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Türkiye’nin kuzeyinde ova ve kentsel alanlardan geçen bir akarsuyun mikrobiyal kirlilik göstergelerindeki mekânsal-zamansal değişimlerin değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 133 - 144, 12.04.2023

Beyhan Taş , Halim Topaldemir , Fikret Ustaoğlu , Zeynep Koloren

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23014

Öz

Kentsel gelişim nedeniyle su havzalarının bozulması, yüzey sularının antropojenik kaynaklı kirleticilere karşı savunmasızlığını artırmaktadır. Yüzme sularının yakınından boşalan kentsel akarsular, su kalitesinin bozulmasına önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunabilir. Araştırmada, Terme Çayı’nın dört farklı noktasından örnekler alınarak akarsuyun mikrobiyal kalitesi mevsimsel olarak araştırılmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik analizler, membran filtrasyonu ile standart metotlar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklerdeki fekal kontaminasyon koloni oluşturan birim (KOB) yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Terme Çayı su numunelerinde ortalama koloni sayısı toplam koliform, Escherichia coli ve Clostridium perfringens için sırasıyla 712 KOB/100 mL, 278 KOB/100 mL ve 64 KOB/100 mL olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu durum akarsuda fekal bir kontaminasyonun olduğunu göstermektedir. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği’ndeki bakteriyolojik parametrelere göre, Terme Çayı’nın toplam koliform bakteri sayısı bakımından II. Sınıf su kalitesinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre Terme Çayı’nın mikrobiyolojik kalite yönünden çok kirli olmayan, fakat kirlilik baskısı altında değerlere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kirlik düzeyinin artmaması için akarsu çevresindeki yerleşim ve tarım alanlarından gelen evsel atıkların/atıksuların, hayvansal atıkların ve drenaj kanallarının doğrudan akarsuya karışması engellenmeli, gerekli önlemlerin alınması konusunda halk bilinçlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fekal indikatör bakteriler Fekal kirlilik Kentsel ırmak Su kalitesi Terme Çayı

Destekleyen Kurum

Giresun Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

FEN-BAP-A-150219-30

Teşekkür

Ordu Halk Sağlığı Laboratuvarı’na, Biyolog Bülent Kaynak ve Biyolog Kasım DEMİR’e analizlerdeki destekleri için teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

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  • Dindar, E. (2019). İçme suyu kaynaklarında hidrodinamik kavitasyon yöntemi ile mikrobiyal kirlilik giderimi. Toprak Su Dergisi, 8(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.544670
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Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in microbial pollution indicators of a river passing through lowlands and urban areas in Northern Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 133 - 144, 12.04.2023

Beyhan Taş , Halim Topaldemir , Fikret Ustaoğlu , Zeynep Koloren

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23014

Öz

The degradation of watersheds due to urban development increases the vulnerability of surface waters to pollutants of anthropogenic origin. Urban streams draining near swimming waters can contribute significantly to the deterioration of water quality. In the study, the microbial quality of the Terme River was investigated seasonally by collecting samples from four different stream sites. Microbiological analyzes were performed using standard methods with membrane filtration. The colony-forming unit (CFU) method determined fecal contamination in samples. The mean number of colonies in Terme River water samples was determined as 712 CFU/100 mL, 278 CFU/100 mL, and 64 CFU/100 mL for total coliform, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens, respectively. This situation indicates that there was fecal contamination in the stream. According to the bacteriological parameters in the Water Pollution Control Regulation, Terme River was found to be of class II water quality in terms of total coliform bacteria count. The Research results determined that the Terme River is not much polluted in terms of microbiological quality but has values under the pressure of pollution. To not increase the pollution level, the direct mixing of domestic wastes/wastewater, animal wastes, and drainage channels from the settlements and agricultural areas around the river should be prevented. The public should be made aware of the necessary precautions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fecal indicator bacteria Fecal pollution Urban River Water quality Terme River

