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Comparison of waste lithium-ion batteries recycling methods by different decision making techniques

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 226 - 241, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1243162

Öz

Today, to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to prevent gas emissions that are increasing day by day, vehicles working with electrical energy have started to be produced and developed. The environmental impact of the batteries of electric vehicles, which are increasing in number, is an undeniable fact and is predicted to be a major problem. In this study, three different alternative recycling processes were selected for waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), namely pyrometallurgical process, hydrometallurgical process and direct recycling.These processes were compared in terms of their technical, economic, environmental and social aspects using a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach.. From this point of view, in this study, entropy method which is an objective method was used to weight the criteria and Analytic Network Process (ANP) and TOPSIS methods were used to prioritise the alternatives in order to determine the best process for the recycling of waste LIBs. The alternatives were determined as being pyrometallurgical process, hydrometallurgical process and direct recycling, and these alternatives were evaluated in terms of environmental, economic, technical, and social dimensions. Afterwards, sensitivity analysis was performed. The ranking results showed that direct recycling is the best alternative (with values of 0.68 and 0.8101 for ANP and TOPSIS, respectively). In addition, sensitivity analysis was applied for the robustness of the results. As a result of the sensitivity analysis, direct recycling was found to be the best alternative.

Kaynakça

  • S. Kocabey, “Elektrikli otomobillerin dünü, bugünü ve geleceği,” Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, Vol. 1(1), Article 1623, 2018. [Turkish].
  • E. Can Güven, and K. Gedik, “Environmental management of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries,” Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, Vol. 9(2), pp. 726737, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • B. Çelebi, “Plug-in hibrit elektrikli araçlar, mühendislik ve fen bilimlerinde yeni gelişmeler (pp. 167194). SRA Publishing, 2020. [Turkish]
  • United Notions Climate Change. Sharm El-Sheikh Climate Change Conference - November 2022. https://unfccc.int/cop27 2022.
  • İ. O. Gündüz, and S. Yakar, “Evaluation of tax incentives aimed at electric automobiles in the European Union and Turkey. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol. 29(4), pp. 204-222, 2020. [Turkish] [CrossRef]
  • Y. Bai, N. Muralidharan, Y. Sun, S. Passerini, M. S. Whittingham, and I. Belharouak, “Energy and environmental aspects in recycling lithium-ion batteries: concept of battery identity global passport,” Materials Today, Vol. 41, pp. 304-315, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • X. Shu, Y. Guo, W. Yang, K. Wei, and G. Zhu, “Life-cycle assessment of the environmental impact of the batteries used in pure electric passenger cars,” Energy Reports, Vol 7, pp. 2302-2315, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • S. Manzetti, and F. Mariasiu, “Electric vehicle battery technologies: from present state to future systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 51, pp. 1004-1012, 2015. [CrossRef]
  • C. M. Costa, J. C. Barbosa, R. Gonçalves, H. Castro, F. J. Del Campo, and S. Lanceros-Méndez, “Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities,” Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 37, pp. 433465, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • [J. Zhang, L. Zhang, F. Sun, and Z. Wang, “An overview on thermal safety issues of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle application,” IEEE Access, Vol. 6, pp. 23848-23863, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • [11] European Environment Agency. Electric vehicles. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/electric-vehicles 2023.
  • M. A. Cusenza, F. Guarino, S. Longo, M. Ferraro, and M. Cellura, “Energy and environmental benefits of circular economy strategies: The case study of reusing used batteries from electric vehicles,” Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 25, Article 100845, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • H. Bae, and Y. Kim, “Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review,” Materials Advances, Vol. 2(10), pp. 3234-3250, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • M. Abdelbaky, J. R. Peeters, and W. Dewulf, “On the influence of second use, future battery technologies, and battery lifetime on the maximum recycled content of future electric vehicle batteries in Europe,” Waste Management, Vol. 125, pp. 1-9, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • A. Persson, and D. Öman, “Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: Sustainable to what extent?” (yayımlanmamış lisans tezi). School of Engineering Sciences, 2018.
