Research Article
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Protein and carbohydrate contents related to varying light levels and chlorophyll-a in selected freshwater and marine phytoplankton

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 79 - 97

Cidya Grant , J. William Louda

Abstract

This study investigated correlations between chlorophyll-a (CHLa) and certain biomass parameters (protein and two forms of carbohydrates) under the influence of light intensity. These findings are applicable to the estimation of metabolizable biomass in water bodies, which is important for understanding the nutritional value of phytoplankton and their impact on aquatic food webs. Furthermore, these determined biomass relationships can also assist in the prediction of the generation of anoxia during and following algal blooms. That is, one could relate the standing crop of metabolizable organic matter (proteins and carbohydrates) to existing conditions of water depth, currents, dissolved oxygen trends and other parameters. Results from this study indicate that protein, colloidal carbohydrates, and storage carbohydrate concentrations in phytoplankton can be broadly estimated by multiplying chlorophyll-a amounts (pg/cell or mg/L) by 202.6, 17.7, and 144.9, respectively. The methodology presented can therefore serve as a means of approximating the standing crop of metabolizable phytoplankton organic matter (viz. protein and two forms of carbohydrates).

Keywords

Pigment analysis Algal protein Algal carbohydrates Water column Algal metabolizable organic matter Irradiance levels Algal bloom

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this study does not require ethical permission

Supporting Institution

Funds for this study derived from monies remaining from several contracts with the South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach Florida. Additional funds derived from the Department of Chemistry, Florida Atlantic University.

Thanks

The authors thank Florida Atlantic University for the research facilities in which this study took place.

References

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  • Louda, J.W. (2008). Pigment-based chemotaxonomy of Florida Bay phytoplankton; Development and difficulties. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Techniques, 31, 295-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826070701780599
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  • Marshall, S.M. & Orr, A.P. (2009). Carbohydrate as a measure of phytoplankton. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 42(3), 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400054229
  • Morais, Jr. W.G., Gorgich, M., Corrêa, P.S., Martins, A.A., Mata, T.M., Caetano, N.S. (2020). Microalgae for biotechnological applications: Cultivation, harvesting and biomass processing. Aquaculture, 528, 735562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735562
  • Murakami, T., Isaji, C, Kuroda, N., Yoshida, K., Haga, H., Watanabe, Y., Saijo Y. (1994). Development of potamoplanktonic diatoms in downreaches of Japanese rivers. Japanese Journal of Limnology, 55, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.3739/rikusui.55.13
  • Meyers, J., & Kratz, W.A. (1955). Relations between pigment content and photosynthetic characteristics in a blue-green alga. Journal of General Physiology, 39, 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.39.1.11
  • Miller, E.J., Potts, J.M., Cox, M.J., Miller, B.S., Calderan, S., Leaper, R., Olson, P.A., O’Driscoll, R.L., Double, M.C. (2019). The characteristics of krill swarms in relation to aggregating Antarctic blue whales. Scientific Reports, 9, 16487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52792-4
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  • Mineeva, N.M. (2011). Plant Pigments as Indicators of Phytoplankton Biomass (Review). International Journal on Algae, 13, i4.20. https://doi.org/10.1615/InterJAlgae.v13.i4.20
  • Mitrovic, S. M., Hitchcock, J. N., Davie, A. W., Ryan, D.A. (2010). Growth responses of Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyceae) to various temperatures. Journal of Plankton Research, 32, 1217–1221. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq038
  • Moal, J., Martin-Jezequel, V., Harris, R.P., Samain, J.-F., Poulet, S.A. (1987). Interspecific and intraspecific variability of the chemical composition of marine phytoplankton. Oceanologica Acta, 10(3), 339-346.
  • Neto, R.R., Mead, R.N., Louda, J.W., Jaffe, R. (2006). Organic biogeochemistry of detrital flocculent material (floc) in a subtropical, coastal, wetland. Biogeochemistry, 77, 283-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-5042-1
  • Philips, E.J., Zeman, C., Hansen, P. (1989). Growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and carbohydrate production by a unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 1, 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003876
  • Phlips, E.J., Badylak, S., Lynch, T.C. (1999). Blooms of the picoplanktonic cyanobacterium Synechococcus in Florida Bay, a subtropical inner shelf lagoon. Limnology and Oceanogtaphy, 44,1166–1175. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.4.1166
  • Rausch, T. (1981). The estimation of micro-algal protein content and its meaning to the evaluation of algal biomass I. Comparison of methods for extracting protein. Hydrobiologia, 78(3), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00008520
  • Ricca, J.G., Mayali, X., Qu, J., Weber, P.K., Poirier, G., Dufresne, C.P., Louda J.W., Terentis, A.C. (2024). Endogenous production and vibrational analysis of heavy-isotope-labeled peptides from Cyanobacteria. ChemBioChem, 25, e202400019. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202400019
  • Ross, C., Santiago-vazquez, L., Paul, V. (2006). Toxin release in response to oxidative stress and programmed cell death in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Aquatic Toxicology, 78, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.02.007
  • Sassi, K.K., Silva, J.A., Calixto, C.D., Sassi, R., Sassi, C.F. (2019). Metabolites of interest for food technology produced by microalgae from the Northeast Brazil. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 50(1), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190007
  • Schaffner, L.R., Govaert, L., De Meester, L., Ellner, S.P., Fairchild, E., Miner, B.E., Rudstam, L.G., Spaak, P., Hairston, Jr N.G. (2019). Consumer-resource dynamics is an eco-evolutionary process in a natural plankton community. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3, 1351–1358. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0960-9
  • Schreiber, E. (1927). Die Reinkultur von marinem Phytoplankton und deren Bedeutung für die Erforschung der Produktionsfähigkeit des Meerwassers. Wissenschaftliche. Meeresuntersuch., N.F. 10, 1-34.
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Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 79 - 97

