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Chamazulene Content and Hypoglycemic Potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. Samples Collected from Six Different Localities of Diyarbakır/Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 107 - 112, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1351365

Öz

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is one of the oldest and most widely known medicinal plants belonging to Asteraceae family. An artifact named chamazulene forms from the sesquiterpene structured lactones such as matricin during the hydro-distillation of flowering tops of chamomile. These compounds are associated with the anti-inflammatory potential of chamomile along with flavonoids, other sesquiterpenoids, and essential oil of the plant. However, not all M. chamomilla specimens grown in different regions or species known and used as chamomile contains sesquiterpene lactone components. Thus, chamazulene content of chamomile has become a pharmaceutical interest. A traditional and well-established indication of the plant is diabetes. Protective and beneficial effects of chamomile on diabetic complications and glycemic control have been proposed by several studies. However, the mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated. Flowering tops of chamomile samples were collected from six different localities of Diyarbakır/Türkiye. Essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydro-distillation. Petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), methanol (Me), and infusion (INF) extracts were prepared. Qualitative analysis of the EOs resulted in no chamazulene content. Bismil district might be eligible for medicinal chamomile culture with its high essential oil yield. In-vitro hypoglycemic potentials of the extracts and EOs were evaluated by α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. All EOs and EA extracts (except M4-Bismil samples) showed the highest inhibitory activities comparable to that of standard acarbose. α-Glucosidase inhibition might be a significant mechanism of action contributing to the antidiabetic effects of chamomile.