  • F. Tedjar, “Challenges for recycling advanced Li‐ion batteries,” Proc. International Battery Association (IBA2013), Barcelona, 2013.
  • P. Meshram, B. D. Pandey, and T. R. Mankhand, “Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review,” Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 150, pp. 192-208, 2014. [CrossRef]
  • P. Muller, R. Duboc, and E. Malefant, “Recycling electric vehicle batteries: ecological transformation and preserving resources,” Facts Reports, (Special Issue 23), pp. 74-81, 2021.
  • E. Mossali, N. Picone, L. Gentilini, O. Rodrìguez, J. M. Pérez, and M. Colledani, “Lithium-ion batteries towards circular economy: A literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 264, Article 110500, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • S. Erol, and S. Temiz, “Recovery of used and aged lithium-ion batteries by impedance analysis,” International Symposium on Energy Management and Sustainability, 09 April 2022. [CrossRef]
  • S. Erol, “Electrochemical impedance analysis of lithium cobalt oxide batteries,” (Doctoral dissertation). University of Florida, 2011.
  • S. Erol. “Process model development of lithium-ion batteries—an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy simulation,” Sakarya University Journal of Science, Vol. 24(6), pp. 1191-1197, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Z. J. Baum, R. E. Bird, X. Yu, and J. Ma, “Lithium-ion battery recycling─ overview of techniques and trends,” ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 7(2), pp. 712–719, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • C. P. Makwarimba, M. Tang, Y. Peng, S. Lu, L. Zheng, Z. Zhao, and A. G. Zhen, “Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries,” Iscience, Vol. 25(5), Article 104321, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • L. Gaines, “Lithium-ion battery recycling processes: Research towards a sustainable course,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Vol. 17, Article e00068, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • K. S. Sangwan, and A. Jindal, “An integrated fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation of lithium-ion battery recycling processes,” International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, Vol. 6(4), pp. 359-371, 2013. [CrossRef]
  • S. Chakraborty, and A. K. Saha, “Selection of optimal lithium ion battery recycling process: A multi-criteria group decision making approach,” Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 55, Article 105557, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • I. Emovon, and O. S. Oghenenyerovwho, “Application of MCDM method in material selection for optimal design: A review,” Results in Materials, Vol. 7, Article 100115, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • C. S. Wu, C. T. Lin, and C. Lee, “Optimal marketing strategy: A decision-making with ANP and TOPSIS,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 127(1), pp. 190-196, 2010. [CrossRef]
  • G. Ozkaya, and C. Erdin, “Evaluation of smart and sustainable cities through a hybrid MCDM approach based on ANP and TOPSIS technique,” Heliyon, Vol. 6(10), Article e05052, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • C. H. Chen, “A hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach based on ANP-entropy TOPSIS for building materials supplier selection,” Entropy, Vol. 23(12), Article 1597, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • M. Chen, X. Ma, B. Chen, R. Arsenault, P. Karlson, N. Simon, and Y. Wang, “Recycling end-of-life electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries,” Joule, Vol. 3(11), pp. 2622-2646, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • L. Kurz, M. Faryadras, I. Klugius, F. Reichert, A. Scheibe, M. Schmidt, R. Wörner, “Global warming potential of a new waterjet-based recycling process for cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries,” Batteries, Vol. 7(2), pp. 1-13, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • A. Boyden, “The environmental impacts of recycling portable lithium-ion batteries. (unpublished undergraduate thesis). Australian National University, Department of Engineering, 2014.
  • J. Engel, “Development perspectives of lithium-ion recycling processes for electric vehicle batteries,” (unpublished master thesis). University of Rhode Island, Master of Science in Systems Engineering, 2016.
  • A. Beaudet, F. Larouche, K. Amouzegar, P. Bouchard, and K. Zaghib, “Key challenges and opportunities for recycling electric vehicle battery materials,” Sustainability, Vol. 12(14), 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Q. Dai, J. Spangenberger, S. Ahmed, L. Gaines, J. C. Kelly, and M. Wang. “EverBatt: A closed-loop battery recycling cost and environmental impacts model,” Argonne National Laboratory, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • L. F. Zhou, D. Yang, T. Du, H. Gong, and W. B Luo, The current process for the recycling of spent lithium ion batteries,” Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 8, Article 578044, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • R. Danino-Perraud, “The recycling of lithium-ion batteries: A strategic pillar for the european battery Alliance,” Etudes de l'Ifri. https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/etudes-de-lifri/recycling-lithium-ion-batteries-strategic-pillar-european-battery 2020.
