Araştırma Makalesi
CO2 Emisyonu, Hava Yolu Taşımacılığı, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Beşli Grup (G5) Örneği
Öz
Çalışmanın amacı, CO2 emisyonu, hava yolu taşımacılığı, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. G5 (Brezilya, Çin, Hindistan, Meksika ve Güney Afrika) ülkelerini kapsayan bu çalışmada 1990-2018 dönemine ait panel veriler kullanılmıştır. Hava yolu taşımacılığı değişkeni, hava yolu yolcu taşımacılığı ve hava yolu yük taşımacılığı olmak üzere ayrı ayrı modellere dâhil edilmiştir. Ağırlıklandırılmış Ortalama Grup (AMG) tahmincisi kullanılarak modeller tahmin edilmiştir. Ampirik analiz sonucuna göre hava yolu yük taşımacılığı CO2 emisyonunu istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif etkilerken hava yolu yolcu taşımacılığına ilişkin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir bulgu elde edilememiştir. Bununla birlikte, her iki modelde ekonomik büyüme CO2 emisyonunu istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif, enerji tüketimi ise negatif etkilemektedir
Anahtar Kelimeler
CO2 Emisyonu Hava Yolu Taşımacılığı Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Ekonomik Büyüme Beşli Grup
Kaynakça
- Adedoyin, F.F., Ozturk, I., Bekun, F.V., Agboola, P.O., & Agboola, M.O. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy policy simulations for abating emissions in a complex economy: Evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL, Renewable Energy, 177, 1408-1420.
- Alonso, G., Benito, A., Lonza, L., & Kousoulidou, M. (2014). Investigations on the distribution of air transport traffic and CO2 emissions within the European Union, Journal of Air Transport Management, 36, 85-93.
- Anwar, A., Younis, M., & Ullah, I. (2020). Impact of urbanization and economic growth on CO2 emission: A case of far east Asian countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2531.
- ATAG (2020). Aviation benefits beyond borders, https://aviationbenefits.org/media/167517/aw-oct-final-atag_abbb-2020-publication-digital.pdf
- Attiaoui, I., Toumi, H., Ammouri, B., & Gargouri, I. (2017). Causality links among renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in Africa: Evidence from a panel ARDL-PMG approach, Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 24(14), 13036-13048.
- Aydoğan, B., & Vardar, G. (2020). Evaluating the role of renewable energy, economic growth and agriculture on CO2 emission in E7 countries, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39(4), 335-348.
- Aye, G.C., & Edoja, P.E. (2017). Effect of economic growth on CO2 emission in developing countries: Evidence from a dynamic panel threshold model, Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1379239.
- Azam, M., Khan, A.Q., Abdullah, H.B., & Qureshi, M.E. (2016). The impact of CO2 emissions on economic growth: Evidence from selected higher CO2 emissions economies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(7), 6376-6389.
- Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A panic attack on unit roots and cointegration, Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177. Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2010). Panel unit root tests with cross-section dependence: a further investigation, Econometric Theory, 26(4), 1088-1114.
- Ben Amar, M. (2013). Economic growth: the case of African countries, The Journal of Energy and Development, 38(1&2), 65-78.
- Bersvendsen, T., & Ditzen, J. (2020). Xthst: testing for slope homogeneity in Stata, Centre For Energy Economics Research And Policy Working Paper, (11).
- Bilan, Y., Streimikiene, D., Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., & Pavlyk, A. (2019). Linking between renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: Challenges for candidates and potential candidates for the EU membership, Sustainability, 11(6), 1528.
- Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- BVF (2019). Klimaschutz und luftverkehr, https://www.fluglaerm.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20190830_BVF-Position-Klimaschutz-und444-Flugverkehr.pdf
- Cao, H., Khan, M.K., Rehman, A., Dagar, V., Oryani, B., & Tanveer, A. (2022). Impact of globalization, institutional quality, economic growth, electricity and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emission in OECD countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(16), 24191-24202.
- Chandler, W., Secrest, T.J., Logan, J., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A.S., Schuler, M.E., & Alpan-Atamer, S. (2002). Climate change mitigation in developing countries. Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington.
- Chèze, B., Chevallier, J., & Gastineau, P. (2013). Will technological progress be sufficient to stabilize CO2 emissions from air transport in the mid-term?, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 18, 91-96.