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş, M. N., Akçakaya, A., & Kartal, M. (2023). Palliative Care and Phytotherapy in Patients with Cancer. Bezmialem Science, 11(1), 132-137. https://doi.org/10.14235/bas.galenos.2022.04127
  • Ali Esmail, A.-S., & Lawahidh Fali, H. (2023). Bioactive constituents and pharmacological importance of Matricaria chamomilla: A recent review. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(2), 079-098. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.22.2.0477
  • Apostolidis, E., & Lee, C. M. (2010). In Vitro Potential of Ascophyllum nodosum Phenolic Antioxidant-Mediated α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition. Journal of Food Science, 75(3), H97-H102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01544.x
  • Baytop, T. (1999). Türkiye'de Bitkilerle Tedavi Geçmişte ve Bugün (Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey) (2 ed.). Nobel Tıp.
  • Capuzzo, A., Occhipinti, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2014, 2014/12/17). Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of chamazulene. Natural Product Research, 28(24), 2321-2323. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.931393
  • Cemek, M., Kağa, S., Simşek, N., Büyükokuroğlu, M. E., & Konuk, M. (2008, Jul). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Natural Medicines, 62(3), 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-008-0228-1
  • Council of Europe. (2019). European Pharmacopoeia (10th ed.). Pp 1529-1533. Council of Europe.
  • Cvetanović, A., Švarc-Gajić, J., Zeković, Z., Jerković, J., Zengin, G., Gašić, U., Tešić, Ž., Mašković, P., Soares, C., Fatima Barroso, M., Delerue-Matos, C., & Đurović, S. (2019, 2019/01/15/). The influence of the extraction temperature on polyphenolic profiles and bioactivity of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) subcritical water extracts. Food Chemistry, 271, 328-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.154
  • El Joumaa, M. M., & Borjac, J. M. (2022, 2022/12/01). Matricaria chamomilla: A valuable insight into recent advances in medicinal uses and pharmacological activities. Phytochemistry Reviews, 21(6), 1913-1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09817-0
  • El Mihyaoui, A., Esteves da Silva, J. C. G., Charfi, S., Candela Castillo, M. E., Lamarti, A., & Arnao, M. B. (2022). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses. Life, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040479
  • Flemming, M., Kraus, B., Rascle, A., Jürgenliemk, G., Fuchs, S., Fürst, R., & Heilmann, J. (2015, 2015/10/01/). Revisited anti-inflammatory activity of matricine in vitro: Comparison with chamazulene. Fitoterapia, 106, 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.010
  • Franco, E. P. D. d., Contesini, F. J., Lima da Silva, B., Alves de Piloto Fernandes, A. M., Wielewski Leme, C., Gonçalves Cirino, J. P., Bueno Campos, P. R., & de Oliveira Carvalho, P. (2020, 2020/01/01). Enzyme-assisted modification of flavonoids from Matricaria chamomilla: antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 35(1), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1681989
  • Ghasemi, M., Babaeian Jelodar, N., Modarresi, M., Bagheri, N., & Jamali, A. (2016). Increase of Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol Contents of the Essential Oil of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Using Salicylic Acid Treatments under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions. Foods, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5030056
  • Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, F., Varshosaz, P., Jafari-Vayghan, H., Alizadeh, M., & Maleki, V. (2020). Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and diabetes mellitus, current knowledge and the way forward: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 48, 102284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102284
  • Herrera, E., Pacheco, C., & Olivera-Montenegro, L. (2022). Extraction and Characterization of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) Essential Oil Using the Green Technology of Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction. Biology and Life Sciences Forum, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/Foods2022-12974
  • Kato, A., Minoshima, Y., Yamamoto, J., Adachi, I., Watson, A. A., & Nash, R. J. (2008). Protective Effects of Dietary Chamomile Tea on Diabetic Complications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(17), 8206-8211. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8014365
