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Monitoring of river health using aquatic insects: A study on Jatinga River, North East India

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 363 - 375, 01.10.2021

Tanushree Chakravarty Susmıta Gupta

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21031

Öz

A biomonitoring study of River Jatinga located in south Assam, north east India was conducted for the first time. The study aimed to evaluate water quality of the river in different stretches using aquatic insect as bioindicators. Insect samples were collected from selected sites of midstream and downstream of the river during monsoon- post monsoon, 2018 and winter- pre monsoon, 2019. A total of 25 families of aquatic insects recorded from 8 orders; Gerridae was eudominant in midstream across all the seasons with highest percentage in winter. Hemiptera, the most diverse group was represented by six families with highest relative abundance. The study found that although both the sites were represented by same functional feeding groups, there were seasonal and spatial variations in the families of insects and their percentage occurrences. All the biotic indices, BMWPTHAI, SIGNAL2 scores, EPT % and HFBI have shown relatively better quality of water of the River Jatinga in the midstream than that in the downstream during monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Presence/absence and abundance of certain insect groups can provide information about health of the river.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jatinga river Bioindicators Eudominant Gerridae Functional feeding group

Teşekkür

Authors thank Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar for providing necessary laboratory facilities. First author is thankful to the University for providing Institutional fellowship (non-NET).

