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Ilıman iklim kuşağındaki bir kıyısal ırmak-sulak alanında pelajik mikrobiyal su kalitesinin zamansal ve mekânsal değişimi

Yıl 2023, , 175 - 188, 17.07.2023

Beyhan Taş , Halim Topaldemir , Fikret Ustaoğlu , Zeynep Koloren

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23018

Öz

Sulak alanlara antropojenik kaynaklı kirletici yüklerin girmesi su kalitesini hızla bozmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tarımsal faaliyetlerin yoğun olduğu bir bölgede bulunan, kıyısal sulak alan özelliklerine sahip Miliç Irmağı’nda yapılmıştır. Miliç sulak alanı Terme Ovası’nın drenaj suları ile dağınık yerleşim alanlarından gelen suların Karadeniz’e dökülmeden önce toplandığı bir alıcı ortamdır. Çalışmada, ılıman iklim kuşağında bulunan Miliç Irmağı’nın dört farklı örnekleme noktasından aylık olarak yüzeysel su örnekleri alınıp, fekal indikatörlerden toplam koliform, Escherichia coli ve Clostridium perfringens kontaminasyonu incelenmiştir. Mikrobiyolojik analizler, membran filtrasyonu ile standart metotlar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Miliç Irmağı’nda farklı istasyonlardaki su numunelerinin ortalama koloni sayısı toplam koliform, E. coli ve C. perfringens için sırasıyla 2022 KOB/100 mL, 455 KOB/100 mL ve 34 KOB/100 mL olarak belirlenmiştir. En yüksek fekal kontaminasyon yağışlı sezonlarda (kış>sonbahar>ilkbahar>yaz) kaydedilmiştir. İstasyonlar ve mevsimler arasında yapılan korelasyonda en yüksek ilişki E. coli için kış (r= 0.985, p<0.05), C. perfringens için sonbaharda (r=0.958, p<0.05) belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, Miliç kıyısal sulak alanında fekal kontaminasyonun olduğunu göstermektedir. Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği’ndeki bakteriyolojik parametrelere göre, sulak alan suyu toplam koliform bakteri sayısı bakımından II. Sınıf su kalitesindedir (az kirlenmiş su). Bu parametre bakımından akarsu-sulak alanın ekolojik durumu “iyi” su sınıfında yer alır. Mikrobiyolojik su kalitesi yönünden, Miliç Irmağı çok kirli olmayan, fakat kirlilik baskısı altında değerlere sahiptir. Fekal kontaminasyon düzeyinin artmaması için sulak alan havzasındaki yerleşim ve tarım alanlardan gelen evsel atıkların/atıksuların, hayvansal gübrelerin, sanayi atıksu/yağmur suyu kanalının ve drenaj kanallarının doğrudan akarsuya karışması engellenmeli, gerekli tedbirlerin alınması konusunda halk bilinçlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fekal indikatör bakteriler Fekal kirlilik Kıyısal sulak alan Akarsu-sulak alanı Taşkın yatağı Su kalitesi

Destekleyen Kurum

Ordu Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi

Proje Numarası

B–1912

Teşekkür

Ordu Halk Sağlığı Laboratuvarı’na, Biyolog Bülent KAYNAK ve Biyolog Kasım DEMİR’e analizlerdeki destekleri için teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

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  • Altınoluk Mimiroğlu, P., Çamur Elipek, B., Aydoğdu, H. (2020). The evaluation of ecological status in Tunca (Tundzha) Tiver (Turkish Thrace) based on environmental conditions and bacterial features. Aquatic Research, 3(2), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20009
  • Altuğ, G., Çardak, M., Türetken, P. S. Ç., Şahin, S. K., Kalkan, S. (2017). The levels of bio-indicator bacteria in the fresh water resources of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Environmental Pollution and Protection, 2(3), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.22606/epp.2017.23005
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  • Aydın, H., Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., Soylu, E.N. (2021). Assessment of water quality of streams in northeast Turkey by water quality index and multiple statistical methods. Environmental Forensics, 22(1-2), 270–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2020.1836074
  • Bıçkıcı, E., Eken, M. (2021). Investigation of bacterial pollution in Ceyhan River (Turkey) and the resistance levels of gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria to antibiotics. Marine and Life Sciences, 3(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.51756/marlife.913566
  • Bulbul, G., Camur-Elipek, B. (2017). Investigation of the effects of domestic waste on aquatic bacterial distribution in the Meric River (Edirne, Turkey). Biologija, 63(3), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.v63i3.3580
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  • Çiftçi Türetken, P.S., Altuğ, G. (2016). Bacterial pollution, activity and heterotrophic diversity of the northern part of the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5109-6
  • Davies, C.M., Long, J.A., Donald, M., Ashbolt, N.J. (1995). Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(5), 1888-1896. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.5.1888-1896.1995
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  • Kalkan, S., Altuğ, G. (2020). The composition of cultivable bacteria, bacterial pollution, and environmental variables of the coastal areas: An example from the Southeastern Black Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08310-5
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Temporal and spatial variations of pelagic microbial water quality in a coastal river-wetland area in a temperate climate zone