Proje Numarası

FEN-BAP-A-150219-30

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, T., Çolaker, F. (2020). Determining the level of bacteriological pollution level in Gelevera Creek, Giresun. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 5(4), 691-695. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.818132
  • Armah, F.A. (2014). Relationship between coliform bacteria and water chemistry in groundwater within gold mining environments in Ghana. Water Quality, Exposure, and Health, 5(4), 183-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-014-0110-1
  • Arnold, B.F., Schiff, K.C., Ercumen, A., Benjamin-Chung, J., Steele, J.A., Griffith, J.F., ..., Colford Jr, J.M. (2017). Acute illness among surfers after exposure to seawater in dry-and wet-weather conditions. American Journal of Epidemiology, 186(7), 866-875. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx019
  • Aydin, H., Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., Soylu, E.N. (2021). Assessment of water quality of streams in northeast Turkey by water quality index and multiple statistical methods. Environmental Forensics, 22(1-2), 270-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2020.1836074
  • Başören, Ö., Kazancı, N. (2015). The Distributional data of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in Yeşilırmak River (Turkey). Transylvanian Review of Systematical & Ecological Research, 17(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0046
  • Bat, L., Öztekin, A., Şahin, F., Arıcı, E., Özsandıkçı, U. (2018). An overview of the Black Sea pollution in Turkey. Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1(2), 66-86.
  • Blöschl, G., Hall, J., Viglione, A., Perdigão, R.A., Parajka, J., Merz, B., ..., Živković, N. (2019). Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods. Nature, 573(7772), 108-111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1495-6
  • Boithias, L., Ribolzi, O., Lacombe, G., Thammahacksa, C., Silvera, N., Latsachack, K., Soulileuth, B., Viguier, M., …, Rochelle-Newall, E. (2021). Quantifying the effect of overland flow on Escherichia coli pulses during floods: Use of a tracer-based approach in an erosion-prone tropical catchment. Journal of Hydrology, 594, 125935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125935
  • Çiftçi Türetken, P.S., Altuğ, G. (2016). Bacterial pollution, activity and heterotrophic diversity of the northern part of the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5109-6
  • Derx, J., Kılıç, H. S., Linke, R., Cervero-Aragó, S., Frick, C., Schijven, J., ..., Farnleitner, A. H. (2023). Probabilistic fecal pollution source profiling and microbial source tracking for an urban river catchment. Science of The Total Environment, 857, 159533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159533
  • Dindar, E. (2019). İçme suyu kaynaklarında hidrodinamik kavitasyon yöntemi ile mikrobiyal kirlilik giderimi. Toprak Su Dergisi, 8(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.544670
  • Gündoğdu, A., Çarlı, U. (2020a). Microbiological pollution and some physicochemical properties of sıkaraağaçlar creek in sinop (Black Sea-Turkey). Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 41(3), 580-593. http://dx.doi.org/10.17776/csj.672225
  • Gündoğdu, A., Çarlı, U. (2020b). Sinop Karasu Çayı fizikokimyasal özellikleri ve mikrobiyolojik kirliliğinin araştırılması. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(2), 284-299. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.690179
  • Henjum, M.B., Hozalski, R.M., Wennen, C.R., Arnold, W., Novak, P.J. (2010). Correlations between in situ sensor measurements and trace organic pollutants in urban streams. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12(1), 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1039/B912544B
  • Hulyar, O., Altuğ, G. (2020). The bacteriological risk transported to seas by rivers; the example of Çırpıcı River, the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 7(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260
  • Kalkan, S., Altuğ, G. (2020). The composition of cultivable bacteria, bacterial pollution, and environmental variables of the coastal areas: An example from the Southeastern Black Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08310-5
  • Karaman, U., Koloren, Z., Ayaz, E., Demirel, E., Seferoglu, O. (2017a). The Protozoa and helminths in the water of Terme and Kocaman Boroughs of Samsun Province. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 24(4), 472-476. https://doi.org/10.5455/jtomc.2017.09.124
  • Karaman, Ü., Kolören, Z., Seferoğlu, O., Ayaz, E., Demirel, E. (2017b). Samsun il ve ilçelerinden alınan çevresel sularda parazitlerin varlığı. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 41, 19-21.
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  • Kolören, Z., Delioğlu, B. K., Taş, B. (2017). Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts by loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in surface water from River Yeşilırmak and Stream Tersakan (Samsun-Amasya). Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology C-Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 6(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.18036/aubtdc.269434