  • Maurya, K. A., Singh, M., Dubey, V., Srivastava, S., Luqman, S., & Bawankule, U. D. (2014). α-(-)-bisabolol Reduces Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production and Ameliorates Skin Inflammation. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 15(2), 173-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201015666140528152946
  • Mericli, A. H. (1990, 1990/01/01). The Lipophilic Compounds of a Turkish Matricaria chamomilla Variety with no Chamazulene in the Volatile Oil. International Journal of Crude Drug Research, 28(2), 145-147. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209009082799
  • Özdemir, M., Süzgeç Selçuk, S., Mataracı Kara, E., & Özbek Çelik, B. (2021). Pharmacopoeia Researches and Antimicrobial Activity Studies on Matricaria chamomilla L. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 11(4), 801-808. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.940847
  • Prasanna, R., Ashraf, E. A., & Essam, M. A. (2016). Chamomile and oregano extracts synergistically exhibit antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and renal protective effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 95(1), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0189
  • Qasem, A., Assaggaf, H., Montesano, D., Khalil, Z., Al-Mijalli, S. H., Baaboua, A. E., El Omari, N., El Menyiy, N., Bakrim, S., Sheikh, R. A., Alshahrani, M. M., Awadh, A. A., Zengin, G., Bouyahya, A., & Mrabti, H. N. (2022). Determination of Chemical Compounds and Investigation of Biological Properties of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oils, Honey, and Their Mixture. Molecules, 27(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185850
  • Rafraf, M., Zemestani, M., & Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. (2015, 2015/02/01). Effectiveness of chamomile tea on glycemic control and serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 38(2), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-014-0170-x
  • Ramadan, M., Goeters, S., Watzer, B., Krause, E., Lohmann, K., Bauer, R., Hempel, B., & Imming, P. (2006). Chamazulene Carboxylic Acid and Matricin:  A Natural Profen and Its Natural Prodrug, Identified through Similarity to Synthetic Drug Substances. Journal of Natural Products, 69(7), 1041-1045. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0601556
  • Schmidt, J. S., Lauridsen, M. B., Dragsted, L. O., Nielsen, J., & Staerk, D. (2012). Development of a bioassay-coupled HPLC-SPE-ttNMR platform for identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors in apple peel (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Food Chemistry, 135(3), 1692-1699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.075
  • Singh, O., Khanam, Z., Misra, N., & Srivastava, M. K. (2011). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5(9), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79103
  • Tomić, M., Popović, V., Petrović, S., Stepanović-Petrović, R., Micov, A., Pavlović-Drobac, M., & Couladis, M. (2014). Antihyperalgesic and Antiedematous Activities of Bisabolol-Oxides-Rich Matricaria Oil in a Rat Model of Inflammation. Phytotherapy Research, 28(5), 759-766. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5057
  • Trinh, B. T. D., Staerk, D., & Jäger, A. K. (2016). Screening for potential α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory constituents from selected Vietnamese plants used to treat type 2 diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 186, 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.060
  • Villa-Rodriguez Mr, J., Kerimi, A., Abranko, L., & Williamson, G. (2015). German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) Extract and Its Major Polyphenols Inhibit Intestinal α-glycosidases in vitro. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Journal, 29(S1), LB323. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb323
  • Wang, J., Lu, S., Sheng, R., Fan, J., Wu, W., & Guo, R. (2020). Structure-Activity Relationships of Natural and Synthetic Indole-Derived Scaffolds as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: A Mini-Review. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 20(17), 1791-1818. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200619121003
  • Wu, H., Yang, K., Dong, L., Ye, J., & Xu, F. (2022). Classification, Distribution, Biosynthesis, and Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Matricaria chamomilla. Horticulturae, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121135
  • Zemestani, M., Rafraf, M., & Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. (2016). Chamomile tea improves glycemic indices and antioxidants status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition, 32(1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.07.011