Yıl 2023, , 175 - 188, 17.07.2023

Beyhan Taş , Halim Topaldemir , Fikret Ustaoğlu , Zeynep Koloren

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23018

Öz

The introduction of anthropogenic pollutant loads into wetlands rapidly deteriorates water quality. This study was conducted in the Miliç River, a region with intense agricultural activities and coastal wetland characteristics. The Miliç wetland (fluvial wetland) is a receiving environment where the Terme Plain's drainage waters and the scattered settlements' waters are collected before they are poured into the Black Sea. In the study, monthly surface water samples were taken from four different sampling points of the Miliç River in the temperate climate zone, and total coliform, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens contamination from fecal indicators were investigated. Microbiological analyses were performed using standard methods with membrane filtration. The average colony count of the water samples at different stations in the Miliç River was determined as 2022 CFU/100 mL, 455 CFU/100 mL, and 34 CFU/100 mL for total coliform, E. coli, and C. perfringens, respectively. The highest fecal pollution was recorded during the rainy seasons (winter>autumn>spring>summer). In the correlation between stations and seasons, the highest correlation was determined for E. coli in winter (r= 0.985, p<0.05) and for C. perfringens in autumn (r=0.958, p<0.05). Analysis results show that there is fecal pollution in Miliç coastal wetlands. According to the bacteriological parameters in the Surface Water Quality Regulation, wetland water ranks II in total coliform bacteria count. The class is of water quality (slightly contaminated water). Regarding this parameter, the ecological status of the river-wetland is in the “good” water class. In terms of microbiological water quality, the Miliç River has values that are not very polluted but under the pressure of pollution. In order not to increase the level of fecal contamination, direct mixing of domestic waste/ wastewater, animal manures, industrial wastewater/rainwater channels, and drainage channels from settlements and agricultural areas in the wetland basin should be prevented, and the public should be made aware of the necessary precautions to be taken.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fecal indicator bacteria Fecal pollution Coastal wetland Stream-wetland Floodplain Water quality