  • Kolören, Z., Taş, B., Kaya, D. (2011a). Gaga Gölü (Ordu, Türkiye)’nün mikrobiyolojik kirlilik seviyesinin belirlenmesi. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 74-85.
  • Kolören, Z., Demirel, E., Taş, B. (2011b). Ulugöl (Ordu, Türkiye)’de fekal kirlilik indikatörü bakterilerin tespiti. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2), 151-156.
  • Kolören, Z., Kaya, D. (2012). Fecal pollution in rural water supplies of Ordu, at the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey: The effect of climate and environmental elements. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research, 28(2), 869-878.
  • Koo, B.S., Hwang, E.H., Kim, G., Park, J.Y., Oh, H., Lim, K.S., ..., Hong, J.J. (2020). Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolated from feces of captive cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Anaerobe, 64, 102236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102236
  • Li, E., Saleem, F., Edge, T.A., Schellhorn, H.E. (2021). Biological indicators for fecal pollution detection and source tracking: A review. Processes, 9(11), 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112058
  • Li, S., Wengang, S., Yufa, Z., Yujing, T., Yanxia, G., Zengmin, M. (2015). Spread of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from a swine farm to the receiving river. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 13033-13037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4575-7
  • Lintern, A., Webb, J.A., Ryu, D., Liu, S., Waters, D., Leahy, P., Bende-Michl, U., Western, A.W. (2018). What are the key catchment characteristics affecting spatial differences in riverine water quality? Water Resources Research, 54(10), 7252-7272. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022172
  • Mallin, M. A., Williams, K. E., Esham, E. C., & Lowe, R. P. (2000). Effect of human development on bacteriological water quality in coastal watersheds. Ecological Applications, 10(4), 1047-1056. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1047:EOHDOB]2.0.CO;2
  • Mallin, M.A., Ensign, S.H., McIver, M.R., Shank, G.C., Fowler, P.K. (2001). Demographic, landscape, and meteorological factors controlling the microbial pollution of coastal waters. The Ecology and Etiology of Newly Emerging Marine Diseases (pp. 185-193). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3284-0_17
  • MGM (2020). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Meteoroloji 10. Bölge (Samsun) Müdürlüğü, Samsun.
  • Neill, M. (2004). Microbiological indices for total coliform and E. coli bacteria in estuarine waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49(9–10), 752-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.05.016
  • Paule-Mercado, M.A., Ventura, J.S., Memon, S.A., Jahng, D., Kang, J.H., Lee, C.H. (2016). Monitoring and predicting the fecal indicator bacteria concentrations from agricultural, mixed land use and urban stormwater runoff. Science of the Total Environment, 550, 1171-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.026
  • Reynolds, L.J., Martin, N.A., Sala-Comorera, L., Callanan, K., Doyle, P., O’Leary, C., ..., Meijer, W.G. (2021). Identifying sources of faecal contamination in a small urban stream catchment: a multiparametric approach. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 1580. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.661954
  • Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Snow, D., Bartelt-Hunt, S.L., Paspalof, A., Tank, J.L. (2015). A review of ecological effects and environmental fate of illicit drugs in aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 282, 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.062
  • Savichtcheva, O., Okabe, S. (2006). Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Research, 40(13), 2463-2476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.040
  • Saxena, G., Bharagava, R.N., Kaithwas, G., Raj, A. (2015). Microbial indicators, pathogens and methods for their monitoring in water environment. Journal of Water and Health, 13(2), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.275
  • Scott, A., Tien, Y.C., Drury, C.F., Reynolds, W.D., Topp, E. (2018). Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes in soil receiving composts derived from swine manure, yard wastes, or food wastes, and evidence for multiyear persistence of swine Clostridium spp. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 64(3), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0642
  • Şener, Ş., Şener, E., Varol, S. (2020). Hydro-chemical and microbiological pollution assessment of irrigation water in Kızılırmak Delta (Turkey). Environmental Pollution, 266, 115214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115214
  • Shanks, O.C., Nietch, C., Simonich, M., Younger, M., Reynolds, D., & Field, K.G. (2006). Basin-wide analysis of the dynamics of fecal contamination and fecal source identification in Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(8), 5537-5546. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03059-05
