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A preliminary life history traits analysis of sharks in the Sea of Marmara (Türkiye), where deoxygenation and habitat deterioration are raising concerns

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 72 - 82, 01.01.2023

Hakan Kabasakal , Serdar Sakınan , Lovrenc Lıpej , Danijel Ivajnšıč

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23008

Öz

Life history traits of 17 species of sharks occurring in the Sea of Marmara were analysed based on Gower’s distances, Principal Coordinate Analyses, and hierarchical clustering. The analysis shows that the sharks of the Sea of Marmara can ecologically be divided into several clusters. The increasing occurrence of sharks on the Marmara continental shelf, especially in the last few years, suggests that the expected habitat compression due to deoxygenation has begun to take place. This situation, which can be considered as a “habitat trap” for sharks, should be considered as a threat that may lead to shark mortalities due to the intensification of bycatches or even the intentional killing of sharks. Available results are sufficient to predict a disturbing future for sharks of the Sea of Marmara if the factors (deoxygenation, habitat loss, bycatch, etc.) threatening the overall ecosystem do not improve.

Anahtar Kelimeler

PCoA Ecology Sharks Habitat compression Mortality

Teşekkür

Authors thank to shrimp fisherman, who provided the video footage of the bramble shark depicted in Figure 3, and requested to keep his name anonymous.

