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Anatomy and histological evaluation of the reproductive system of marine calanoid copepod Centropages furcatus from a mass culture perspective

Yıl 2023, , 233 - 244, 11.10.2023

Sheriff A. M , Vijayaraj Radha , Kareem Altaff

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23022

Öz

Marine finfish culture is a priority area for future human food security. Although many marine finfish species have been domesticated and successful breeding and spawning in captive conditions are achieved, the larval rearing from hatchling to fingerling stage to the desired level is yet to be achieved. One of the essential impediment factors in this process is the availability of suitable live feed for the finfish larvae. The traditional live feeds (Artemia nauplii and rotifers) must be more adequate in size spectrum and nutritive value to many marine finfish larvae. In nature, copepod nauplii, copepodite stages, and adults constitute the preferred food of marine finfish larvae. Copepod size spectrum, nutritive value and swimming movements make them ideal live prey items for fish larvae. Nevertheless, the high-density culture of copepods is challenging due to their sexual reproduction and high species-specific variability. Further, adequate knowledge of the candidate species' food and feeding habits, reproductive biology, and life cycle strategies should exist. With this objective present study describes the female and male reproductive system, oogenesis and spermatogenesis, egg production, and reproductive potential of a candidate calanoid copepod species, Centropages furcatus. This basic information will help develop mass culture protocol for this species.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Copepods Reproductive system Anatomy Histology

Teşekkür

The authors express their gratitude to the Managements of The New College, Chennai, and AMET University, Chennai, for providing research facilities to carry out this work and would like to thank the Editor and the Reviewers for their valuable comments that helped improve the manuscript.