Kaynakça

  • Aazami, J., KianiMehr, N., Zamani, A. (2019). Ecological water health assessment using benthic macroinvertebrate communities (case study: the Ghezel Ozan River in Zanjan Province, Iran). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7894-1
  • Aazami, J., Maghsodlo, H., Mira, S.S., Valikhani, H. (2020). Health evaluation of riverine ecosystems using aquatic macroinvertbrates: a case study of Mohammad-Abad River Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 2637-2644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02658-4
  • Adu, B.W., Oyeniyi, E.A. (2019). Water quality parameters and aquatic insect diversity in Aahoo stream, southwestern Nigeria. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 80(15), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-019-0085-3
  • Akyildiz, G.K., Duran, M. (2021). Evaluation of the impact of heterogeneous environmental pollutants on benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality by long-term monitoring of the Buyuk Menderes river basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(5), 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08981-8
  • Arthington, A.H., Naiman, R.J., McClain, M.E., Nilsson, C. (2010). Preserving the biodiversity and ecological services of rivers: new challenges and opportunities. Freshwater Biology, 55, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02340.x
  • Arunachalam, M., Nair, K.C.M., Vijverberg, J., Kortmulder, K., and Suriyanarayanan, H. (1991). Substrate selection and seasonal variation in densities of invertebrates in stream pools of a tropical river. Hydrobiologia, 213, 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015000
  • Azmi, W.A., Hussin, N.H., Amin, N.M. (2018). Monitoring of water quality using aquatic insects as biological indicators in three streams of Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 13, 67-76.
  • Barathy, S., Sivaruban, T., Arunachalam, M., Srinivasan, P. (2021). Community structure of Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) in tropical streams of Western Ghats of Southern India. Aquatic Research, 4(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21003
  • Barman, B., Gupta, S. (2015). Aquatic insects as bio-indicator of water quality- A study on Bakuamari stream, Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, North East India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 3, 178-186.
  • Bhattacharya, R.K., Chatterjee, N.D., Dolui, G. (2019). Consequences of sand mining on water quality and instream biota an alluvial stream: a case-specific study in South Bengal River, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5, 1815-1832.
  • Birk, S., Bonne, W., Borja, A., Brucet, S., Courrat, A., Poikane, S., Solimini, A., van de Bund, W.V., Zampoukas, N., Hering, D. (2012). Three hundred ways to assess Europe’s surface waters: An almost complete overview of biological methods to implement the Water Framework Directive. Ecological Indicator, 18, 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.009.
  • Boonsoong, B., Braasch, D. (2013). Heptageniidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of Thailand. Zookeys, 272, 61-93.
  • Bouchard, R.W. (2009). Guide to aquatic invertebrate families of Mongolia identification manual for students, citizen monitors, and aquatic resource professionals. Chironomidae research group, University of Minnesota.
  • Brasil, L.S., Juen, L., Batista, J.D., Pavan, M.G., Cabette, H.S.R. (2014). Longitudinal distribution of the functional feeding groups of aquatic insects in streams of the Brazilian Cerrado Savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 43, 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0234-9
  • Brittain, J.E. (1974). Studies on the lentic Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera of southern Norway. Norskent Tidsskrift, 21, 135-151.
  • Carter, J.L., Resh, V.H., Morgan, J.H. (2017). Macroinvertebrates as biotic indicators of environmental quality. In: Lamberti, G.A., Hauer, F.R. (Eds.), Methods in stream ecology (Third edition). Academic Press. 293-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813047-6.00016-4
  • Chaw, V.V., Harun, S., Hee, K.B., Hui, A.W.B., Fikri, A.H. (2018). Aquatic insect and water quality study at Kimanis River, Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 15, 223-245.
  • Chessman, B. (2003). SIGNAL2- a scoring system for macroinvertebrate (‘water bugs’) in Australian rivers. Monitoring River Health Initiative Technical Report number 31, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 32. ISBN: 0 642 54897 8
  • Choate, P.M. (2003). Identification of Beetles (Coleoptera). Department Entomology and Nematology University of Florida, 1-12.
  • Engelmann, H.D. (1978). Zur dominanzklassifikazierung von bodenarthropoden. Pedobiologia, 18, 378-380.
  • Eriksen, T.E., Brittain, J.E., Søli, G., Jacobsen, D., Goethals, P., Friberg, N. (2021). A global perspective on the application of riverine macroinvertebrates as biological indicators in Africa, South-Central America, Mexico and Southern Asia, Ecological Indicators, 126, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107609
  • FSI (2019). India State Forest Report; Assam. Government of India. https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-assam.pdf (accessed on April 16, 2020).
  • Ganguly, I., Patnaik, L., Nayak, S. (2018). Macroinvertebrates and its impact in assessing water quality of riverine system: A case study of Mahanadi River, Cuttack, India, Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10 (3), 958-963. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1817