Cidya Grant , J. William Louda

Abstract

References

  • Bhavya, P.S., Kim, B.K., Jo, N., Kim, K., Kang, J.J., Lee, J.H., Lee, D., Lee, J.H., Joo, H.T., Ahn, S.H., Kim, Y., Min, J.-O., Kang, M.G., Yun M.S., Kang C.K., Lee S.H. (2018). A Review on the Macromolecular Compositions of Phytoplankton and the Implications for Aquatic Biogeochemistry. Ocean Science Journal, 54, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-018-0061-8
  • Burdloff, D., Etcheber, H., Buscail, R. (2001). Improved procedures for the extraction of water extractable carbohydrates from particulate organic matter. Oceanologica Acta, 24, 343–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(01)01151-3
  • Cook, K.V., Li, C., Cai, H., Krumholz, L.R., Hambright, K.D., Paerl, H.W., Steffen, M.M., Wilson, A.E., Burford M.A., Grossart H.-P., Hamilton D.P., Jiang H., Sukenik, A., Latour, D., Meyer, E.I., Padisak, J., Qin, B., Zamor, R.M., Zhu G. (2020). The global Microcystis interactome. Limnology and Oceanography, 65, S194-207. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11361
  • Decho, A.W. (1990). Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: their role(s) in food webs and marine processes. In Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review; Barnes, H. Ed.; 28, pp. 73-153. e-ISBN 0-203-01480-4.
  • Dunker, S., Boho, D., Wäldchen, J., Mafder, P. (2018). Combining high-throughput imaging flow cytometry and deep learning for efficient species and life-cycle stage identification of phytoplankton. BMC Ecology,18, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-018-0209-5
  • Fernandez-Reiriz, M.J., Perez-Camacho, A., Ferreiro, M.J., Blanco, M., Planas, M., Campos, M.J., Labarta, U. (1989). Biomass Production and Variation in the Biochemical Profile (Total Protein, Carbohydrates, RNA, Lipids and Fatty Acids) of Seven Species of Marine Microalgae. Aquaculture, 83, 17-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(89)90057-4
  • Goto, N., Mitamura, O., Terai, H. (2001). Biodegradation of photosynthetically produced extracellular organic carbon from intertidal benthic algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 257, 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00329-4
  • Grant, C.S. & Louda, J.W. (2010). Microalgal pigment ratios in relation to light intensity – Implications for chemotaxonomy. Aquatic Biology, 11, 127-138. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00298
  • Gulati, R.D. & Demott, W.R. (1997). The role of food quality for zooplankton: remarks on the state-of-the-art, perspectives and priorities. Freshwater Biology, 38, 753-768. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00275.x
  • Guiry, M.D. (2024). In AlgaeBase. Guiry, M.D., & Guiry, G.M. Eds.; World-wide electronic Publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://algaebase.org
  • Hallegraeff, G.M. (1993). A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia, 32, 79–99. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1
  • Handa, N. (1969). Carbohydrate metabolism in marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Marine Biology, 4, 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393894
  • Hori, T., Itasaka, O., Mitamura, O. (1969) The removal of dissolved silica from freshwater in Lake Biwako. Memoirs of the faculty of Education. Shiga University. Natural Sciences. 19, 45-51.
  • Huot, Y., Babin, M., Bruyant, F., Grob, C., Twardowski, M.S., Claustre, H. (2007). Does chlorophyll-a provide the best index of phytoplankton biomass for primary productivity studies? Biogeoscience Discussions, 4, 707-745. https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-707-2007
  • Itzhaki, R.F., & Gill, P. M. (1964). A microbiuret method for estimating proteins. Analytical Biochemistry, 9, 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(64)90200-3