  • Skanavis, C., Yanko, W.A. (2001). Clostridium perfringens as a potential indicator for the presence of sewage solids in marine sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(1), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00087-4
  • SKKY (2004). Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği. 31.12.2004 Tarih ve 25687 Sayılı Resmî Gazete, Ankara.
  • Sorensen, D.L., Eberl, S.G., Dicksa, R.A. (1989). Clostridium perfringens as a point source indicator in non-point polluted streams. Water Research, 23(2), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90043-2
  • Stelma, G.N. (2018). Use of bacterial spores in monitoring water quality and treatment. Journal of Water and Health, 16(4), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.013
  • Taş, B., Kolören, Z. (2017). Evaluation of water qualities of discharging area of some running waters into Black Sea in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. Review of Hydrobiology, 10(1), 1-19.
  • Taş, B., Tepe, Y., Ustaoğlu, F., Alptekin, S. (2019). Benthic algal diversity and water quality evaluation by biological approach of Turnasuyu Creek, NE Turkey. Desalination and Water Treatment, 155, 402-415. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24225
  • Taş, B., Yılmaz, Ö., Ustaoğlu, F. (2021). Ilıman bir Türkiye nehir havzasında dere su kalitesinin çok değişkenli analiz ve biyolojik yaklaşımlarla değerlendirilmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(1), 34-55. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.751773
  • Tepe, Y., Şimşek, A., Ustaoğlu, F., Taş, B. (2022). Spatial–temporal distribution and pollution indices of heavy metals in the Turnasuyu Stream sediment, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(11), 818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10490-1
  • Titilawo, Y., Obi, L., Okoh, A. (2015). Occurrence of virulence gene signatures associated with diarrhoeagenic and non-diarrhoeagenic pathovars of Escherichia coli isolates from some selected rivers in South-Western Nigeria. BMC Microbiology, 15, 204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-015-0540-3
  • TS EN ISO 6222. (1999). Su kalitesi - Kültürü yapılabilen mikroorganizmaların sayımı - Agar besiyerinde aşılama ile koloni sayımı.
  • TS EN ISO 9308-1. (2014). Su Kalitesi-Escherichia coli ve koliform bakterilerin tespiti ve sayımı-Bölüm 1: Membranla süzme yöntemi.
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  • Ustaoğlu, F., Kükrer, S., Taş, B., Topaldemir, H. (2022). Evaluation of metal accumulation in Terme River sediments using ecological indices and a bioindicator species. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 47399-47415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19224-9
  • Ustaoğlu, F., Taş, B., Tepe, Y., Topaldemir, H. (2021). Comprehensive assessment of water quality and associated health risk by using physicochemical quality indices and multivariate analysis in Terme River, Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(44), 62736-62754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15135-3
  • Wang, G., Paredes-Sabja, D., Sarker, M. R., Green, C., Setlow, P., Li, Y.Q. (2012). Effects of wet heat treatment on the germination of individual spores of Clostridium perfringens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(4), 824-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05387.x
  • Wang, J., Deng, Z. (2019). Modeling and predicting fecal coliform bacteria levels in oyster harvest waters along Louisiana Gulf coast. Ecological Indicators, 101, 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.013
  • Yüksel, B., Ustaoğlu, F., Arica, E. (2021). Impacts of a garbage disposal facility on the water quality of çavuşlu stream in Giresun, Turkey: A health risk assessment study by a validated ICP-MS assay. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 36(4), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE2020845246
  • Yümün, Z.E., Kam, E., Önce, M. (2023). Marmara Denizi’nde deniz salyası (müsilaj) oluşma nedenleri ve alınması gereken önlemler. Çevre Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 2(3), 98-115.
  • Zhang, Z., Deng, Z., Rusch, K. A. (2015). Modeling fecal coliform bacteria levels at Gulf Coast Beaches. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 7(3), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-014-0145-3
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Beyhan Taş 0000-0001-6421-2561

Halim Topaldemir 0000-0002-4494-9715

Fikret Ustaoğlu 0000-0002-8195-8557

Zeynep Koloren 0000-0001-9708-2716

Proje Numarası FEN-BAP-A-150219-30
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Taş, B., Topaldemir, H., Ustaoğlu, F., Koloren, Z. (2023). Türkiye’nin kuzeyinde ova ve kentsel alanlardan geçen bir akarsuyun mikrobiyal kirlilik göstergelerindeki mekânsal-zamansal değişimlerin değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Research, 6(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23014
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