Kaynakça

  • Akay, Ö., Yüksel, G. (2017). Clustering the mixed panel dataset using Gower's distance and k-prototypes algorithms, Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 47(10), 3031-3041. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2017.1367806
  • Aksan, S., Ergül, H.A. (2022). The effect of the disappearance of the natural costal-border line on pollution in the Sea of Marmara. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 82-86). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Aksu, A., Çağlar, N., Taşkın, Ö.S. (2022). The chemical characterization of mucilage in the Sea of Marmara and investigation of muclage agregation. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 13-17). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Artüz, M. L., Fricke, R. (2019). The marine teleost fishes of the Sea of Marmara; an updated and annotated checklist. Zootaxa, 4565(4), 545–565. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4565.4.9
  • Bayhan, Y.K., Çiçek, E., Ünlüer, T., Akkaya, M. (2006). Catch and by-catch composition of the shrimp fishery by beam trawl in the southeastern Sea of Marmara. E. U. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 23(3-4), 277-283.
  • Bök, T.D., Göktürk, D., Kahraman, A.E. (2011). Bycatch in 36 and 40 mm PA Turkish twin rigged beam trawl codends. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(37), 7294-7302.
  • Capapé, C. (2008). Diet of the angular rough shark Oxynotus centrina (Chondrichthyes: Oxynotidae) off the Languedocian coast (southern France, north-western Mediterranean). Vie et Milieu, 58(1), 57-61.
  • Compagno, L.J.V. (1984a). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Rome, FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125(4/1), 249 pp.
  • Compagno, L.J.V. (1984b). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. Rome, FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125(4/2), 251-655.
  • Consales, G., Marsili, L. (2021). Assessment of the conservation status of Chondrichthyans: underestimation of the pollution threat. The European Zoological Journal, 88(1), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2020.1858981
  • Çınar, M.E., Bilecenoğlu, M., Yokeş, M.B., Güçlüsoy, H. (2021). The last fortress fell: mass mortality of Pinna nobilis in the Sea of Marmara. Mediterranean Marine Science, 22(3), 669-676. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.27137
  • Dulvy N.K., Pacoureau, N., Rigby, C.L., Pollom, R. A., Jabado, R.W. et al. (2021). Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis, Current Biology, 31(21), 4773-4787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062
  • Ebert, D.A., Stehmann, M.F.W. (2013). Sharks, batoids and chimaeras of the North Atlantic. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes, No. 7. FAO, Rome, 523 pp.
  • Erlevent, B., Kum, S. (2022). The needed of a holistic approach to prevent the pollution from ships in Sea of Marmara. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 87-97). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Eryılmaz, L., Meriç, N. (2005). Review of fish fauna of the Sea of Marmara. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 11(2), 153-178.
  • Ferretti, F., Myers, R.A., Serena, F., Lotze, H.K. (2008). Loss of large predatory sharks from the Mediterranean Sea. Conservation Biology, 22(4), 952-964. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00938.x
  • Fowler, S.L., Cavanagh, R.D., Camhi, M., Burgess, G. H., Cailliet, G.M. (2005). Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes. Status Survey. IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 461 pp. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2005.SSC-AP.9.en
  • Froese, R., Pauly, D. (eds.) (2022). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https://www.fishbase.se/search.php (accessed 2.11.2022)
  • IUCN (2007). Review of migratory chondrichthyan fishes. Technical Report Series 15. IUCN and UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn. 72 pp.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2013). Bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus (Chondrichthyes: Hexanchidae), caught by commercial fishing vessels in the seas of Turkey between 1967 and 2013. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 23(1), 33-48.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2016). Historical dispersal of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, in Turkish waters: decline of a predator in response to the loss of its prey. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 26(2), 213-220.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2017). Remarks on incidental captures of deep-sea sharks in Marmaric shelf waters. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 27(2), 37-144.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2022a). Sharks of the Sea of Marmara: an overview on the sharks of a small inland sea. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A.C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 337-343). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2022b). Projections on the future of deep-sea sharks in the Sea of Marmara, where deep zones are threatened by deoxygenation: a review. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 32(1), 35-46.