Kaynakça

  • Ajiboye, O.O., Yakubu, A.F., Adams, T.E., Olaji, E.D., & Nwogu, N.A. (2011). A review of the use of copepods in marine fish larviculture. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 21, 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9169-3
  • Altaff, K. (2020). Feeding and reproductive biology of two potential calanoid copepod species of Pseudodiaptomus for mass culture. International Journal of Zoological Investigations, 6(2), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2020.v06i02.004
  • Altaff, K., & Vijayaraj, R. (2021). Micro-algal diet for copepod culture concerning their nutritive value–A review. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 13(7), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13705
  • Araujo, G.S., Silva, J.W.A.D., Cotas, J., & Pereira, L. (2022). Fish Farming Techniques: Current Situation and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(11), 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111598
  • Barroso, M.V., Boos, B.B., Antoniassi, R., & Fernandes, L.F.L. (2015). Use of the copepod Oithona hebes as a bioencapsulator of essential fatty acids. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 63, 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592015089106303
  • Begum, B.D., Dharani, G., & Altaff, K. (2012). Effect of temperature on the egg production and hatching success of Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) Indicus (Calanoida: Copepoda). African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 4(6), 216-220.
  • Blades, P.I., & Youngbluth, M.J. (1981). Ultrastructure of the male reproductive system and spermatophore formation in Labidocera aestiva (Crust.: Copepoda). Zoomorphology, 99(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310351
  • Blades-Eckelbarger, P.I. (1991). Functional Morphology of Spermatophores and Sperm Transfer in Calanoid Copepods. Crustacean sexual biology (pp. 246-270). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/baue90796-015
  • Blades‐Eckelbarger, P.I., & Youngbluth, M.J. (1984). The ultrastructure of oogenesis and yolk formation in Labidocera aestiva (Copepoda: Calanoida). Journal of morphology, 179(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790105
  • Burgess, A.I., Callan, C.K., Touse, R., & Delos Santos, M. (2020). Increasing survival and growth in larval leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) using intensively cultured Parvocalanus crassirostris nauplii. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(1), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12635
  • Carlotti, F., Bonnet, D., & Halsband-Lenk, C. (2007). Development and growth rates of Centropages typicus. Progress in Oceanography, 72(2-3), 164-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.01.011
  • Ceballos-Vazquez, B.P., Hernandez-Trujillo, S., Esqueda-Escarcega, G.M., & Arellano-Martinez, M. (2009). Female gonad morphology of Centropages furcatus (Dana, 1852). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 53(2), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2009.9652293
  • Conceição, L.E., Yúfera, M., Makridis, P., Morais, S., & Dinis, M.T. (2010). Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 613-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02242.x
  • Conway, D.V., White, R.G., Hugues-Dit-Ciles, J., Gallienne, C.P., & Robins, D.B. (2003). Guide to the coastal and surface zooplankton of the south-western Indian Ocean. Occasional Publication of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 15, 1-354.
  • Corkett, C.J., & McLaren, I.A. (1979). The biology of Pseudocalanus. In Advances in marine biology (Vol. 15, pp. 1-231). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60404-6
  • Dussart, B., & Defaye, D. (1995). Copepoda: introduction to the Copepoda. In: Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world (pp. 1–277). SPB Academic Publishing.
  • Dvoretsky, V.G., & Dvoretsky, A.G. (2014). Egg production rates of two common copepods in the Barents Sea in summer. Polar Science, 8(3), 298-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2014.04.001
  • Eckelbarger, K.J., & Blades-Eckelbarger, P.I. (2005). Oogenesis in calanoid copepods. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 47(3), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2005.9652157
  • Eisfeld, S.M., & Niehoff, B. (2007). Gonad morphology, oocyte development and spawning cycle of the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi. Helgoland Marine Research, 61, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-007-0066-7
  • Fisheries, FAO. (2022). Aquaculture Division. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Halsband, C., & Hirche, H. J. (2001). Reproductive cycles of dominant calanoid copepods in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 209, 219-229. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps209219
  • Hopkins, C.C.E. (1977). The relationship between maternal body size and clutch size, development time and egg mortality in Euchaeta norvegica (Copepoda: Calanoida) from Loch Etive, Scotland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 57(3), 723-733. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400025133
  • Ianora, A., & Buttino, I. (1990). Seasonal cycles in population abundances and egg production rates in the planktonic copepods Centropages typicus and Acartia clausi. Journal of Plankton Research, 12(3), 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.3.473
  • Ianora, A., & di Carlo, B.S. (1988). Observations on egg production rates and seasonal changes in the internal morphology of Mediterranean populations of Acartia clausi and Centropages typicus. Hydrobiologia, 167, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026311