Proje Numarası

B–1912

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, T., Mehel, S., Mutlu, C. (2019). Determining the level of bacteriological pollution level in Yağlıdere Stream, Giresun. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 5(2), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.450722
  • Altınoluk Mimiroğlu, P., Çamur Elipek, B., Aydoğdu, H. (2020). The evaluation of ecological status in Tunca (Tundzha) Tiver (Turkish Thrace) based on environmental conditions and bacterial features. Aquatic Research, 3(2), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR20009
  • Altuğ, G., Çardak, M., Türetken, P. S. Ç., Şahin, S. K., Kalkan, S. (2017). The levels of bio-indicator bacteria in the fresh water resources of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Environmental Pollution and Protection, 2(3), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.22606/epp.2017.23005
  • Ashbolt, N.J., Grohmann, G.S., Kueh, C.S.W. (1993). Significance of specific bacterial pathogens in the assessment of polluted receiving waters of Sydney, Australia. Water Science and Technology, 27(3–4), 449–452. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0390
  • Aydın, H., Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., Soylu, E.N. (2021). Assessment of water quality of streams in northeast Turkey by water quality index and multiple statistical methods. Environmental Forensics, 22(1-2), 270–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2020.1836074
  • Bıçkıcı, E., Eken, M. (2021). Investigation of bacterial pollution in Ceyhan River (Turkey) and the resistance levels of gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria to antibiotics. Marine and Life Sciences, 3(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.51756/marlife.913566
  • Bulbul, G., Camur-Elipek, B. (2017). Investigation of the effects of domestic waste on aquatic bacterial distribution in the Meric River (Edirne, Turkey). Biologija, 63(3), 256–263. https://doi.org/10.6001/biologija.v63i3.3580
  • Byappanahalli, M.N., Nevers, M.B., Korajkic, A., Staley, Z.R., Harwood, V.J. (2012). Enterococci in the environment. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 76(4), 685–706. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00023-12
  • Cox, P., Griffith, M., Angles, M., Deere, D., Ferguson, C. (2005). Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the Sydney watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(10), 5929–5934. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.10.5929-5934.2005
  • Çiftçi Türetken, P.S., Altuğ, G. (2016). Bacterial pollution, activity and heterotrophic diversity of the northern part of the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5109-6
  • Davies, C.M., Long, J.A., Donald, M., Ashbolt, N.J. (1995). Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(5), 1888-1896. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.5.1888-1896.1995
  • Ford, T.E., Hamner, S. (2018). A perspective on the global pandemic of waterborne disease. Microbial Ecology, 76, 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0629-0
  • Gündoğdu, A., Çarlı, U. (2020a). Sinop Karasu Çayı fizikokimyasal özellikleri ve mikrobiyolojik kirliliğinin araştırılması. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(2), 284–299. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.690179
  • Gündoğdu, A., Çarlı, U. (2020b). Microbiological pollution and some physicochemical properties of sıkaraağaçlar creek in sinop (Black Sea-Turkey). Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 41(3), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.672225
  • Hulyar, O., Altuğ, G. (2020). The bacteriological risk transported to seas by rivers; the example of Çırpıcı River, the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 7(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260
  • Islam, M.M.M., Hofstra, N., Islam, M.A. (2017). The impact of environmental variables of faecal indicator bacteria in the Betna River Basin, Bangladesh. Environmental Processes, 4, 319–332. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260
  • Kacar, A. (2011). Analysis of spatial and temporal variation in the levels of microbial fecal indicators in the major rivers flowing into the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 11(5), 1360–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.02.010
  • Kalkan, S., Altuğ, G. (2020). The composition of cultivable bacteria, bacterial pollution, and environmental variables of the coastal areas: An example from the Southeastern Black Sea, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08310-5
  • Karaman, U., Koloren, Z., Ayaz, E., Demirel, E., Seferoglu, O. (2017a). The Protozoa and helminths in the water of Terme and Kocaman Boroughs of Samsun Province. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 24(4), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.5455/jtomc.2017.09.124
  • Karaman, Ü., Kolören, Z., Seferoğlu, O., Ayaz, E., Demirel, E. (2017b). Samsun il ve ilçelerinden alınan çevresel sularda parazitlerin varlığı. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 41, 19–21. https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2017.3574
  • Kiedrzyńska, E., Kiedrzyński, M., Zalewski, M. (2008a). Flood sediment deposition and phosphorus retention in a lowland river floodplain: impact on water quality of a reservoir, Sulejów, Poland. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 8(2–4), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10104-009-0022-z
  • Kiedrzyńska, E., Wagner-Łotkowska, I., Zalewski, M. (2008b). Quantification of phosphorus retention efficiency by floodplain vegetation and a management strategy for a eutrophic reservoir restoration. Ecological Engineering, 33(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.10.010
  • Kolören, Z., Delioğlu, B.K., Taş, B. (2017). Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts by loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in surface water from River Yeşilırmak and Stream Tersakan (Samsun-Amasya). Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology C-Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 6(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.18036/aubtdc.269434
  • Kolören, Z., Demirel, E., Taş, B. (2011a). Ulugöl (Ordu, Türkiye)’de fekal kirlilik indikatörü bakterilerin tespiti. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2), 151–156.
  • Kolören, Z., Taş, B., Kaya, D. (2011b). Gaga Gölü (Ordu, Türkiye)’nün mikrobiyolojik kirlilik seviyesinin belirlenmesi. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 74–85.
  • Kolören, Z., Kaya, D. (2012). Fecal pollution in rural water supplies of Ordu, at the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey: The effect of climate and environmental elements. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research, 28(2), 869–878.
  • Leifels, M., Sirikanchana, K., Ebdon, J. (2022). Microbiological impact of diffuse pollution sources on water quality. In Land Use and Water Quality: The Impacts of Diffuse Pollution (pp. 73–82). IWA Publishing. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789061123
