 p.
  • Atıcı T, Obalı O. 1999. Susuz Göleti (Ankara) algleri ve su kalite değerlendirmesi. Gazi Üniviversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 19(3):99-104.[in Turkish]
  • Balık S. Ustaoglu MR. 1989. Bafa Gölündeki Ulubat Balıgı (Acanthobrama mirabilis Ladiges, 1960)’nin biyoekolojik ve ekonomik yönlerden incelenmesi. Turkish J Zool. 13(3):141–174. [in Turkish]
  • Balık S, Ustaoglu MR, Sarı HM. 1992. Bafa Gölü (Söke-Aydın) Kababurun (Chondrostoma nasus L., 1758) populasyonunun biyolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Fırat Universitesi XI. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi. 49–58, Elazığ. [in Turkish]
  • Balık S. 1995. Freshwater Fish in Anatolia, Turkey. Biological Conservation. 72: 213–223.
  • Bremond R, Vuichard R. 1973. Parameters de la qualite des eaux: Ministere de la Protection de la Nature et de Environnement, Documentation, Française, Paris, 179 p.
  • Cirik S, Metin C. 1989. Planktonic algae and the seasonal changes of Lake Bafa (in Turkish). Enviroment Symposium. 604–613, Adana.
  • Dauba F. 1981. Etude comperative de la fauna des poissons dans les ecosystemes de deux reservoirs: Luzech (Lut) et Chastang (Dordogone): These de troisieme cycle L’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse. 179 p.
  • Demir N. 2007. Changes in the phytoplankton community of a coastal, hyposaline lake in western Anatolia, Turkey. Limnology. 8, 337–342. doi: 10.1007/s10201-007-0214-4
  • Duran M. 2006. Monitoring water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of Behzat Stream in Turkey. Polish JEnviron Stud. 15(5):709-717.
  • Duran M, Akyildiz GK. 2011. Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrate fauna and water quality of Suleymanli Lake (Buldan-Denizli) in Turkey. Acta Zool Bulgar. 63(2):169- 178.
  • Dügel M, Kazancı N. 2004. Assessment of water quality of the Büyük Menderes River (Turkey) by using ordination and classification of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables. J Freshwater Ecol. 19(4):605-612. doi: 10.1080/02705060.2004.9664741
  • EC (European Communities). 2006. EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 6 September 2006 on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life. Directive 2006/44.
  • EC (European Communities). 2007. European communities (drinking water) (no. 2). Regulations 2007, S.I. No. 278 of 2007.
  • Egemen O, Sunlu U. 1999. Water quality. Ege University Fisheries Faculty Issue number: 14, İzmir. ISBN: 9754831416.
  • Elvira B. 1987. Taxonomic revision of the genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1835 (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Cybium 11:111–140.
  • EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1979. A review of the EPA red book quality criteria for water. Environmental Protection Agency, USA. 311 p.
  • Erdoğan S. 2011. Fiziksel etkiye kimyasal tepki: Bafa Gölü sulak alan ekosistemi (Türkiye) örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 3(1):1-8. doi: 10.1501/Csaum_0000000040. [in Turkish]
  • Helena B, Pardo R, Vega M, Barrado E, Fernandez JM, Fernandez L. 2000. Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga river, Spain) by principal component analysis. Water Resources. 3:807-16. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0
  • Höll K. 1979. Wasser (untersuchung, beurteilung, aufbereitung, chemie, bakteriologie, virologie, biologie). Berlin: Auflage, de Gruyter 586 p.
  • Işcen CF, Emiroğlu Ö, Ilhan S, Arslan N, Yilmaz V, Ahiska S. 2008. Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the assessment of surface water quality in Uluabat Lake, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess. 144:269–276. doi: 10.1007/s10661-007-9989-3
  • Kazancı N, Girgin S, Dügel M. 2008. Research on the Limnology of Lake Bafa in South-Western Turkey and climate change ımpacts. Rewiew of Hydrobiology. 2:207-223.
  • Kazi TG, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Jalbani N, Afridi HI, Sarfraz RA, Baig JA, Shah AQ. 2009. Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 72:301-309. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.024
  • Kesici K, Tüney Ġ, Kesici E, Sukatar A. 2012. Bafa Gölü‟nde ani alg çoğalmasına neden olan Nodularia spumigena türünün morfolojik tayini. 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi. 1122-1145, İzmir. [in Turkish]
  • Klee O. 1991. Angewandte Hydrobiologie.- G. Theieme Verlag, 2. neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, 272, Stuttgart-New York.
  • Knipping M, Mullenhoff M, Brückner H. 2008. Human induced landscape changes around Bafa Gölü (western Turkey). Veg Hist Archaeobot. 17:365-380. doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0132-8
  • Koç C. 2008. The effects of the environment and ecology projects on lake management and water quality. Environ Monit Assess. 146:397-409. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0446-8
  • Kuru M, Balık S, Ustaoglu MR, Unlu E, Taskavak E, Gul A, Yılmaz M, Sarı HM, Kucuk F, Kutrup B, Hamalosmanoglu M. 2001. Türkiye’de bulunan sulak alanların RAMSAR Sözleşmesi balık kriterlerine gore değerlendirilmesi. Proje Kesin raporu, 55-58. [in Turkish]
  • Kükrer S, Mutlu E. 2019. Assessment of surface water quality using water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses in Saraydüzü Dam Lake, Turkey. Environ MonitAssess. 191(2):71. doi: 10.1007/s10661-019-7197-6
  • Liu CW, Lin KH, Kuo YM. 2003. Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ. 313(1–3): 77–89. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00683-6
  • Manahan SE. 2011. Water chemistry: green science and technology of nature's most renewable resource. Taylor & Francis Group 398p. doi: 10.1201/b11794
  • Mermer A. 1989. Gediz Nehrindeki Kababurun Balığı (Chondrostoma nasus Linnaeus, 1758) populasyonunun biyolojik yöndenden incelenmesi. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ege Üniversitesi. [in Turkish]
  • Mutlu E, Aydın Uncumusaoğlu A. 2017. Küçüksu Göleti’nin (Taşköprü-Kastamonu) su kalitesinin incelenmesi. Yunus Araştırma Bülteni. 2017(3): 209-224. doi:10.28955/alinterizbd.332812. [in Turkish].
  • Najar IA, Khan AB. 2012. Assessment of water quality and identification of pollution sources of three lakes in Kashmir, India, using multivariate analysis. Environ Earth Sci. 66:2367–2378. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1458-1
  • Nikolsky GV. 1963. The Ecology of Fishes (Translated by L. Birkett), Academic Press: London and New York, 352 p.
  • Oczkowski A, Nixon S. 2008. Increasing nutrient concentrations and the rise and fall of a coastal fishery, a review of data from the Nile Delta, Egypt. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 77: 309–319. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.11.028
  • Özdemir N. 1994. Tatlı ve tuzlu sularda alabalık üretimi. Fırat Üniversitesi, Yayın No: 35, Elazığ. [in Turkish]
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Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Limnoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Atakan Sukatar 0000-0002-1895-0165

Alperen Ertaş 0000-0001-8510-6100

İnci Tüney Kızılkaya 0000-0003-0293-6964

Proje Numarası 114Y249
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Sukatar, A., Ertaş, A., & Tüney Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). Assessment of Water Quality in Brackish Lake Bafa (Muğla, Turkey) by Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 7(3), 271-284. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.774739

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