  • Jayappriyan, K.R., Rajkumar, R., Sheeja, L., Nagaraj, S., Divya, S., Rengasamy, R. (2010). Discrimination between the morphological and molecular identification in the genus Dunaliella. International Journal of Current Research, 9, 73–78.
  • Jeffrey, S.W. & Vesk, M. (1997). Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures, In Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography SCOR-UNESCO, Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., and Wright, S.W. Eds.; Paris, pp 37-84. ISBN 92-3-103275-5. 661 pp.
  • Jensen L.V., Wasielesky W.J., Ballester E.L.C., Cavalli R.O., Santos M.S. (2006). Role of microalgae Thalassiosira fluviatilis in weight gain and survival of the shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis reared in indoor nursery tanks. Nauplius, 14(1), 37-42.
  • Karlson, B., Cusack, C., Bresna, E. (2010) Microscopic and molecular methods for quantitative phytoplankton analysis. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. (IOC Manuals and Guides, no. 55.) (IOC/2010/MG/55) UNESCO, Paris.110 pages.
  • Kiss, K.T. & Nausch, M. (1988) Comparative investigations of planktonic diatoms of sections of the Danube near Vienna and Budapest. In Proceedings 9th International Diatom Symposium Bristol. Round F., Ed.; Biopress: 115-122.
  • Lancelot, C. & Mathot, S. (1985). Biochemical fractionation of primary production by phytoplankton in Belgian coastal waters during short-and-long term incubations with 14C-bicarbonate. II Phaeocystis pouchetti colonial population. Marine Biology, 86, 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00397508 Liao, T. (2024). Stochastic dynamics of a plankton modelwith zooplankton selectivity and nutritional value of phytoplankton. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation, 70, 251-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-023-01959-4
  • Louda, J.W. (2008). Pigment-based chemotaxonomy of Florida Bay phytoplankton; Development and difficulties. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Techniques, 31, 295-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826070701780599
  • Louda, J. W., Loitz, J.W., Melisiotis, A., Orem, W.H. (2004). Potential sources of hydrogel stabilization of Florida Bay lime mud sediments and implications for organic matter Preservation. Journal of Coastal Research, 20, 448–463. https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0448:PSOHSO]2.0.CO;2
  • Marshall, S.M. & Orr, A.P. (2009). Carbohydrate as a measure of phytoplankton. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 42(3), 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400054229
  • Morais, Jr. W.G., Gorgich, M., Corrêa, P.S., Martins, A.A., Mata, T.M., Caetano, N.S. (2020). Microalgae for biotechnological applications: Cultivation, harvesting and biomass processing. Aquaculture, 528, 735562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735562
  • Murakami, T., Isaji, C, Kuroda, N., Yoshida, K., Haga, H., Watanabe, Y., Saijo Y. (1994). Development of potamoplanktonic diatoms in downreaches of Japanese rivers. Japanese Journal of Limnology, 55, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.3739/rikusui.55.13
  • Meyers, J., & Kratz, W.A. (1955). Relations between pigment content and photosynthetic characteristics in a blue-green alga. Journal of General Physiology, 39, 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.39.1.11
  • Miller, E.J., Potts, J.M., Cox, M.J., Miller, B.S., Calderan, S., Leaper, R., Olson, P.A., O’Driscoll, R.L., Double, M.C. (2019). The characteristics of krill swarms in relation to aggregating Antarctic blue whales. Scientific Reports, 9, 16487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52792-4
  • Millie, D.F., Paerl, H.W., Hurley. J.P. (1993). Microalgal pigment assessments using high-performance liquid chromatography: A Synopsis of organismal and ecological applications. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 50, 2513-2527. https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-275