  • Li, E., Saleem, F., Edge, T.A., Schellhorn, H.E. (2021). Biological indicators for fecal pollution detection and source tracking: A review. Processes, 9(11), 2058. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112058
  • Liang, L., Goh, S.G., Vergara, G.G.R.V., Fang, H.M., Rezaeinejad, S., Chang, S.Y., ... Gin, K.Y.H. (2015). Alternative fecal indicators and their empirical relationships with enteric viruses, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in surface waters of a tropical urban catchment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(3), 850–860. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02670-14
  • Meals, D.W., Jon B. Harcum, J.B., Dressing, S.A. (2013). Monitoring for microbial pathogens and indicators. Tech Notes 9. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-05/documents/tech_notes_9_dec2013_pathogens.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Medema, G.J., Bahar, M., Schets, F.M. (1997). Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens in river water: influence of temperature and autochthonous microorganisms. Water Science and Technology, 35(11–12), 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00267-9
  • MGM. (2020). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM), Terme-Kozluk Meteoroloji İstasyonu, Samsun.
  • Mueller-Spitz, S.R., Stewart, L.B., Klump, J.V., McLellan, S.L. (2010). Freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive Clostridium perfringens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(16), 5556–5562. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01702-09
  • Odonkor, S.T., Ampofo, J.K. (2013). Escherichia coli as an indicator of bacteriological quality of water: an overview. Microbiology Research, 4(1), e2. https://doi.org/10.4081/mr.2013.e2
  • Şener, Ş., Şener, E., Varol, S. (2020). Hydro-chemical and microbiological pollution assessment of irrigation water in Kızılırmak Delta (Turkey). Environmental Pollution, 266, 115214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115214
  • Taş, B., Kolören, Z. (2017). Evaluation of water qualities of discharging area of some runiğe waters into Black Sea in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. Review of Hydrobiology, 10(1), 1–19.
  • Taş, B., Tepe, Y., Ustaoğlu, F., Alptekin, S. (2019). Benthic algal diversity and water quality evaluation by biological approach of Turnasuyu Creek, NE Turkey. Desalination and Water Treatment, 155, 402–415. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24225
  • Taş, B., Topaldemir, H. (2021). Assessment of aquatic plants in the Miliç Coastal Wetland (Terme, Samsun, Turkey). Review of Hydrobiology, 14(1-2), 1–23.
  • Taş, B., Yılmaz, Ö., Ustaoğlu, F. (2021). Ilıman bir Türkiye nehir havzasında dere su kalitesinin çok değişkenli analiz ve biyolojik yaklaşımlarla değerlendirilmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(1), 34–55. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.751773
  • Taş, B., Topaldemir, H., Ustaoğlu, F. Kolören, Z. (2023). Türkiye’nin kuzeyinde ova ve kentsel alanlardan geçen bir akarsuyun mikrobiyal kirlilik göstergelerindeki mekânsal-zamansal değişimlerin değerlendirilmesi. Aquatic Research, 6(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23014
  • Topaldemir, H., Taş, B., Yüksel, B., Ustaoğlu, F. (2023). Potentially hazardous elements in sediments and Ceratophyllum demersum: An ecotoxicological risk assessment in Miliç Wetland, Samsun, Türkiye. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 26397–26416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23937-2
  • Savichtcheva, O., Okabe, S. (2006). Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Research, 40(13), 2463–2476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.040
  • TS EN ISO 6222. (1999). Su kalitesi - Kültürü yapılabilen mikroorganizmaların sayımı - Agar besiyerinde aşılama ile koloni sayımı. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • TS EN ISO 9308-1. (2014). Su Kalitesi-Escherichia coli ve koliform bakterilerin tespiti ve sayımı-Bölüm 1: Membranla süzme yöntemi. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • USEPA. (2004). Water Quality Standards for Coastal and Great Lakes Recreation Waters. 40 CFR Part 131 [OW-2004-0010; FRL-7837-5]. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-11-16/pdf/04-25303.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 06.05.2023)
  • USEPA. (2012). Recreational Water Quality Criteria. Office of Water 820-F-12-058. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/rwqc2012.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 06.05.2023)
  • Ustaoğlu, F., Kükrer, S., Taş, B., Topaldemir, H. (2022). Evaluation of metal accumulation in Terme River sediments using ecological indices and a bioindicator species. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 47399-47415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19224-9 Ustaoğlu, F., Taş, B., Tepe, Y., Topaldemir, H. (2021). Comprehensive assessment of water quality and associated health risk by using physicochemical quality indices and multivariate analysis in Terme River, Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(44), 62736–62754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15135-3
  • Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., Taş, B. (2020). Assessment of stream quality and health risk in a subtropical Turkey river system: A combined approach using statistical analysis and water quality index. Ecological Indicators, 113, 105815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105815
  • Verep, B., Taşpınar Ölmez, B., Mutlu, C. (2019). Salarha Havzası Akarsularında Bakteriyolojik ve Yüzey Aktif Madde Kirliliğinin İncelenmesi. Anadolu Çevre ve Hayvancılık Dergisi, 4(3), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.636277
  • Wang, J., Deng, Z. (2019). Modeling and predicting fecal coliform bacteria levels in oyster harvest waters along Louisiana Gulf coast. Ecological Indicators, 101, 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.013
  • YSKY. (2012). Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği (YSKY). 30.11.2012 tarih ve 28483 sayılı Resmî Gazete, Ankara.
  • Yüksel, B., Ustaoğlu, F., Arica, E. (2021). Impacts of a gar-bage disposal facility on the water quality of Çavuşlu Stream in Giresun, Turkey: A health risk assessment study by a vali-dated ICP-MS assay. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 36(4), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE2020845246
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Beyhan Taş 0000-0001-6421-2561

Halim Topaldemir 0000-0002-4494-9715

Fikret Ustaoğlu 0000-0002-8195-8557

Zeynep Koloren 0000-0001-9708-2716

Proje Numarası B–1912
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Taş, B., Topaldemir, H., Ustaoğlu, F., Koloren, Z. (2023). Ilıman iklim kuşağındaki bir kıyısal ırmak-sulak alanında pelajik mikrobiyal su kalitesinin zamansal ve mekânsal değişimi. Aquatic Research, 6(3), 175-188. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23018

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