  • Kabasakal, H., Türetken, K.F. (2021). Photographic documentation of tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Istanbul Strait: reoccurrence of a rare shark in troubled waters. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(3), 372-378.
  • Kabasakal, H., Öz, M.İ., Karhan, S.Ü., Çaylarbaşı, Z., Tural, U. (2005). Photographic evidence of the occurrence of bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Squaliformes: Echinorhinidae) from the Sea of Marmara. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 15(1), 51-56.
  • Karadurmuş, U., Sarı, M. (2022). Marine mucilage in the Sea of Marmara and its effects on the marine ecosystem: mass deaths. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 46(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-2108-14
  • Kocataş, A., Koray, T., Kaya, M., Kara, Ö.F. (1993). Review of the fishery resources and their environment in the Sea of Marmara. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Studies and Reviews No. 64, 87-143.
  • Ladds, M.A., Sibanda, N., Arnold, R., Dunn, M.R. (2018). Creating functional groups of marine fish from categorical traits. PeerJ 6, e5795. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5795
  • Lipej, L., Cumani, F., Aquavita, A., Bettoso, N. (2022). Plastic impact on sharks and rays. in: Bonnanno, G. & Orlando Bonaca, M. (Eds): Plastic Pollution and Marine Conservation Approaches to Protect Biodiversity and Marine Life, pp. 153-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822471-7.00005-5
  • Legendre, P., Gallagher, E.D. (2001). Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia, 129(2), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100716
  • Mantıkçı, M., Örek, H., Yücel, M., Uysal, Z., Arkın, S. (2022). Current oxygen status of the Sea of Marmara and the effect of mucilage. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 18-24). TUDAV, İstanbul. Mittlebach, G.G., Schemske, D.W. (2015). Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on community assembly. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30(5), 241-247. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.02.008
  • Motivarash, Y.B., Fofandi, D.C., Dabhi, R.M., Makrani, R.A., Tanna, P.D. (2020). Importance of sharks in ocean ecosystem. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(1), 611-613.
  • Mouillot, D. (2007). Niche-assembly vs. dispersal-assembly rules in coastal fish metacommunities: implications for management of biodiversity in brackish lagoons. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44(4), 760-767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01330.x
  • Özalp, H. B. (2021). A preliminary assessment of the mass mortality of some benthic species due to the mucilage phenomenon of 2021 in the Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles) and north Aegean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 154-166.
  • Öztürk, B., Öztürk, A.A. (1996). On the biology of the Turkish Straits System. Bulletin de l’Institut océanographique, Monaco, no spécial 17, 205-221.
  • Pavoine, S., Vallet, J., Dufour, A.-B., Gachet, S., Daniel, H. (2009). On the challenge of treating various types of variables: application for improving the measurement of functional diversity. Oikos, 118(3), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16668.x
  • Perrings, C., Walker, B.W. (1995). Biodiversity loss and the economics of discontinous change in semiarid rangelands. In Perrings, C., Mäler, K.G., Folke, C., Holling, C.S., Jansson, B.-O. (Eds.), Biodiversity Loss – Economic and Ecological Issues (p. 190-210). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174329.009
  • Pimiento, C., Leprieur, F., Silvestro, D., Lefcheck, J.S., Albouy, C. et al. (2020). Functional diversity of marine megafauna in the Anthropocene. ScienceAdvances, 6(16), eaay7650. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay7650
  • Salihoğlu, B., Fach Salihoğlu, B., Tezcan, D. Tuğrul, S., Akoğlu, E., Özkan, K., Arkın, S. (2022). Sea of Marmara ecosystem under multiple stressors and rehabilitation plans. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 49-53). TUDAV, İstanbul. Serena, F. (2005). Field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome, FAO. 97 pp.
  • Sims, D.W. (2019). The significance of ocean deoxygenation for elasmobranchs. in D. Laffoley & J.M. Baxter (Eds.), Ocean deoxygenation: everyone’s problem. Causes, impacts, consequences and solutions (p. 431-448). IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme.
  • Stevens, J.D., Bonfil, R., Dulvy, N.K., Walker, P.A. (2000). The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3), 476-494. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0724
  • Tan, İ., Demirtaş, A. (2022). Evaluation of pressures on the Sea of Marmara. in B. Öztürk, H.A. Ergül, A.C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 104-108). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Topçu, E.N., Öztürk, B. (2015). Composition and abundance of octocorals in the Sea of Marmara, where the Mediterranean meets the Black Sea. Scientia Marina, 79(1), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04120.09A