  • Gupta, A., Michael, R.G. (1983). Seasonal differences and relative abundance among populations of benthic aquatic insects in a moderately high altitude stream. Proc. Wkshp. High Alt. Ent. and Wildl. Ecol. Zool. Surv. India, 21-38.
  • Habib, S., Yousuf, A.R. (2012). Benthic macroinvertebrate community of Yousmarg streams (Doodganga stream and Khanshah Manshah canal) in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 4, 280-289. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE12.014
  • Hellawell, J.M. (1986). Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. In: Melanby K, Editor, Pollution Monitoring Series, New York: Elsevier Science Publisher Ltd., 1-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4315-5
  • Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1988). Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a famiy-level biotic index. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7, 65-68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467832
  • Lenat, D.R., Smock, A., Penrose, D.L. (1980). Use of benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of environmental quality, Biological monitoring for environmental effects, Lexington books, Toronto, 97–114. ISBN: 0 669 03306 5
  • Li, L., Zheng, B., Liu, L. (2010). Biomonitoring and bioindicators used for River ecosystems: Definitions, approaches and trends. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, 1510-1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.164.
  • Mahmoud, M.A., Riad, S.A. (2020). Ecological studies on some aquatic insects in the Damietta branch, River Nile of Egypt as bioindicators of pollution. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(4), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.202095322
  • Mandaville, S.M. (2002). Benthic macroinvertebrates in freshwaters-taxa tolerance values, metrics, and protocols. Soil and Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  • Marsese, F.O., Kitaka, N., Kipkemboi, J., Gettel, G.M., Irvine, K., Mc Clain, M.E. (2014). Macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in Kenyan highland streams: evidence for a diverse shredder guild. Freshwater Science, 33, 435-450. https://doi.org/10.1086/675681
  • Marwein, I., Gupta, S. (2018). Aquatic insects as indicator of water quality: A study on a small stream of Shillong, Meghalaya, North-East India. Indian Journal of Ecology, 45, 511-517.
  • Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. (1996). An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, I.A., 862. ISBN: 978-0787232412
  • Meyer, J.L., Sale, M.J., Mulholland, P.J., Poff, N.L. (1999). Impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystem functioning and health, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1373-1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04222.x
  • Musonge, P.S., Boets, P., Lock, K., Ambarita, M.N.D., Forio, M.A.E., and Goethals, P.L. (2020). Rwenzori Score (RS): A benthic macroinvertebrate index for biomonitoring rivers and streams in the Rwenzori region, Ugenda, Sustainability, 12, 10473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410473
  • Mustow, S.E. (2002). Biological monitoring of rivers in Thailand: Use and adaptation of the BMWP score. Hydrobiologia, 479, 191-229.
  • Oertel, N., Salanki, J. (2003). Biomonitoring and bioindicators in aquatic ecosystems. In:Ambasht RS and Ambasht NK (Eds.), Modern trends in applied aquatic ecology, Kluwer/Academic Plennum Publishers, New York, 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0221-0_10
  • Pennak, R.W. (1978). Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York City, 803. https://doi.org/10.4319/Io.1980.25.2.0383a
  • Rosenberg, D.M., Resh, V.H. (1993). Introduction to freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. In: Rosenberg, DM and Resh, VH, Editors, Freshwater biomonitring and benthic macroinvertebrates: Chapman and Hall, New York, 1–9. ISBN: 0412 02251 6 Sandin, L., Johnson, R.K. (2000). The statistical power of selected indicator metrics using macroinvertebrates for assessing acidification and eutrophication of running waters. Hydrobiologia, 422, 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017082619481
  • Stonedahl, G.M., Lattin, J.D. (1982). The Gerridae or Water Striders of Oregon and Washington (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 144, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon, 36.
  • Subramanian, K.A., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. (2005). Habitat and microhabitat distribution of stream insect communities of the Western Ghats. Current Science, 89, 976-987.
  • Subramanian, K.A., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. (2007). Aquatic Insects for Biomonitoring Freshwater Ecosystems-A Methodology Manual. Ashoka Trust for Ecology and Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India, 31.
  • Takhelmaym, K., Gupta, S., Singh, N.R. (2013). Diversity and density of aquatic insects in the lower reach of River Moirang, Manipur, North East India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 83, 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0166-x
  • Thirumalai, G. (1999). Aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera of India. Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists, Hyderabad, 7, 1-74.
  • Turkmen, G., Kazanci, N. (2010). Applications of biodiversity indices to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams of a national park in Turkey. Review of Hydrobiology, 3 (2), 111-125.
  • Wahizatul, A.A., Long, S.H., Ahmed, A. (2011). Composition and distribution of aquatic insect communities in relation to water quality in two freshwaters streams of Hulu Terengganu, Terngganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 6, 148-155.