- Dong, K., Sun, R., Jiang, H., & Zeng, X. (2018). CO2 emissions, economic growth, and the environmental kuznets curve in China: what roles can nuclear energy and renewable energy play?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 51-63.
- Eberhardt, M., & Teal, F. (2010). Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production, economics series, Working Papers 515, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
- Eberhardt, M. (2012). Estimating panel time-series models with heterogeneous slopes, The Stata Journal, 12(1), 61-71.
- EESI (2019). The growth in greenhouse gas emissions from commercial aviation, Part 1 of a Series on Airlines and Climate Change [Fact sheet], https://www.eesi.org/files/FactSheet_Climate_Impacts_Aviation_2019rev2021.pdf
- EIA (2021). What is renewable energy? https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/
- Erdogan, S., Adedoyin, F.F., Bekun, F.V., & Sarkodie, S.A. (2020). Testing the transport-induced environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of air and railway transport, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101935.
- Habib, Y., Xia, E., Hashmi, S.H., & Yousaf, A.U. (2022). Testing the heterogeneous effect of air transport intensity on CO2 emissions in G20 countries: An advanced empirical analysis, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 44020–44041
- Hasanov, F.J., Mikayilov, J.I., Mukhtarov, S., & Suleymanov, E. (2019). Does CO2 emissions–economic growth relationship reveal EKC in developing countries? Evidence from Kazakhstan, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(29), 30229-30241.
- Hayes, A. (2021), Group of Five (G-5), https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/g5.asp
- Heyne, J., Rauch, B., Le Clercq, P., & Colket, M. (2021). Sustainable aviation fuel prescreening tools and procedures, Fuel, 290, 120004.
- Globelink Ünimar (2022). Ro-Ro taşımacılığı, https://globelink-unimar.com/ro-ro-tasimaciligi/
- ITA (2022, 21 Mart). Renewable energy, https://www.trade.gov/renewable-energy
- Ito, K. (2016). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developed countries, Economics Bulletin, 36(1), 553-559.
- Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries, International Economics, 151, 1-6.
- Jebli, M.B., & Kahia, M. (2020). The interdependence between CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energies, and service development: evidence from 65 countries, Climatic Change, 162(2), 193-212
- Kahia, M., Ben Jebli, M., & Belloumi, M. (2019). Analysis of the impact of renewable energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 MENA countries, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 21(4), 871-885.
- Kasman, A., & Duman, Y.S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis, Economic Modelling, 44, 97-103.
- Mccoskey, S.i & Kao, C. (1998). A residual-based test of the null of cointegration in panel data, Econometric Reviews, 17(1), 57-84.
- Meacock, P. (2021). International shipping responsible for 2% of global CO2 emissions; the leading company maersk aims for a solution, https://impakter.com/international-shipping-global-co2-emissions /
- National Geographic (a) (2022, 6 Şubat), Renewable energy, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/renewable-energy
- National Geographic (b) (2022, 6 Şubat), Renewable energy explained, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/renewable-energy-explained
- Pesaran, M.H. & Smith, R.P. (1995), Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 79–113.
- Pesaran, M.H. (2006), Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure, Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
- Pesaran, M.H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
- Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
- Pesaran, M.H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels, Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13-50.
- Radmehr, R., Henneberry, S.R., & Shayanmehr, S. (2021). Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth nexus: A simultaneity spatial modeling analysis of EU countries, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 13-27.
- Reese, S., & Westerlund, J. (2016). PANICCA-PANIC on cross-section averages, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 961-981.
- Ritchie, H., Roser, M., & Rosado, P. (2019). Energy, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access
- Shaari, M.S., Abidin, N.Z., & Karim, Z.A. (2020). The impact of renewable energy consumption and economic growth on CO2 emissions: New evidence using panel ARDL study of selected countries, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(6), 617.
- Swamy, P.A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38(2), 311-323.
- The University of Toronto (2012). Group of five, University of Toronto, http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g5/index.html
- UNEP (2021). The heat is on – a world of climate promises not yet delivered, https://unepccc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/emissions-gap-report-2021-full-report.pdf
- Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D.L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test, Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
- Zellner, A. (1962). An efficient method of estim ating seemingly unrelated regressions and tests for aggregation bias, Journal of American Statistical Association, No 57.
