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Brexit Sonrası Kuzey İrlanda ve AB İlişkilerinde Güvenliğin Dönüşümü: Canlanan Tarihsel Sorunlar

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 23 - 46, 26.04.2024

Elif Dilan Tütmez Erol Kalkan

https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.1301178

Abstract

Uzun bir tarihsel geçmişe sahip olan Kuzey İrlanda (Kİ) sorunu, Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği’nden (AB) ayrılmasıyla tekrar gündeme gelmiştir. Eski Başbakan David Cameron tarafından başlatılan Brexit (İngiliz çekilmesi), Haziran 2016 referandumuyla kesinleşmiş ve Şubat 2020’de tamamlanmıştır. AB üyeliğinin Kİ ve İrlanda Cumhuriyeti’ni entegrasyon yoluyla bütünleştiren yapısı ortadan kalkmıştır. Kuzey İrlanda’da kırk yılı aşkın mezhep çatışmalarına son veren 1998 Belfast Antlaşması ise, Brexit’le tehlikeye girmiştir. Bu çalışmada Brexit’in Kuzey İrlanda’da ortaya çıkardığı tarihsel sorunlar ve güvenlikleştirilen alanlar analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmada Brexit kararının, Kİ eyaletlerinin ve sınır bölgelerinin istikrarına ve yenilenmesine katkıda bulunan toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasi dengelerin sürdürülebilirliğine ilişkin güvenlik problemleri yarattığı savunulmaktadır. Keza güvenlikleştirilmiş sınırın, Kİ toplumu adına olumsuz deneyimleri ve gerilimleri çağrıştırdığı belirtilmektedir. Dolayısıyla çalışmada, Kİ sorununun tarihsel arka planı ve Brexit sonrası sürecin doğurduğu yeni koşullar dikkate alınarak, iki İrlanda’nın birleşme olasılığı ile Birleşik Krallık’ın ve AB’nin geleceğine etki eden dinamikler, güvenlikleştirme bağlamında analiz edilmektedir.