  • L. Brückner, J. Frank, and T. Elwert, “Industrial recycling of lithium-ion batteries— a critical review of metallurgical process routes,” Metals, Vol. 10(8), Article 1107, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • R. E. Ciez, and J. F. Whitacre, “Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries,” Natural Sustainability, Vol. 2, pp. 148–156, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • “Recycle spent batteries,” Natural Energy, Vol. 4, Article 253, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • B. Huang, Z. Pan, X. Su, and L. An, “Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: recent advances and perspectives,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 399, pp. 274-286, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • S. Sloop, L. Crandon, M. Allen, K. Koetje, L. Reed, L. Gaines, W. Sirisaksoontorn, and M. Lerner, “A direct recycling case study from a lithium-ion battery recall,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Vol. 25, Article e00152, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Z. Li, “A cost-effective lithium-ion battery direct recycling process. ECS Meeting Abstracts, MA2018-01, Article 606, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • P. Xu, DHS, Tan, H. Gao, S. Rose, and Z. Chen, “Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Springer, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • Y. Bai, N. Muralidharan, Y. Sun, S. Passerini, M. S. Whittingham, and I. Belharouak, “Energy and environmental aspects in recycling lithium-ion batteries: Concept of battery identity global passport,” Materials Today, Vol. 41, pp. 304-315, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • G. Harper, R. Sommerville, E. Kendrick, L. Driscoll, P. Slater, R. Stolkin, A. Walton, P. Christensen, O. Heidrich, S. Lambert, A. Abbott, K. Ryder, L. Gaines, and P. Anderson, “Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles,” Nature, Vol. 575, pp. 75-86, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • B. Ç. Bayram, “Evaluation of forest products trade economic contribution by Entropy-TOPSIS: case study of Turkey,” Bioresources, Vol. 15(1), pp. 1419-1429, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Y. Zhu, D. Tian, and F. Yan, “Effectiveness of entropy weight method in decision- making. mathematical problems in engineering,” Vol. 2020, Article ID 3564835, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • S. Perçin, and Ö. Sönmez, “Measuring performance of turkish insurance companies by using integrated entropy weight and topsis methods,” International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, (Suppl 18), 565-582, 2018. [Turkish]
  • Y. H. Gazel, S. Altınırmak, and Ç. Karamaşa, “Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren ticari bankaların çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerine göre performanslarının sıralanması,” Sosyoekonomi, Vol. 29(48), pp. 161-180, 2021. [Turkish] [CrossRef]
  • S. Kheybari, F. M. Rezaie, and H. Farazmand, “Analytic network process: An overview of applications,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 367, Article 124780, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • H. Öztürk, E. Pekel, and B. Elevli, “Using ANP and ELECTRE methods for supplier selection: Cable industry application. Sakarya University Journal of Science, Vol. 22(5), pp. 1190-1198, 2018.
  • T. L. Saaty, What is the analytic hierarchy process?. In G. Mitra, H. J. Greenberg, F. A. Lootsma, M. J. Rijkaert, H. J. Zimmermann (editors). Mathematical Models for Decision Support (pp. 109-121). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988.
  • M. Öztürk, E. Evin, A. Özkan, and M. Banar “The selection of recycling methods for waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric vehicles by multi-criteria decision making,” 6th EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, Istanbul, Proceeding Book (pp.84-91). Nov 24-26 2022.
  • M. Yavuz, Application of the TOPSIS method to solve some decision-making problems in mining operations. Journal of Underground Resources, Vol. 2, pp. 21-34.
  • C. Karmaker, S. Rahman, T. Ahmed, Md. Tahiduzzaman, T. Biswas, M. Rahman, S.Biswas, “A framework of faculty performance evaluation: A case study in Bangladesh,” International Journal of Research in Advanced Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4(3), pp. 18-24.
  • E. Triantaphyllou, “Multi-criteria decision making methods. In Multi-criteria decision making methods: A comparative study (pp. 5-21),” Springer, 2000. [CrossRef]
  • I. Mukhametzyanov, and D. Pamucar, “A sensitivity analysis in MCDM problems: A statistical approach,” Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, Vol. 1, 51-80, 2018. [CrossRef]
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 226 - 241, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1243162