  • Imelda, J., Sarimol, C.N., & Bhaskaran, B. (2015). Course Manual on Copepod Culture. : Technological Advances in Mariculture for Production Enhancement and Sustainability (pp. 1-3) ICAR- CMFRI.
  • Jeevaji, J.H., Patki, L.R., Bhalchandra, B.L. (1983). An Introduction to Microtechnique (pp. 1-78). India: S. Chand.
  • Kailasam, M., Makesh, M., Vasagam, K.K., Sukumaran, K., Sivaramakrishnan, T., Thomas, D., & Subburaj, R. (2020). Potential brackishwater finfish species for Cage culture. ICAR-CIBA.
  • Kasturirangan, L.R. (1963). A key for the identification of the more common planktonic copepoda: of Indian coastal waters (No. 2). Council of Scientific & Industrial Research.
  • Kavitha, M., Padmavathy, P., Srinivasan, A., Jawahar, P., Ranjith, L., & Linga Prabu, D. (2018). Copepod abundance and Diversity from offshore region of Tuticorin, south east coast of India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 2767-2792. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.316
  • Kline, M.D., & Laidley, C.W. (2015). Development of intensive copepod culture technology for Parvocalanus crassirostris: Optimizing adult density. Aquaculture, 435, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.022
  • Lacuna, M.L., Simyunn, D.D., Mejorada, R.O., España, N., & Sagrado, D.C. (2013). Description of marine copepods, Centropages furcatus, Eucalanus monachus and Oncaea venusta, in Mindanao waters, Southern Philippines. Animal Biology & Animal Husbandry, 5(2), 209-228.
  • Li, W., Liu, X., & Ma, Z. (2021). Culturing techniques for planktonic copepods. Research Methods of Environmental Physiology in Aquatic Sciences, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5354-7_5
  • Lindley, J.A. (1990). Distribution of overwintering calanoid copepod eggs in sea-bed sediments around southern Britain. Marine Biology, 104, 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313260
  • Ma, Z., Guo, H., Zhang, N., & Bai, Z. (2013). State of art for larval rearing of grouper. International Journal of Aquaculture, 3(13), 63–72.
  • Marshall, S M & Orr, A P. (1973). The Biology of a Marine Copepod. Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner). (pp 195). Berlin-Heidelberg; New York: Springer.
  • Niehoff, B. (2007). Life history strategies in zooplankton communities: The significance of female gonad morphology and maturation types for the reproductive biology of marine calanoid copepods. Progress in Oceanography, 74(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.05.005
  • Niehoff, B., & Hirche, H. J. (1996). Oogenesis and gonad maturation in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus and the prediction of egg production from preserved samples. Polar Biology, 16, 601-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02329058
  • Norrbin, M. F. (1994). Seasonal patterns in gonad maturation, sex ratio and size in some small, high-latitude copepods: Implications for overwintering tactics. Journal of Plankton Research, 16(2), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/16.2.115
  • Ohtsuka, S., & Huys, R. (2001). Sexual dimorphism in calanoid copepods: morphology and function. Hydrobiologia, 453, 441-466. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013162605809
  • Orr, A.P. (1972). The biology of a marine copepod: Calanus finmarchicus, Gunnerus. Springer.
  • Pantin, C.F.A. (1946). Notes on microscopical technique for zoologists, (pp. 1–76), Cambridge University Press.
  • Park, T.S. (1965). The biology of a calanoid copepod Epilabidocera amphitrites McMurrich. University of Washington.
  • Rajkumar, M. (2006). Suitability of the copepod, Acartia clausi as a live feed for Seabass larvae (Lates calcarifer Bloch): Compared to traditional live-food organisms with special emphasis on the nutritional value. Aquaculture, 261(2), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.043
  • Razouls C., Desreumaux N., Kouwenberg J. and de Bovée F., (2005-2023). Biodiversity of Marine Planktonic Copepods (morphology, geographical distribution and biological data). Sorbonne University, CNRS. (https://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en/) Razouls, S., Nival, P., & Nival, S. (1987). Development of the genital system in the copepodid stages of the calanoid copepod Temora stylifera Dana. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67(3), 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400027363
  • Razouls, S., Nival, S., & Nival, E.P. (1986). La reproduction de Temora stylifera: Ses implications anatomiques en relation avec le facteur ‘nutrition’. Journal of plankton research, 8(5), 875-889. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/8.5.875
  • Rønnestad, I., Yufera, M., Ueberschär, B., Ribeiro, L., Sæle, Ø., & Boglione, C. (2013). Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: Current knowledge, and gaps and bottlenecks in research. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5, S59-S98. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12010
  • Santhosh, B., Anil, M.K., Muhammed Anzeer, F., Aneesh, K.S., Abraham, M.V., Gopakumar, G., & Unnikrishnan, C. (2018). Culture techniques of marine copepods, (pp. 144), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India.
  • Vijayaraj, R., Jayaprakashvel, M., & Altaff, K. (2022). Efficacy of Apocyclops royi (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) nauplii as live prey for the first feeding larvae of Silver Pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacepède, 1801). Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 20(4), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2022/v20i4502