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 363 - 375, 01.10.2021

Tanushree Chakravarty Susmıta Gupta

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21031

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aazami, J., KianiMehr, N., Zamani, A. (2019). Ecological water health assessment using benthic macroinvertebrate communities (case study: the Ghezel Ozan River in Zanjan Province, Iran). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7894-1
  • Aazami, J., Maghsodlo, H., Mira, S.S., Valikhani, H. (2020). Health evaluation of riverine ecosystems using aquatic macroinvertbrates: a case study of Mohammad-Abad River Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 2637-2644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02658-4
  • Adu, B.W., Oyeniyi, E.A. (2019). Water quality parameters and aquatic insect diversity in Aahoo stream, southwestern Nigeria. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 80(15), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-019-0085-3
  • Akyildiz, G.K., Duran, M. (2021). Evaluation of the impact of heterogeneous environmental pollutants on benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality by long-term monitoring of the Buyuk Menderes river basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(5), 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08981-8
  • Arthington, A.H., Naiman, R.J., McClain, M.E., Nilsson, C. (2010). Preserving the biodiversity and ecological services of rivers: new challenges and opportunities. Freshwater Biology, 55, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02340.x
  • Arunachalam, M., Nair, K.C.M., Vijverberg, J., Kortmulder, K., and Suriyanarayanan, H. (1991). Substrate selection and seasonal variation in densities of invertebrates in stream pools of a tropical river. Hydrobiologia, 213, 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015000
  • Azmi, W.A., Hussin, N.H., Amin, N.M. (2018). Monitoring of water quality using aquatic insects as biological indicators in three streams of Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 13, 67-76.
  • Barathy, S., Sivaruban, T., Arunachalam, M., Srinivasan, P. (2021). Community structure of Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) in tropical streams of Western Ghats of Southern India. Aquatic Research, 4(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21003
  • Barman, B., Gupta, S. (2015). Aquatic insects as bio-indicator of water quality- A study on Bakuamari stream, Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, North East India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 3, 178-186.
  • Bhattacharya, R.K., Chatterjee, N.D., Dolui, G. (2019). Consequences of sand mining on water quality and instream biota an alluvial stream: a case-specific study in South Bengal River, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5, 1815-1832.
  • Birk, S., Bonne, W., Borja, A., Brucet, S., Courrat, A., Poikane, S., Solimini, A., van de Bund, W.V., Zampoukas, N., Hering, D. (2012). Three hundred ways to assess Europe’s surface waters: An almost complete overview of biological methods to implement the Water Framework Directive. Ecological Indicator, 18, 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.009.
  • Boonsoong, B., Braasch, D. (2013). Heptageniidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of Thailand. Zookeys, 272, 61-93.
  • Bouchard, R.W. (2009). Guide to aquatic invertebrate families of Mongolia identification manual for students, citizen monitors, and aquatic resource professionals. Chironomidae research group, University of Minnesota.
  • Brasil, L.S., Juen, L., Batista, J.D., Pavan, M.G., Cabette, H.S.R. (2014). Longitudinal distribution of the functional feeding groups of aquatic insects in streams of the Brazilian Cerrado Savanna. Neotropical Entomology, 43, 421-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0234-9
  • Brittain, J.E. (1974). Studies on the lentic Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera of southern Norway. Norskent Tidsskrift, 21, 135-151.
  • Carter, J.L., Resh, V.H., Morgan, J.H. (2017). Macroinvertebrates as biotic indicators of environmental quality. In: Lamberti, G.A., Hauer, F.R. (Eds.), Methods in stream ecology (Third edition). Academic Press. 293-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813047-6.00016-4
  • Chaw, V.V., Harun, S., Hee, K.B., Hui, A.W.B., Fikri, A.H. (2018). Aquatic insect and water quality study at Kimanis River, Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 15, 223-245.
  • Chessman, B. (2003). SIGNAL2- a scoring system for macroinvertebrate (‘water bugs’) in Australian rivers. Monitoring River Health Initiative Technical Report number 31, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 32. ISBN: 0 642 54897 8
  • Choate, P.M. (2003). Identification of Beetles (Coleoptera). Department Entomology and Nematology University of Florida, 1-12.
  • Engelmann, H.D. (1978). Zur dominanzklassifikazierung von bodenarthropoden. Pedobiologia, 18, 378-380.
  • Eriksen, T.E., Brittain, J.E., Søli, G., Jacobsen, D., Goethals, P., Friberg, N. (2021). A global perspective on the application of riverine macroinvertebrates as biological indicators in Africa, South-Central America, Mexico and Southern Asia, Ecological Indicators, 126, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107609
  • FSI (2019). India State Forest Report; Assam. Government of India. https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-assam.pdf (accessed on April 16, 2020).
  • Ganguly, I., Patnaik, L., Nayak, S. (2018). Macroinvertebrates and its impact in assessing water quality of riverine system: A case study of Mahanadi River, Cuttack, India, Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10 (3), 958-963. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1817
  • Gupta, A., Michael, R.G. (1983). Seasonal differences and relative abundance among populations of benthic aquatic insects in a moderately high altitude stream. Proc. Wkshp. High Alt. Ent. and Wildl. Ecol. Zool. Surv. India, 21-38.