Diyarbakır/Türkiye’nin Altı Farklı Bölgesinden Toplanan Matricaria chamomilla L. Örneklerinin Kamazulen İçeriği ve Hipoglisemik Potansiyeli

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 107 - 112, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1351365

Öz

Asteraceae familyasına ait olan papatya (Matricaria chamomilla L.), dünyanın en eski ve en çok bilinen tıbbi bitkilerinden birisidir. Papatyanın çiçekli dal uçlarının su distilasyonu sırasında matrisin gibi seskiterpen laktonlardan kamazulen isimli bir yan ürün oluşur. Bu bileşikler bitkinin flavonoidleri, diğer seskiterpenoidleri ve uçucu yağı ile birlikte papatyanın anti-enflamatuvar aktivitesiyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Fakat farklı bölgelerde yetişen M. chamomilla örnekleri ya da papatya olarak bilinip kullanılan tüm türler seskiterpen lakton bileşik taşımazlar. Bu nedenle papatyaların kamazulen içeriği farmasötik açıdan ilgi çekmektedir. Diyabet, bitkinin geleneksel ve köklü endikasyonlarından birisidir. Papatyanın diyabetik komplikasyonlar ile glisemik kontrol üzerindeki koruyucu ve faydalı etkileri birçok çalışmada gösterilmiştir. Ancak etki mekanizması henüz aydınlatılamamıştır. Diyarbakır/Türkiye’nin altı farklı bölgesinden papatya çiçekli dal uçları toplanıp su distilasyonu ile uçucu yağları elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca petrol eteri (PE), etil asetat (EA), metanol (Me) ve infüzyon (INF) ekstreleri hazırlanmıştır. Uçucu yağların kalitatif analizi kamazulen taşımadıklarını göstermiştir. Bismil bölgesi yüksek uçucu yağ verimi ile tıbbi papatya kültürü için uygun olabilir. Ekstrelerin ve uçucu yağların hipoglisemik potansiyelleri in-vitro α-glukozidaz enzim inhibisyonu ile değerlendirilmiştir. Uçucu yağlar ve EA ekstreleri (M4-Bismil örnekleri hariç) en yüksek aktiviteyi göstermiştir ve bu aktivite standart akarboz ile kıyaslanabilir seviyededir. α-Glukozidaz inhibisyonu, papatyanın antidiyabetik etkisine önemli katkı sağlayan bir etki mekanizması olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş, M. N., Akçakaya, A., & Kartal, M. (2023). Palliative Care and Phytotherapy in Patients with Cancer. Bezmialem Science, 11(1), 132-137. https://doi.org/10.14235/bas.galenos.2022.04127
  • Ali Esmail, A.-S., & Lawahidh Fali, H. (2023). Bioactive constituents and pharmacological importance of Matricaria chamomilla: A recent review. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(2), 079-098. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.22.2.0477
  • Apostolidis, E., & Lee, C. M. (2010). In Vitro Potential of Ascophyllum nodosum Phenolic Antioxidant-Mediated α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition. Journal of Food Science, 75(3), H97-H102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01544.x
  • Baytop, T. (1999). Türkiye'de Bitkilerle Tedavi Geçmişte ve Bugün (Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey) (2 ed.). Nobel Tıp.
  • Capuzzo, A., Occhipinti, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2014, 2014/12/17). Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of chamazulene. Natural Product Research, 28(24), 2321-2323. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.931393
  • Cemek, M., Kağa, S., Simşek, N., Büyükokuroğlu, M. E., & Konuk, M. (2008, Jul). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Natural Medicines, 62(3), 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-008-0228-1
  • Council of Europe. (2019). European Pharmacopoeia (10th ed.). Pp 1529-1533. Council of Europe.
  • Cvetanović, A., Švarc-Gajić, J., Zeković, Z., Jerković, J., Zengin, G., Gašić, U., Tešić, Ž., Mašković, P., Soares, C., Fatima Barroso, M., Delerue-Matos, C., & Đurović, S. (2019, 2019/01/15/). The influence of the extraction temperature on polyphenolic profiles and bioactivity of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) subcritical water extracts. Food Chemistry, 271, 328-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.154
  • El Joumaa, M. M., & Borjac, J. M. (2022, 2022/12/01). Matricaria chamomilla: A valuable insight into recent advances in medicinal uses and pharmacological activities. Phytochemistry Reviews, 21(6), 1913-1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-022-09817-0
  • El Mihyaoui, A., Esteves da Silva, J. C. G., Charfi, S., Candela Castillo, M. E., Lamarti, A., & Arnao, M. B. (2022). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): A Review of Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Uses. Life, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040479
  • Flemming, M., Kraus, B., Rascle, A., Jürgenliemk, G., Fuchs, S., Fürst, R., & Heilmann, J. (2015, 2015/10/01/). Revisited anti-inflammatory activity of matricine in vitro: Comparison with chamazulene. Fitoterapia, 106, 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.010
  • Franco, E. P. D. d., Contesini, F. J., Lima da Silva, B., Alves de Piloto Fernandes, A. M., Wielewski Leme, C., Gonçalves Cirino, J. P., Bueno Campos, P. R., & de Oliveira Carvalho, P. (2020, 2020/01/01). Enzyme-assisted modification of flavonoids from Matricaria chamomilla: antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 35(1), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1681989
  • Ghasemi, M., Babaeian Jelodar, N., Modarresi, M., Bagheri, N., & Jamali, A. (2016). Increase of Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol Contents of the Essential Oil of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Using Salicylic Acid Treatments under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions. Foods, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5030056
  • Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, F., Varshosaz, P., Jafari-Vayghan, H., Alizadeh, M., & Maleki, V. (2020). Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and diabetes mellitus, current knowledge and the way forward: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 48, 102284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102284