Öz

Kaynakça

  • S. Kocabey, “Elektrikli otomobillerin dünü, bugünü ve geleceği,” Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, Vol. 1(1), Article 1623, 2018. [Turkish].
  • E. Can Güven, and K. Gedik, “Environmental management of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries,” Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, Vol. 9(2), pp. 726737, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • B. Çelebi, “Plug-in hibrit elektrikli araçlar, mühendislik ve fen bilimlerinde yeni gelişmeler (pp. 167194). SRA Publishing, 2020. [Turkish]
  • United Notions Climate Change. Sharm El-Sheikh Climate Change Conference - November 2022. https://unfccc.int/cop27 2022.
  • İ. O. Gündüz, and S. Yakar, “Evaluation of tax incentives aimed at electric automobiles in the European Union and Turkey. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol. 29(4), pp. 204-222, 2020. [Turkish] [CrossRef]
  • Y. Bai, N. Muralidharan, Y. Sun, S. Passerini, M. S. Whittingham, and I. Belharouak, “Energy and environmental aspects in recycling lithium-ion batteries: concept of battery identity global passport,” Materials Today, Vol. 41, pp. 304-315, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • X. Shu, Y. Guo, W. Yang, K. Wei, and G. Zhu, “Life-cycle assessment of the environmental impact of the batteries used in pure electric passenger cars,” Energy Reports, Vol 7, pp. 2302-2315, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • S. Manzetti, and F. Mariasiu, “Electric vehicle battery technologies: from present state to future systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 51, pp. 1004-1012, 2015. [CrossRef]
  • C. M. Costa, J. C. Barbosa, R. Gonçalves, H. Castro, F. J. Del Campo, and S. Lanceros-Méndez, “Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities,” Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 37, pp. 433465, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • [J. Zhang, L. Zhang, F. Sun, and Z. Wang, “An overview on thermal safety issues of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle application,” IEEE Access, Vol. 6, pp. 23848-23863, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • [11] European Environment Agency. Electric vehicles. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/electric-vehicles 2023.
  • M. A. Cusenza, F. Guarino, S. Longo, M. Ferraro, and M. Cellura, “Energy and environmental benefits of circular economy strategies: The case study of reusing used batteries from electric vehicles,” Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 25, Article 100845, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • H. Bae, and Y. Kim, “Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review,” Materials Advances, Vol. 2(10), pp. 3234-3250, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • M. Abdelbaky, J. R. Peeters, and W. Dewulf, “On the influence of second use, future battery technologies, and battery lifetime on the maximum recycled content of future electric vehicle batteries in Europe,” Waste Management, Vol. 125, pp. 1-9, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • A. Persson, and D. Öman, “Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: Sustainable to what extent?” (yayımlanmamış lisans tezi). School of Engineering Sciences, 2018.
  • F. Tedjar, “Challenges for recycling advanced Li‐ion batteries,” Proc. International Battery Association (IBA2013), Barcelona, 2013.
  • P. Meshram, B. D. Pandey, and T. R. Mankhand, “Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review,” Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 150, pp. 192-208, 2014. [CrossRef]
  • P. Muller, R. Duboc, and E. Malefant, “Recycling electric vehicle batteries: ecological transformation and preserving resources,” Facts Reports, (Special Issue 23), pp. 74-81, 2021.
  • E. Mossali, N. Picone, L. Gentilini, O. Rodrìguez, J. M. Pérez, and M. Colledani, “Lithium-ion batteries towards circular economy: A literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 264, Article 110500, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • S. Erol, and S. Temiz, “Recovery of used and aged lithium-ion batteries by impedance analysis,” International Symposium on Energy Management and Sustainability, 09 April 2022. [CrossRef]
  • S. Erol, “Electrochemical impedance analysis of lithium cobalt oxide batteries,” (Doctoral dissertation). University of Florida, 2011.
  • S. Erol. “Process model development of lithium-ion batteries—an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy simulation,” Sakarya University Journal of Science, Vol. 24(6), pp. 1191-1197, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Z. J. Baum, R. E. Bird, X. Yu, and J. Ma, “Lithium-ion battery recycling─ overview of techniques and trends,” ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 7(2), pp. 712–719, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • C. P. Makwarimba, M. Tang, Y. Peng, S. Lu, L. Zheng, Z. Zhao, and A. G. Zhen, “Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries,” Iscience, Vol. 25(5), Article 104321, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • L. Gaines, “Lithium-ion battery recycling processes: Research towards a sustainable course,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Vol. 17, Article e00068, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • K. S. Sangwan, and A. Jindal, “An integrated fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation of lithium-ion battery recycling processes,” International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, Vol. 6(4), pp. 359-371, 2013. [CrossRef]
  • S. Chakraborty, and A. K. Saha, “Selection of optimal lithium ion battery recycling process: A multi-criteria group decision making approach,” Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 55, Article 105557, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • I. Emovon, and O. S. Oghenenyerovwho, “Application of MCDM method in material selection for optimal design: A review,” Results in Materials, Vol. 7, Article 100115, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • C. S. Wu, C. T. Lin, and C. Lee, “Optimal marketing strategy: A decision-making with ANP and TOPSIS,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 127(1), pp. 190-196, 2010. [CrossRef]