Keywords

Brexit Birleşik Krallık Kuzey İrlanda Sorunu AB Güvenlikleştirme

References

  • Anderson, J. (2018). Ireland’s Borders, Brexit Centre-Stage: a Commentary. Space and Polity, 22:2, 255-269.
  • Amadeo, K. (2022). What Was Brexit, and How Did It Impact the UK, the EU, and the US? https://www.thebalancemoney.com/brexit-consequences-4062999. (Erişim: 10.11.2022)
  • Arrigo, B. A. (2018). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security and Privacy. USA: SAGE.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (1997). The Concept of Security. Review of International Studies, 23, 5-26.
  • Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik Kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 18, 69-85.
  • BBC (2011). David Cameron Blocks EU-Wide Deal to Tackle Euro Crisis. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16104275. (Erişim: 10.11.2022)
  • BBC. (2022a). NI election results 2022: Sinn Féin wins most seats in historic election. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-61355419. (Erişim: 13.11.2022)
  • BBC (2022b). Scottish Independence: Will there be a second referendum? https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-50813510 (Erişim: 15.11.2022)
  • Browne, M. (1981). Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Case of the Provisional. J. Lodge içinde, Terrorism: A Challenge to the State (s. 146-163). Oxford: Martin Robertson and Co Ltd.
  • Buzan, B., and Hansen, L. (2009). The Evolution of International Security Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O., and De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Pub.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). Brexit: New year, new deal and what it means for NI. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-50974350. (Erişim: 11.11.2022)
  • Carswell, S. (2022). Q and A: What is the problem with the Northern Ireland protocol? https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/q-a-what-is-the-problem-with-the-northern-ireland-protocol-1.4880069. (Erişim: 12.11.2022)
  • Cebeci, M. (2021). The Implications of Brexit for The EU's Security. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 20, Özel Sayı: Brexit, 291-324.
  • Cochrane, F. (2021). Northern Ireland The Fragile Peace. London: Yale Un. Press.
  • Considere-Charon, M.-C. (2021). Brexit and the Irish Question. Fondation Robert Schuman-European issues N°583, 1-8.
  • CRS, R. (2019). Northern Ireland: Current Issues and Ongoing Challenges in the Peace Process. US: Congressional Research Service (CRS).
  • de Mars, S., vd. (2018). Bordering Two Unions: Northern Ireland and Brexit. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Curtis, J. (2023). Northern Ireland Protocol. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9548/. (Erişim.: 24.10.2023)
  • Doyle, J., and Connolly, E. (2017). Brexit and the Future of Northern Ireland. Brexit Institute, Working Paper I, 1-21.
  • Dunin-Wasowicz, R. (2017). The Economists for Brexit predictions are inconsistent with the basic facts of international trade. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2017/08/23/economists-for-brexit-predictions-are-inconsistent-with-basic-facts-of-international-trade/. (Erişim: 20.11.2022)
  • Edgington, T. (2022). Brexit: What is the Northern Ireland Protocol? https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53724381. (Erişim: 16.11.2022)
  • European Council (2023a). The Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland Explained. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-relations-with-the-united-kingdom/the-eu-uk-withdrawal-agreement/the-protocol-on-ireland-and-northern-ireland-explained/. (Erişim: 24.10.2023)
  • European Council (2023b). EU-UK relations: EU takes further steps to implement the Windsor Framework. (Erişim: 24.10.2023) https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/05/30/eu-uk-relations-eu-takes-further-steps-to-implement-the-windsor-framework/?utm_source=dsms-auto&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=EU-UK%20relations%3A%20EU%20takes%20further%20steps%20to%20imp.
  • Europol (2022). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Europol.
  • Gormley-Heenan, Cathy vd. (2017). Waking Up in a Different Country: Brexit and Northern Ireland. Research Update, Number 116, https://www.ark.ac.uk/ARK/sites/default/files/2018-07/update116_1.pdf, 1-4. (Erişim: 21.11.2022)
  • Government, HM (2022). The Benefits of Brexit: How the UK is Taking Advantage of Leaving the EU. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054643/benefits-of-brexit.pdf, 3-101. (Erişim: 12.11.2022)
  • Hand, G. (1969). Report of the Irish Boundary Commission 1925. Dublin: Irish University Press.
  • Hatton, B. (2022). Britain's Political Turmoil Shatters Its Pragmatic Image. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/britains-political-turmoil-shatters-pragmatic-image-91799976. (Erişim: 20.11.2022)
  • Hayward, K. (2017). Bordering on Brexit: Views from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland. Belfast: Queen's University Belfast.
  • Helm, T. (2016). British Euroscepticism: A Brief History. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/feb/07/british-euroscepticism-a-brief-history. (Erişim: 11.10.2022)
  • House of Lords, E. U. (2016). Brexit: UK-Irish relations. HL Paper 76, 1-78.
  • Karabulut, B. (2017). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Savaş Olgusunun Yaşadığı Dönüşüm: Hibrit Savaş ve Rusya Örneği. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, XIV-55, 115-130.
  • Kolodziej, E. A. (2005). Security and International Relations. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • McDonald, H. (2018). Police Chief Says 'Hard Brexit' Irish Border would be Paramilitary Target. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/07/n-ireland-police-chief-says-hard-brexit-border-posts-would-be-paramilitary-target. (Erişim: 18.11.2022)
  • McDonnell, F. (2020). Northern farmers ask Johnson for £300m to replace CAP payments. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/northern-farmers-ask-johnson-for-300m-to-replace-cap-payments-1.4157937. (Erişim: 18.11.2022)
  • Metkin, K., ve Çemrek, M. (2013). Kuzey İrlanda: Bitmeyen Bir Barış Hikayesi. N. Akyeşilmen içinde, Barışı Konuşmak: Teori ve Pratikte Çatışma Yönetimi (s. 277-294). Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık.
  • Murphy, M. C. (2018). Europe and Northern Ireland’s Future: Negotiating Brexit's Unique Case. Exeter, UK: Agenda Publishing.
  • Nicholson, K. (2020). Brexit shock: How Northern Ireland ‘could return to EU’ after UK departure. https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1312900/brexit-news-northern-ireland-european-union-reunification-border-poll-arlene-foster-spt. (Erişim: 21.11.2022)
  • O'hearn, D. (2014). How has Peace Changed the Northern Irish Political Economy? Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 7:1, 101-118.
  • Sargeant, J., vd. (2020). Implementing Brexit The Northern Ireland Protocol. UK: Institute for Government.
  • Sargeant, J., and Savur, S. (2023). Stormont Brake: The Windsor Framework. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/stormont-brake-windsor-framework. (Erişim: 25.10.2023)
  • Stępka, M. (2022). Identifying Security Logics in the EU Policy Discourse: The “Migration Crisis” and the EU. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Stennett, A., vd. (2020). Internal Market Act 2020 and the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, Research and Information Service Briefing Paper. Northern Ireland Assembly.
  • Stritzel, H. (2014). Security in Translation: Securitization Theory and the Localization of Threat. NY.: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • The Week (2022). Brexit: the Pros and Cons of Leaving the EU. https://www.theweek.co.uk/brexit-0. (Erişim: 21.10.2022)
  • Waever, O. (1995). Securitization and Desecuritization. R. D. Lipschutz içinde, On Security (New York). Columbia University Press: 46-86.
  • Yılmaz, E. A. (2022). Brexit Sonrası Sürecin Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşik Krallık'a Mevcut ve Beklenen Etkileri. Pamukkale Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 52, 179-195.