Yıl 2023, , 233 - 244, 11.10.2023

Sheriff A. M , Vijayaraj Radha , Kareem Altaff

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ajiboye, O.O., Yakubu, A.F., Adams, T.E., Olaji, E.D., & Nwogu, N.A. (2011). A review of the use of copepods in marine fish larviculture. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 21, 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9169-3
  • Altaff, K. (2020). Feeding and reproductive biology of two potential calanoid copepod species of Pseudodiaptomus for mass culture. International Journal of Zoological Investigations, 6(2), 246-259. https://doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2020.v06i02.004
  • Altaff, K., & Vijayaraj, R. (2021). Micro-algal diet for copepod culture concerning their nutritive value–A review. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 13(7), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2021.13705
  • Araujo, G.S., Silva, J.W.A.D., Cotas, J., & Pereira, L. (2022). Fish Farming Techniques: Current Situation and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(11), 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111598
  • Barroso, M.V., Boos, B.B., Antoniassi, R., & Fernandes, L.F.L. (2015). Use of the copepod Oithona hebes as a bioencapsulator of essential fatty acids. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 63, 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592015089106303
  • Begum, B.D., Dharani, G., & Altaff, K. (2012). Effect of temperature on the egg production and hatching success of Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) Indicus (Calanoida: Copepoda). African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 4(6), 216-220.
  • Blades, P.I., & Youngbluth, M.J. (1981). Ultrastructure of the male reproductive system and spermatophore formation in Labidocera aestiva (Crust.: Copepoda). Zoomorphology, 99(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310351
  • Blades-Eckelbarger, P.I. (1991). Functional Morphology of Spermatophores and Sperm Transfer in Calanoid Copepods. Crustacean sexual biology (pp. 246-270). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/baue90796-015
  • Blades‐Eckelbarger, P.I., & Youngbluth, M.J. (1984). The ultrastructure of oogenesis and yolk formation in Labidocera aestiva (Copepoda: Calanoida). Journal of morphology, 179(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790105
  • Burgess, A.I., Callan, C.K., Touse, R., & Delos Santos, M. (2020). Increasing survival and growth in larval leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) using intensively cultured Parvocalanus crassirostris nauplii. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(1), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12635
  • Carlotti, F., Bonnet, D., & Halsband-Lenk, C. (2007). Development and growth rates of Centropages typicus. Progress in Oceanography, 72(2-3), 164-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.01.011
  • Ceballos-Vazquez, B.P., Hernandez-Trujillo, S., Esqueda-Escarcega, G.M., & Arellano-Martinez, M. (2009). Female gonad morphology of Centropages furcatus (Dana, 1852). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 53(2), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2009.9652293
  • Conceição, L.E., Yúfera, M., Makridis, P., Morais, S., & Dinis, M.T. (2010). Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 613-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02242.x
  • Conway, D.V., White, R.G., Hugues-Dit-Ciles, J., Gallienne, C.P., & Robins, D.B. (2003). Guide to the coastal and surface zooplankton of the south-western Indian Ocean. Occasional Publication of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 15, 1-354.
  • Corkett, C.J., & McLaren, I.A. (1979). The biology of Pseudocalanus. In Advances in marine biology (Vol. 15, pp. 1-231). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60404-6
  • Dussart, B., & Defaye, D. (1995). Copepoda: introduction to the Copepoda. In: Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world (pp. 1–277). SPB Academic Publishing.
  • Dvoretsky, V.G., & Dvoretsky, A.G. (2014). Egg production rates of two common copepods in the Barents Sea in summer. Polar Science, 8(3), 298-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2014.04.001
  • Eckelbarger, K.J., & Blades-Eckelbarger, P.I. (2005). Oogenesis in calanoid copepods. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 47(3), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2005.9652157
  • Eisfeld, S.M., & Niehoff, B. (2007). Gonad morphology, oocyte development and spawning cycle of the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi. Helgoland Marine Research, 61, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-007-0066-7
  • Fisheries, FAO. (2022). Aquaculture Division. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Halsband, C., & Hirche, H. J. (2001). Reproductive cycles of dominant calanoid copepods in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 209, 219-229. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps209219
  • Hopkins, C.C.E. (1977). The relationship between maternal body size and clutch size, development time and egg mortality in Euchaeta norvegica (Copepoda: Calanoida) from Loch Etive, Scotland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 57(3), 723-733. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400025133
  • Ianora, A., & Buttino, I. (1990). Seasonal cycles in population abundances and egg production rates in the planktonic copepods Centropages typicus and Acartia clausi. Journal of Plankton Research, 12(3), 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.3.473
  • Ianora, A., & di Carlo, B.S. (1988). Observations on egg production rates and seasonal changes in the internal morphology of Mediterranean populations of Acartia clausi and Centropages typicus. Hydrobiologia, 167, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026311
  • Imelda, J., Sarimol, C.N., & Bhaskaran, B. (2015). Course Manual on Copepod Culture. : Technological Advances in Mariculture for Production Enhancement and Sustainability (pp. 1-3) ICAR- CMFRI.