  • G. Ozkaya, and C. Erdin, “Evaluation of smart and sustainable cities through a hybrid MCDM approach based on ANP and TOPSIS technique,” Heliyon, Vol. 6(10), Article e05052, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • C. H. Chen, “A hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach based on ANP-entropy TOPSIS for building materials supplier selection,” Entropy, Vol. 23(12), Article 1597, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • M. Chen, X. Ma, B. Chen, R. Arsenault, P. Karlson, N. Simon, and Y. Wang, “Recycling end-of-life electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries,” Joule, Vol. 3(11), pp. 2622-2646, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • L. Kurz, M. Faryadras, I. Klugius, F. Reichert, A. Scheibe, M. Schmidt, R. Wörner, “Global warming potential of a new waterjet-based recycling process for cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries,” Batteries, Vol. 7(2), pp. 1-13, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • A. Boyden, “The environmental impacts of recycling portable lithium-ion batteries. (unpublished undergraduate thesis). Australian National University, Department of Engineering, 2014.
  • J. Engel, “Development perspectives of lithium-ion recycling processes for electric vehicle batteries,” (unpublished master thesis). University of Rhode Island, Master of Science in Systems Engineering, 2016.
  • A. Beaudet, F. Larouche, K. Amouzegar, P. Bouchard, and K. Zaghib, “Key challenges and opportunities for recycling electric vehicle battery materials,” Sustainability, Vol. 12(14), 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Q. Dai, J. Spangenberger, S. Ahmed, L. Gaines, J. C. Kelly, and M. Wang. “EverBatt: A closed-loop battery recycling cost and environmental impacts model,” Argonne National Laboratory, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • L. F. Zhou, D. Yang, T. Du, H. Gong, and W. B Luo, The current process for the recycling of spent lithium ion batteries,” Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 8, Article 578044, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • R. Danino-Perraud, “The recycling of lithium-ion batteries: A strategic pillar for the european battery Alliance,” Etudes de l'Ifri. https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/etudes-de-lifri/recycling-lithium-ion-batteries-strategic-pillar-european-battery 2020.
  • L. Brückner, J. Frank, and T. Elwert, “Industrial recycling of lithium-ion batteries— a critical review of metallurgical process routes,” Metals, Vol. 10(8), Article 1107, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • R. E. Ciez, and J. F. Whitacre, “Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries,” Natural Sustainability, Vol. 2, pp. 148–156, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • “Recycle spent batteries,” Natural Energy, Vol. 4, Article 253, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • B. Huang, Z. Pan, X. Su, and L. An, “Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: recent advances and perspectives,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 399, pp. 274-286, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • S. Sloop, L. Crandon, M. Allen, K. Koetje, L. Reed, L. Gaines, W. Sirisaksoontorn, and M. Lerner, “A direct recycling case study from a lithium-ion battery recall,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Vol. 25, Article e00152, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Z. Li, “A cost-effective lithium-ion battery direct recycling process. ECS Meeting Abstracts, MA2018-01, Article 606, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • P. Xu, DHS, Tan, H. Gao, S. Rose, and Z. Chen, “Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Springer, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • Y. Bai, N. Muralidharan, Y. Sun, S. Passerini, M. S. Whittingham, and I. Belharouak, “Energy and environmental aspects in recycling lithium-ion batteries: Concept of battery identity global passport,” Materials Today, Vol. 41, pp. 304-315, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • G. Harper, R. Sommerville, E. Kendrick, L. Driscoll, P. Slater, R. Stolkin, A. Walton, P. Christensen, O. Heidrich, S. Lambert, A. Abbott, K. Ryder, L. Gaines, and P. Anderson, “Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles,” Nature, Vol. 575, pp. 75-86, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • B. Ç. Bayram, “Evaluation of forest products trade economic contribution by Entropy-TOPSIS: case study of Turkey,” Bioresources, Vol. 15(1), pp. 1419-1429, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Y. Zhu, D. Tian, and F. Yan, “Effectiveness of entropy weight method in decision- making. mathematical problems in engineering,” Vol. 2020, Article ID 3564835, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • S. Perçin, and Ö. Sönmez, “Measuring performance of turkish insurance companies by using integrated entropy weight and topsis methods,” International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, (Suppl 18), 565-582, 2018. [Turkish]
  • Y. H. Gazel, S. Altınırmak, and Ç. Karamaşa, “Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren ticari bankaların çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerine göre performanslarının sıralanması,” Sosyoekonomi, Vol. 29(48), pp. 161-180, 2021. [Turkish] [CrossRef]
  • S. Kheybari, F. M. Rezaie, and H. Farazmand, “Analytic network process: An overview of applications,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 367, Article 124780, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • H. Öztürk, E. Pekel, and B. Elevli, “Using ANP and ELECTRE methods for supplier selection: Cable industry application. Sakarya University Journal of Science, Vol. 22(5), pp. 1190-1198, 2018.
  • T. L. Saaty, What is the analytic hierarchy process?. In G. Mitra, H. J. Greenberg, F. A. Lootsma, M. J. Rijkaert, H. J. Zimmermann (editors). Mathematical Models for Decision Support (pp. 109-121). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988.
  • M. Öztürk, E. Evin, A. Özkan, and M. Banar “The selection of recycling methods for waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric vehicles by multi-criteria decision making,” 6th EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, Istanbul, Proceeding Book (pp.84-91). Nov 24-26 2022.
  • M. Yavuz, Application of the TOPSIS method to solve some decision-making problems in mining operations. Journal of Underground Resources, Vol. 2, pp. 21-34.
  • C. Karmaker, S. Rahman, T. Ahmed, Md. Tahiduzzaman, T. Biswas, M. Rahman, S.Biswas, “A framework of faculty performance evaluation: A case study in Bangladesh,” International Journal of Research in Advanced Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4(3), pp. 18-24.
  • E. Triantaphyllou, “Multi-criteria decision making methods. In Multi-criteria decision making methods: A comparative study (pp. 5-21),” Springer, 2000. [CrossRef]
  • I. Mukhametzyanov, and D. Pamucar, “A sensitivity analysis in MCDM problems: A statistical approach,” Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, Vol. 1, 51-80, 2018. [CrossRef]
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Mühendisliği
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Mahmut Öztürk 0000-0002-1690-8203