  • Herrera, E., Pacheco, C., & Olivera-Montenegro, L. (2022). Extraction and Characterization of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) Essential Oil Using the Green Technology of Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction. Biology and Life Sciences Forum, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/Foods2022-12974
  • Kato, A., Minoshima, Y., Yamamoto, J., Adachi, I., Watson, A. A., & Nash, R. J. (2008). Protective Effects of Dietary Chamomile Tea on Diabetic Complications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(17), 8206-8211. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8014365
  • Maurya, K. A., Singh, M., Dubey, V., Srivastava, S., Luqman, S., & Bawankule, U. D. (2014). α-(-)-bisabolol Reduces Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production and Ameliorates Skin Inflammation. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 15(2), 173-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201015666140528152946
  • Mericli, A. H. (1990, 1990/01/01). The Lipophilic Compounds of a Turkish Matricaria chamomilla Variety with no Chamazulene in the Volatile Oil. International Journal of Crude Drug Research, 28(2), 145-147. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209009082799
  • Özdemir, M., Süzgeç Selçuk, S., Mataracı Kara, E., & Özbek Çelik, B. (2021). Pharmacopoeia Researches and Antimicrobial Activity Studies on Matricaria chamomilla L. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 11(4), 801-808. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.940847
  • Prasanna, R., Ashraf, E. A., & Essam, M. A. (2016). Chamomile and oregano extracts synergistically exhibit antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and renal protective effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 95(1), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0189
  • Qasem, A., Assaggaf, H., Montesano, D., Khalil, Z., Al-Mijalli, S. H., Baaboua, A. E., El Omari, N., El Menyiy, N., Bakrim, S., Sheikh, R. A., Alshahrani, M. M., Awadh, A. A., Zengin, G., Bouyahya, A., & Mrabti, H. N. (2022). Determination of Chemical Compounds and Investigation of Biological Properties of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oils, Honey, and Their Mixture. Molecules, 27(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185850
  • Rafraf, M., Zemestani, M., & Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. (2015, 2015/02/01). Effectiveness of chamomile tea on glycemic control and serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 38(2), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-014-0170-x
  • Ramadan, M., Goeters, S., Watzer, B., Krause, E., Lohmann, K., Bauer, R., Hempel, B., & Imming, P. (2006). Chamazulene Carboxylic Acid and Matricin:  A Natural Profen and Its Natural Prodrug, Identified through Similarity to Synthetic Drug Substances. Journal of Natural Products, 69(7), 1041-1045. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0601556
  • Schmidt, J. S., Lauridsen, M. B., Dragsted, L. O., Nielsen, J., & Staerk, D. (2012). Development of a bioassay-coupled HPLC-SPE-ttNMR platform for identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors in apple peel (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Food Chemistry, 135(3), 1692-1699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.075
  • Singh, O., Khanam, Z., Misra, N., & Srivastava, M. K. (2011). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5(9), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79103
  • Tomić, M., Popović, V., Petrović, S., Stepanović-Petrović, R., Micov, A., Pavlović-Drobac, M., & Couladis, M. (2014). Antihyperalgesic and Antiedematous Activities of Bisabolol-Oxides-Rich Matricaria Oil in a Rat Model of Inflammation. Phytotherapy Research, 28(5), 759-766. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5057
  • Trinh, B. T. D., Staerk, D., & Jäger, A. K. (2016). Screening for potential α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory constituents from selected Vietnamese plants used to treat type 2 diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 186, 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.060
  • Villa-Rodriguez Mr, J., Kerimi, A., Abranko, L., & Williamson, G. (2015). German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) Extract and Its Major Polyphenols Inhibit Intestinal α-glycosidases in vitro. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Journal, 29(S1), LB323. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb323
  • Wang, J., Lu, S., Sheng, R., Fan, J., Wu, W., & Guo, R. (2020). Structure-Activity Relationships of Natural and Synthetic Indole-Derived Scaffolds as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: A Mini-Review. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 20(17), 1791-1818. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200619121003
  • Wu, H., Yang, K., Dong, L., Ye, J., & Xu, F. (2022). Classification, Distribution, Biosynthesis, and Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Matricaria chamomilla. Horticulturae, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121135
  • Zemestani, M., Rafraf, M., & Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. (2016). Chamomile tea improves glycemic indices and antioxidants status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition, 32(1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.07.011
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bitki Biyokimyası, Bitki Bilimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hasan Şahin 0000-0002-8325-8116

Ramazan Tunç 0009-0007-8042-651X

Fatos Şekerciler Subaşı 0000-0003-2085-2668

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2023
Kabul Tarihi 21 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, H., Tunç, R., & Şekerciler Subaşı, F. (2023). Chamazulene Content and Hypoglycemic Potential of Matricaria chamomilla L. Samples Collected from Six Different Localities of Diyarbakır/Türkiye. Commagene Journal of Biology, 7(2), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1351365
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