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 72 - 82, 01.01.2023

Hakan Kabasakal , Serdar Sakınan , Lovrenc Lıpej , Danijel Ivajnšıč

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23008

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

PCoA ecology sharks habitat compression mortality PCoA Ecology Sharks Habitat compression Mo Mortality

Kaynakça

  • Akay, Ö., Yüksel, G. (2017). Clustering the mixed panel dataset using Gower's distance and k-prototypes algorithms, Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 47(10), 3031-3041. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2017.1367806
  • Aksan, S., Ergül, H.A. (2022). The effect of the disappearance of the natural costal-border line on pollution in the Sea of Marmara. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 82-86). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Aksu, A., Çağlar, N., Taşkın, Ö.S. (2022). The chemical characterization of mucilage in the Sea of Marmara and investigation of muclage agregation. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 13-17). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Artüz, M. L., Fricke, R. (2019). The marine teleost fishes of the Sea of Marmara; an updated and annotated checklist. Zootaxa, 4565(4), 545–565. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4565.4.9
  • Bayhan, Y.K., Çiçek, E., Ünlüer, T., Akkaya, M. (2006). Catch and by-catch composition of the shrimp fishery by beam trawl in the southeastern Sea of Marmara. E. U. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 23(3-4), 277-283.
  • Bök, T.D., Göktürk, D., Kahraman, A.E. (2011). Bycatch in 36 and 40 mm PA Turkish twin rigged beam trawl codends. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(37), 7294-7302.
  • Capapé, C. (2008). Diet of the angular rough shark Oxynotus centrina (Chondrichthyes: Oxynotidae) off the Languedocian coast (southern France, north-western Mediterranean). Vie et Milieu, 58(1), 57-61.
  • Compagno, L.J.V. (1984a). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Rome, FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125(4/1), 249 pp.
  • Compagno, L.J.V. (1984b). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. Rome, FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125(4/2), 251-655.
  • Consales, G., Marsili, L. (2021). Assessment of the conservation status of Chondrichthyans: underestimation of the pollution threat. The European Zoological Journal, 88(1), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750263.2020.1858981
  • Çınar, M.E., Bilecenoğlu, M., Yokeş, M.B., Güçlüsoy, H. (2021). The last fortress fell: mass mortality of Pinna nobilis in the Sea of Marmara. Mediterranean Marine Science, 22(3), 669-676. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.27137
  • Dulvy N.K., Pacoureau, N., Rigby, C.L., Pollom, R. A., Jabado, R.W. et al. (2021). Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis, Current Biology, 31(21), 4773-4787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062
  • Ebert, D.A., Stehmann, M.F.W. (2013). Sharks, batoids and chimaeras of the North Atlantic. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes, No. 7. FAO, Rome, 523 pp.
  • Erlevent, B., Kum, S. (2022). The needed of a holistic approach to prevent the pollution from ships in Sea of Marmara. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 87-97). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Eryılmaz, L., Meriç, N. (2005). Review of fish fauna of the Sea of Marmara. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 11(2), 153-178.
  • Ferretti, F., Myers, R.A., Serena, F., Lotze, H.K. (2008). Loss of large predatory sharks from the Mediterranean Sea. Conservation Biology, 22(4), 952-964. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00938.x
  • Fowler, S.L., Cavanagh, R.D., Camhi, M., Burgess, G. H., Cailliet, G.M. (2005). Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes. Status Survey. IUCN/SSC Shark Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 461 pp. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2005.SSC-AP.9.en
  • Froese, R., Pauly, D. (eds.) (2022). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. https://www.fishbase.se/search.php (accessed 2.11.2022)
  • IUCN (2007). Review of migratory chondrichthyan fishes. Technical Report Series 15. IUCN and UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn. 72 pp.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2013). Bluntnose sixgill shark, Hexanchus griseus (Chondrichthyes: Hexanchidae), caught by commercial fishing vessels in the seas of Turkey between 1967 and 2013. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 23(1), 33-48.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2016). Historical dispersal of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, in Turkish waters: decline of a predator in response to the loss of its prey. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 26(2), 213-220.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2017). Remarks on incidental captures of deep-sea sharks in Marmaric shelf waters. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 27(2), 37-144.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2022a). Sharks of the Sea of Marmara: an overview on the sharks of a small inland sea. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A.C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 337-343). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Kabasakal, H. (2022b). Projections on the future of deep-sea sharks in the Sea of Marmara, where deep zones are threatened by deoxygenation: a review. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 32(1), 35-46.