Esra Evin 0000-0002-0495-0295

Aysun Özkan 0000-0003-1036-7570

Mufide Banar 0000-0003-2795-6208

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ocak 2023
Kabul Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, M., Evin, E., Özkan, A., Banar, M. (2023). Comparison of waste lithium-ion batteries recycling methods by different decision making techniques. Environmental Research and Technology, 6(3), 226-241. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1243162
AMA Öztürk M, Evin E, Özkan A, Banar M. Comparison of waste lithium-ion batteries recycling methods by different decision making techniques. ERT. Eylül 2023;6(3):226-241. doi:10.35208/ert.1243162
Chicago Öztürk, Mahmut, Esra Evin, Aysun Özkan, ve Mufide Banar. “Comparison of Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries Recycling Methods by Different Decision Making Techniques”. Environmental Research and Technology 6, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 226-41. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1243162.
EndNote Öztürk M, Evin E, Özkan A, Banar M (01 Eylül 2023) Comparison of waste lithium-ion batteries recycling methods by different decision making techniques. Environmental Research and Technology 6 3 226–241.
IEEE M. Öztürk, E. Evin, A. Özkan, ve M. Banar, “Comparison of waste lithium-ion batteries recycling methods by different decision making techniques”, ERT, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 226–241, 2023, doi: 10.35208/ert.1243162.
ISNAD Öztürk, Mahmut vd. “Comparison of Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries Recycling Methods by Different Decision Making Techniques”. Environmental Research and Technology 6/3 (Eylül 2023), 226-241. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1243162.
JAMA Öztürk M, Evin E, Özkan A, Banar M. Comparison of waste lithium-ion batteries recycling methods by different decision making techniques. ERT. 2023;6:226–241.
MLA Öztürk, Mahmut vd. “Comparison of Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries Recycling Methods by Different Decision Making Techniques”. Environmental Research and Technology, c. 6, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 226-41, doi:10.35208/ert.1243162.
Vancouver Öztürk M, Evin E, Özkan A, Banar M. Comparison of waste lithium-ion batteries recycling methods by different decision making techniques. ERT. 2023;6(3):226-41.