- Zhang, M., & Wang, W. (2013). Decouple indicators on the CO2 emission-economic growth linkage: The Jiangsu Province case, Ecological Indicators, 32, 239-244.
TThe Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Air Transportation, Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Example of the Group of Five (G5)
Öz
The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, air transportation, renewable energy consumption and economic growth. In this study covering the G5 (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa) countries, panel data for the period 1990-2018 were used. The air transportation variable was included in the models separately, including air passenger transportation and air transportation. Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator. According to the empirical analysis result, while air freight transport has a statistically significant and negative effect on CO2 emissions, no statistically significant finding regarding air passanger transport has been obtained. In both models, economic growth has a statistically significant and positive effect on CO2 emissions, while energy consumption has a negative effect.
Anahtar Kelimeler
CO2 Emissions Air Transport Renewable Energy Consumption Economic Growth The Group of Five
Kaynakça
- Adedoyin, F.F., Ozturk, I., Bekun, F.V., Agboola, P.O., & Agboola, M.O. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy policy simulations for abating emissions in a complex economy: Evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL, Renewable Energy, 177, 1408-1420.
- Alonso, G., Benito, A., Lonza, L., & Kousoulidou, M. (2014). Investigations on the distribution of air transport traffic and CO2 emissions within the European Union, Journal of Air Transport Management, 36, 85-93.
- Anwar, A., Younis, M., & Ullah, I. (2020). Impact of urbanization and economic growth on CO2 emission: A case of far east Asian countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2531.
- ATAG (2020). Aviation benefits beyond borders, https://aviationbenefits.org/media/167517/aw-oct-final-atag_abbb-2020-publication-digital.pdf
- Attiaoui, I., Toumi, H., Ammouri, B., & Gargouri, I. (2017). Causality links among renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in Africa: Evidence from a panel ARDL-PMG approach, Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 24(14), 13036-13048.
- Aydoğan, B., & Vardar, G. (2020). Evaluating the role of renewable energy, economic growth and agriculture on CO2 emission in E7 countries, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39(4), 335-348.
- Aye, G.C., & Edoja, P.E. (2017). Effect of economic growth on CO2 emission in developing countries: Evidence from a dynamic panel threshold model, Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1379239.
- Azam, M., Khan, A.Q., Abdullah, H.B., & Qureshi, M.E. (2016). The impact of CO2 emissions on economic growth: Evidence from selected higher CO2 emissions economies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(7), 6376-6389.
- Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A panic attack on unit roots and cointegration, Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177. Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2010). Panel unit root tests with cross-section dependence: a further investigation, Econometric Theory, 26(4), 1088-1114.
- Ben Amar, M. (2013). Economic growth: the case of African countries, The Journal of Energy and Development, 38(1&2), 65-78.
- Bersvendsen, T., & Ditzen, J. (2020). Xthst: testing for slope homogeneity in Stata, Centre For Energy Economics Research And Policy Working Paper, (11).
- Bilan, Y., Streimikiene, D., Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., & Pavlyk, A. (2019). Linking between renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: Challenges for candidates and potential candidates for the EU membership, Sustainability, 11(6), 1528.
- Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- BVF (2019). Klimaschutz und luftverkehr, https://www.fluglaerm.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/20190830_BVF-Position-Klimaschutz-und444-Flugverkehr.pdf
- Cao, H., Khan, M.K., Rehman, A., Dagar, V., Oryani, B., & Tanveer, A. (2022). Impact of globalization, institutional quality, economic growth, electricity and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emission in OECD countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(16), 24191-24202.
- Chandler, W., Secrest, T.J., Logan, J., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A.S., Schuler, M.E., & Alpan-Atamer, S. (2002). Climate change mitigation in developing countries. Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington.
- Chèze, B., Chevallier, J., & Gastineau, P. (2013). Will technological progress be sufficient to stabilize CO2 emissions from air transport in the mid-term?, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 18, 91-96.
- Dong, K., Sun, R., Jiang, H., & Zeng, X. (2018). CO2 emissions, economic growth, and the environmental kuznets curve in China: what roles can nuclear energy and renewable energy play?, Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 51-63.