  • Mineeva, N.M. (2011). Plant Pigments as Indicators of Phytoplankton Biomass (Review). International Journal on Algae, 13, i4.20. https://doi.org/10.1615/InterJAlgae.v13.i4.20
  • Mitrovic, S. M., Hitchcock, J. N., Davie, A. W., Ryan, D.A. (2010). Growth responses of Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyceae) to various temperatures. Journal of Plankton Research, 32, 1217–1221. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq038
  • Moal, J., Martin-Jezequel, V., Harris, R.P., Samain, J.-F., Poulet, S.A. (1987). Interspecific and intraspecific variability of the chemical composition of marine phytoplankton. Oceanologica Acta, 10(3), 339-346.
  • Neto, R.R., Mead, R.N., Louda, J.W., Jaffe, R. (2006). Organic biogeochemistry of detrital flocculent material (floc) in a subtropical, coastal, wetland. Biogeochemistry, 77, 283-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-5042-1
  • Philips, E.J., Zeman, C., Hansen, P. (1989). Growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and carbohydrate production by a unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 1, 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003876
  • Phlips, E.J., Badylak, S., Lynch, T.C. (1999). Blooms of the picoplanktonic cyanobacterium Synechococcus in Florida Bay, a subtropical inner shelf lagoon. Limnology and Oceanogtaphy, 44,1166–1175. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.4.1166
  • Rausch, T. (1981). The estimation of micro-algal protein content and its meaning to the evaluation of algal biomass I. Comparison of methods for extracting protein. Hydrobiologia, 78(3), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00008520
  • Ricca, J.G., Mayali, X., Qu, J., Weber, P.K., Poirier, G., Dufresne, C.P., Louda J.W., Terentis, A.C. (2024). Endogenous production and vibrational analysis of heavy-isotope-labeled peptides from Cyanobacteria. ChemBioChem, 25, e202400019. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202400019
  • Ross, C., Santiago-vazquez, L., Paul, V. (2006). Toxin release in response to oxidative stress and programmed cell death in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Aquatic Toxicology, 78, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.02.007
  • Sassi, K.K., Silva, J.A., Calixto, C.D., Sassi, R., Sassi, C.F. (2019). Metabolites of interest for food technology produced by microalgae from the Northeast Brazil. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 50(1), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190007
  • Schaffner, L.R., Govaert, L., De Meester, L., Ellner, S.P., Fairchild, E., Miner, B.E., Rudstam, L.G., Spaak, P., Hairston, Jr N.G. (2019). Consumer-resource dynamics is an eco-evolutionary process in a natural plankton community. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3, 1351–1358. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0960-9
  • Schreiber, E. (1927). Die Reinkultur von marinem Phytoplankton und deren Bedeutung für die Erforschung der Produktionsfähigkeit des Meerwassers. Wissenschaftliche. Meeresuntersuch., N.F. 10, 1-34.
  • Spaulding, S., & Edlund, M. (2009). Thalassiosira. In: Diatoms of the United States. http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/taxa/genus/Thalassiosira
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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Algology, Marine and Estuarine Ecology, Freshwater Ecology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cidya Grant 0009-0007-4097-6285

J. William Louda 0000-0001-7280-9907

Early Pub Date February 22, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date May 11, 2024
Acceptance Date September 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Grant, C., & Louda, J. W. (2025). Protein and carbohydrate contents related to varying light levels and chlorophyll-a in selected freshwater and marine phytoplankton. Aquatic Research, 8(2), 79-97.

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