  • Kabasakal, H., Türetken, K.F. (2021). Photographic documentation of tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Istanbul Strait: reoccurrence of a rare shark in troubled waters. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(3), 372-378.
  • Kabasakal, H., Öz, M.İ., Karhan, S.Ü., Çaylarbaşı, Z., Tural, U. (2005). Photographic evidence of the occurrence of bramble shark, Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Squaliformes: Echinorhinidae) from the Sea of Marmara. Annales Series Historia Naturalis, 15(1), 51-56.
  • Karadurmuş, U., Sarı, M. (2022). Marine mucilage in the Sea of Marmara and its effects on the marine ecosystem: mass deaths. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 46(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-2108-14
  • Kocataş, A., Koray, T., Kaya, M., Kara, Ö.F. (1993). Review of the fishery resources and their environment in the Sea of Marmara. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Studies and Reviews No. 64, 87-143.
  • Ladds, M.A., Sibanda, N., Arnold, R., Dunn, M.R. (2018). Creating functional groups of marine fish from categorical traits. PeerJ 6, e5795. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5795
  • Lipej, L., Cumani, F., Aquavita, A., Bettoso, N. (2022). Plastic impact on sharks and rays. in: Bonnanno, G. & Orlando Bonaca, M. (Eds): Plastic Pollution and Marine Conservation Approaches to Protect Biodiversity and Marine Life, pp. 153-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822471-7.00005-5
  • Legendre, P., Gallagher, E.D. (2001). Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia, 129(2), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100716
  • Mantıkçı, M., Örek, H., Yücel, M., Uysal, Z., Arkın, S. (2022). Current oxygen status of the Sea of Marmara and the effect of mucilage. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 18-24). TUDAV, İstanbul. Mittlebach, G.G., Schemske, D.W. (2015). Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on community assembly. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30(5), 241-247. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.02.008
  • Motivarash, Y.B., Fofandi, D.C., Dabhi, R.M., Makrani, R.A., Tanna, P.D. (2020). Importance of sharks in ocean ecosystem. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(1), 611-613.
  • Mouillot, D. (2007). Niche-assembly vs. dispersal-assembly rules in coastal fish metacommunities: implications for management of biodiversity in brackish lagoons. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44(4), 760-767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01330.x
  • Özalp, H. B. (2021). A preliminary assessment of the mass mortality of some benthic species due to the mucilage phenomenon of 2021 in the Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles) and north Aegean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(2), 154-166.
  • Öztürk, B., Öztürk, A.A. (1996). On the biology of the Turkish Straits System. Bulletin de l’Institut océanographique, Monaco, no spécial 17, 205-221.
  • Pavoine, S., Vallet, J., Dufour, A.-B., Gachet, S., Daniel, H. (2009). On the challenge of treating various types of variables: application for improving the measurement of functional diversity. Oikos, 118(3), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16668.x
  • Perrings, C., Walker, B.W. (1995). Biodiversity loss and the economics of discontinous change in semiarid rangelands. In Perrings, C., Mäler, K.G., Folke, C., Holling, C.S., Jansson, B.-O. (Eds.), Biodiversity Loss – Economic and Ecological Issues (p. 190-210). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174329.009
  • Pimiento, C., Leprieur, F., Silvestro, D., Lefcheck, J.S., Albouy, C. et al. (2020). Functional diversity of marine megafauna in the Anthropocene. ScienceAdvances, 6(16), eaay7650. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay7650
  • Salihoğlu, B., Fach Salihoğlu, B., Tezcan, D. Tuğrul, S., Akoğlu, E., Özkan, K., Arkın, S. (2022). Sea of Marmara ecosystem under multiple stressors and rehabilitation plans. in B. Öztürk, H. A. Ergül, A. C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 49-53). TUDAV, İstanbul. Serena, F. (2005). Field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome, FAO. 97 pp.
  • Sims, D.W. (2019). The significance of ocean deoxygenation for elasmobranchs. in D. Laffoley & J.M. Baxter (Eds.), Ocean deoxygenation: everyone’s problem. Causes, impacts, consequences and solutions (p. 431-448). IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme.
  • Stevens, J.D., Bonfil, R., Dulvy, N.K., Walker, P.A. (2000). The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3), 476-494. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0724
  • Tan, İ., Demirtaş, A. (2022). Evaluation of pressures on the Sea of Marmara. in B. Öztürk, H.A. Ergül, A.C. Yalçıner, H. Öztürk & B. Salihoğlu (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium “The Sea of Marmara 2022” 8-9 January 2022 (p. 104-108). TUDAV, İstanbul.
  • Topçu, E.N., Öztürk, B. (2015). Composition and abundance of octocorals in the Sea of Marmara, where the Mediterranean meets the Black Sea. Scientia Marina, 79(1), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04120.09A
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Short Communication
Yazarlar

Hakan Kabasakal 0000-0001-5358-6330

Serdar Sakınan 0000-0002-5651-2836

Lovrenc Lıpej 0000-0002-7608-1631

Danijel Ivajnšıč 0000-0003-4419-5295

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kabasakal, H., Sakınan, S., Lıpej, L., Ivajnšıč, D. (2023). A preliminary life history traits analysis of sharks in the Sea of Marmara (Türkiye), where deoxygenation and habitat deterioration are raising concerns. Aquatic Research, 6(1), 72-82. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23008
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