- Eberhardt, M., & Teal, F. (2010). Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production, economics series, Working Papers 515, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
- Eberhardt, M. (2012). Estimating panel time-series models with heterogeneous slopes, The Stata Journal, 12(1), 61-71.
- EESI (2019). The growth in greenhouse gas emissions from commercial aviation, Part 1 of a Series on Airlines and Climate Change [Fact sheet], https://www.eesi.org/files/FactSheet_Climate_Impacts_Aviation_2019rev2021.pdf
- EIA (2021). What is renewable energy? https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/
- Erdogan, S., Adedoyin, F.F., Bekun, F.V., & Sarkodie, S.A. (2020). Testing the transport-induced environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of air and railway transport, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101935.
- Habib, Y., Xia, E., Hashmi, S.H., & Yousaf, A.U. (2022). Testing the heterogeneous effect of air transport intensity on CO2 emissions in G20 countries: An advanced empirical analysis, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 44020–44041
- Hasanov, F.J., Mikayilov, J.I., Mukhtarov, S., & Suleymanov, E. (2019). Does CO2 emissions–economic growth relationship reveal EKC in developing countries? Evidence from Kazakhstan, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(29), 30229-30241.
- Hayes, A. (2021), Group of Five (G-5), https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/g5.asp
- Heyne, J., Rauch, B., Le Clercq, P., & Colket, M. (2021). Sustainable aviation fuel prescreening tools and procedures, Fuel, 290, 120004.
- Globelink Ünimar (2022). Ro-Ro taşımacılığı, https://globelink-unimar.com/ro-ro-tasimaciligi/
- ITA (2022, 21 Mart). Renewable energy, https://www.trade.gov/renewable-energy
- Ito, K. (2016). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developed countries, Economics Bulletin, 36(1), 553-559.
- Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries, International Economics, 151, 1-6.
- Jebli, M.B., & Kahia, M. (2020). The interdependence between CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energies, and service development: evidence from 65 countries, Climatic Change, 162(2), 193-212
- Kahia, M., Ben Jebli, M., & Belloumi, M. (2019). Analysis of the impact of renewable energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 MENA countries, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 21(4), 871-885.
- Kasman, A., & Duman, Y.S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis, Economic Modelling, 44, 97-103.
- Mccoskey, S.i & Kao, C. (1998). A residual-based test of the null of cointegration in panel data, Econometric Reviews, 17(1), 57-84.
- Meacock, P. (2021). International shipping responsible for 2% of global CO2 emissions; the leading company maersk aims for a solution, https://impakter.com/international-shipping-global-co2-emissions /
- National Geographic (a) (2022, 6 Şubat), Renewable energy, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/renewable-energy
- National Geographic (b) (2022, 6 Şubat), Renewable energy explained, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/renewable-energy-explained
- Pesaran, M.H. & Smith, R.P. (1995), Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 79–113.
- Pesaran, M.H. (2006), Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure, Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
- Pesaran, M.H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
- Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
- Pesaran, M.H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels, Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13-50.
- Radmehr, R., Henneberry, S.R., & Shayanmehr, S. (2021). Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth nexus: A simultaneity spatial modeling analysis of EU countries, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 13-27.
- Reese, S., & Westerlund, J. (2016). PANICCA-PANIC on cross-section averages, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 961-981.
- Ritchie, H., Roser, M., & Rosado, P. (2019). Energy, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access
- Shaari, M.S., Abidin, N.Z., & Karim, Z.A. (2020). The impact of renewable energy consumption and economic growth on CO2 emissions: New evidence using panel ARDL study of selected countries, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(6), 617.
- Swamy, P.A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 38(2), 311-323.
- The University of Toronto (2012). Group of five, University of Toronto, http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g5/index.html
- UNEP (2021). The heat is on – a world of climate promises not yet delivered, https://unepccc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/emissions-gap-report-2021-full-report.pdf
- Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D.L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test, Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
- Zellner, A. (1962). An efficient method of estim ating seemingly unrelated regressions and tests for aggregation bias, Journal of American Statistical Association, No 57.
- Zhang, M., & Wang, W. (2013). Decouple indicators on the CO2 emission-economic growth linkage: The Jiangsu Province case, Ecological Indicators, 32, 239-244.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ocak 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 |