  • Jeevaji, J.H., Patki, L.R., Bhalchandra, B.L. (1983). An Introduction to Microtechnique (pp. 1-78). India: S. Chand.
  • Kailasam, M., Makesh, M., Vasagam, K.K., Sukumaran, K., Sivaramakrishnan, T., Thomas, D., & Subburaj, R. (2020). Potential brackishwater finfish species for Cage culture. ICAR-CIBA.
  • Kasturirangan, L.R. (1963). A key for the identification of the more common planktonic copepoda: of Indian coastal waters (No. 2). Council of Scientific & Industrial Research.
  • Kavitha, M., Padmavathy, P., Srinivasan, A., Jawahar, P., Ranjith, L., & Linga Prabu, D. (2018). Copepod abundance and Diversity from offshore region of Tuticorin, south east coast of India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 2767-2792. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.316
  • Kline, M.D., & Laidley, C.W. (2015). Development of intensive copepod culture technology for Parvocalanus crassirostris: Optimizing adult density. Aquaculture, 435, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.022
  • Lacuna, M.L., Simyunn, D.D., Mejorada, R.O., España, N., & Sagrado, D.C. (2013). Description of marine copepods, Centropages furcatus, Eucalanus monachus and Oncaea venusta, in Mindanao waters, Southern Philippines. Animal Biology & Animal Husbandry, 5(2), 209-228.
  • Li, W., Liu, X., & Ma, Z. (2021). Culturing techniques for planktonic copepods. Research Methods of Environmental Physiology in Aquatic Sciences, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5354-7_5
  • Lindley, J.A. (1990). Distribution of overwintering calanoid copepod eggs in sea-bed sediments around southern Britain. Marine Biology, 104, 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313260
  • Ma, Z., Guo, H., Zhang, N., & Bai, Z. (2013). State of art for larval rearing of grouper. International Journal of Aquaculture, 3(13), 63–72.
  • Marshall, S M & Orr, A P. (1973). The Biology of a Marine Copepod. Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner). (pp 195). Berlin-Heidelberg; New York: Springer.
  • Niehoff, B. (2007). Life history strategies in zooplankton communities: The significance of female gonad morphology and maturation types for the reproductive biology of marine calanoid copepods. Progress in Oceanography, 74(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.05.005
  • Niehoff, B., & Hirche, H. J. (1996). Oogenesis and gonad maturation in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus and the prediction of egg production from preserved samples. Polar Biology, 16, 601-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02329058
  • Norrbin, M. F. (1994). Seasonal patterns in gonad maturation, sex ratio and size in some small, high-latitude copepods: Implications for overwintering tactics. Journal of Plankton Research, 16(2), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/16.2.115
  • Ohtsuka, S., & Huys, R. (2001). Sexual dimorphism in calanoid copepods: morphology and function. Hydrobiologia, 453, 441-466. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013162605809
  • Orr, A.P. (1972). The biology of a marine copepod: Calanus finmarchicus, Gunnerus. Springer.
  • Pantin, C.F.A. (1946). Notes on microscopical technique for zoologists, (pp. 1–76), Cambridge University Press.
  • Park, T.S. (1965). The biology of a calanoid copepod Epilabidocera amphitrites McMurrich. University of Washington.
  • Rajkumar, M. (2006). Suitability of the copepod, Acartia clausi as a live feed for Seabass larvae (Lates calcarifer Bloch): Compared to traditional live-food organisms with special emphasis on the nutritional value. Aquaculture, 261(2), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.043
  • Razouls C., Desreumaux N., Kouwenberg J. and de Bovée F., (2005-2023). Biodiversity of Marine Planktonic Copepods (morphology, geographical distribution and biological data). Sorbonne University, CNRS. (https://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en/) Razouls, S., Nival, P., & Nival, S. (1987). Development of the genital system in the copepodid stages of the calanoid copepod Temora stylifera Dana. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67(3), 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400027363
  • Razouls, S., Nival, S., & Nival, E.P. (1986). La reproduction de Temora stylifera: Ses implications anatomiques en relation avec le facteur ‘nutrition’. Journal of plankton research, 8(5), 875-889. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/8.5.875
  • Rønnestad, I., Yufera, M., Ueberschär, B., Ribeiro, L., Sæle, Ø., & Boglione, C. (2013). Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: Current knowledge, and gaps and bottlenecks in research. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5, S59-S98. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12010
  • Santhosh, B., Anil, M.K., Muhammed Anzeer, F., Aneesh, K.S., Abraham, M.V., Gopakumar, G., & Unnikrishnan, C. (2018). Culture techniques of marine copepods, (pp. 144), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India.
  • Vijayaraj, R., Jayaprakashvel, M., & Altaff, K. (2022). Efficacy of Apocyclops royi (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) nauplii as live prey for the first feeding larvae of Silver Pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacepède, 1801). Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 20(4), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2022/v20i4502
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Sheriff A. M 0000-0002-3562-2534

Vijayaraj Radha 0000-0002-4170-1685

Kareem Altaff 0000-0001-9178-2519

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA A. M, S., Radha, V., & Altaff, K. (2023). Anatomy and histological evaluation of the reproductive system of marine calanoid copepod Centropages furcatus from a mass culture perspective. Aquatic Research, 6(4), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR23022

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