  • Habib, S., Yousuf, A.R. (2012). Benthic macroinvertebrate community of Yousmarg streams (Doodganga stream and Khanshah Manshah canal) in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 4, 280-289. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE12.014
  • Hellawell, J.M. (1986). Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. In: Melanby K, Editor, Pollution Monitoring Series, New York: Elsevier Science Publisher Ltd., 1-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4315-5
  • Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1988). Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a famiy-level biotic index. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7, 65-68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467832
  • Lenat, D.R., Smock, A., Penrose, D.L. (1980). Use of benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of environmental quality, Biological monitoring for environmental effects, Lexington books, Toronto, 97–114. ISBN: 0 669 03306 5
  • Li, L., Zheng, B., Liu, L. (2010). Biomonitoring and bioindicators used for River ecosystems: Definitions, approaches and trends. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, 1510-1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.164.
  • Mahmoud, M.A., Riad, S.A. (2020). Ecological studies on some aquatic insects in the Damietta branch, River Nile of Egypt as bioindicators of pollution. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(4), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.202095322
  • Mandaville, S.M. (2002). Benthic macroinvertebrates in freshwaters-taxa tolerance values, metrics, and protocols. Soil and Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  • Marsese, F.O., Kitaka, N., Kipkemboi, J., Gettel, G.M., Irvine, K., Mc Clain, M.E. (2014). Macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in Kenyan highland streams: evidence for a diverse shredder guild. Freshwater Science, 33, 435-450. https://doi.org/10.1086/675681
  • Marwein, I., Gupta, S. (2018). Aquatic insects as indicator of water quality: A study on a small stream of Shillong, Meghalaya, North-East India. Indian Journal of Ecology, 45, 511-517.
  • Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. (1996). An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, I.A., 862. ISBN: 978-0787232412
  • Meyer, J.L., Sale, M.J., Mulholland, P.J., Poff, N.L. (1999). Impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystem functioning and health, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35, 1373-1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04222.x
  • Musonge, P.S., Boets, P., Lock, K., Ambarita, M.N.D., Forio, M.A.E., and Goethals, P.L. (2020). Rwenzori Score (RS): A benthic macroinvertebrate index for biomonitoring rivers and streams in the Rwenzori region, Ugenda, Sustainability, 12, 10473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410473
  • Mustow, S.E. (2002). Biological monitoring of rivers in Thailand: Use and adaptation of the BMWP score. Hydrobiologia, 479, 191-229.
  • Oertel, N., Salanki, J. (2003). Biomonitoring and bioindicators in aquatic ecosystems. In:Ambasht RS and Ambasht NK (Eds.), Modern trends in applied aquatic ecology, Kluwer/Academic Plennum Publishers, New York, 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0221-0_10
  • Pennak, R.W. (1978). Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York City, 803. https://doi.org/10.4319/Io.1980.25.2.0383a
  • Rosenberg, D.M., Resh, V.H. (1993). Introduction to freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. In: Rosenberg, DM and Resh, VH, Editors, Freshwater biomonitring and benthic macroinvertebrates: Chapman and Hall, New York, 1–9. ISBN: 0412 02251 6 Sandin, L., Johnson, R.K. (2000). The statistical power of selected indicator metrics using macroinvertebrates for assessing acidification and eutrophication of running waters. Hydrobiologia, 422, 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017082619481
  • Stonedahl, G.M., Lattin, J.D. (1982). The Gerridae or Water Striders of Oregon and Washington (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 144, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon, 36.
  • Subramanian, K.A., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. (2005). Habitat and microhabitat distribution of stream insect communities of the Western Ghats. Current Science, 89, 976-987.
  • Subramanian, K.A., Sivaramakrishnan, K.G. (2007). Aquatic Insects for Biomonitoring Freshwater Ecosystems-A Methodology Manual. Ashoka Trust for Ecology and Environment (ATREE), Bangalore, India, 31.
  • Takhelmaym, K., Gupta, S., Singh, N.R. (2013). Diversity and density of aquatic insects in the lower reach of River Moirang, Manipur, North East India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 83, 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0166-x
  • Thirumalai, G. (1999). Aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera of India. Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists, Hyderabad, 7, 1-74.
  • Turkmen, G., Kazanci, N. (2010). Applications of biodiversity indices to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams of a national park in Turkey. Review of Hydrobiology, 3 (2), 111-125.
  • Wahizatul, A.A., Long, S.H., Ahmed, A. (2011). Composition and distribution of aquatic insect communities in relation to water quality in two freshwaters streams of Hulu Terengganu, Terngganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 6, 148-155.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Tanushree Chakravarty 0000-0003-4277-7451

Susmıta Gupta 0000-0002-2738-6789

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Chakravarty, T., & Gupta, S. (2021). Monitoring of river health using aquatic insects: A study on Jatinga River, North East India. Aquatic Research, 4(4), 363-375. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21031
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