Transformation of Security in Northern Ireland and The EU Relations After Brexit: Revived Historical Problems

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 23 - 46, 26.04.2024

Elif Dilan Tütmez Erol Kalkan

https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.1301178

Abstract

The issue of Northern Ireland (NI), which has a long history, has come to the fore again with the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union (EU). The Brexit (British withdrawal), initiated by former Prime Minister David Cameron, was finalized with the June 2016 referendum and completed in February 2020. The structure of EU membership that integrates NI and the Republic of Ireland through integration has disappeared. The 1998 Belfast Agreement, which ended more than forty years of sectarian conflict in NI, was endangered by Brexit. In the study, it’s argued that the Brexit decision creates security problems related to the sustainability of social, economic, and political balances that contribute to the stability and renewal of NI states and border regions. In the study, considering the historical background of the NI problem and the new conditions created by the post-Brexit process, the possibility of the two Ireland's unification and the dynamics affecting the future of the United Kingdom and the EU are analyzed in the context of securitization.

Keywords

Brexit United Kingdom Northern Ireland Issue EU Securitization

References

  • Anderson, J. (2018). Ireland’s Borders, Brexit Centre-Stage: a Commentary. Space and Polity, 22:2, 255-269.
  • Amadeo, K. (2022). What Was Brexit, and How Did It Impact the UK, the EU, and the US? https://www.thebalancemoney.com/brexit-consequences-4062999. (Erişim: 10.11.2022)
  • Arrigo, B. A. (2018). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security and Privacy. USA: SAGE.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (1997). The Concept of Security. Review of International Studies, 23, 5-26.
  • Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik Kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 18, 69-85.
  • BBC (2011). David Cameron Blocks EU-Wide Deal to Tackle Euro Crisis. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16104275. (Erişim: 10.11.2022)
  • BBC. (2022a). NI election results 2022: Sinn Féin wins most seats in historic election. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-61355419. (Erişim: 13.11.2022)
  • BBC (2022b). Scottish Independence: Will there be a second referendum? https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-50813510 (Erişim: 15.11.2022)
  • Browne, M. (1981). Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Case of the Provisional. J. Lodge içinde, Terrorism: A Challenge to the State (s. 146-163). Oxford: Martin Robertson and Co Ltd.
  • Buzan, B., and Hansen, L. (2009). The Evolution of International Security Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O., and De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Pub.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). Brexit: New year, new deal and what it means for NI. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-50974350. (Erişim: 11.11.2022)
  • Carswell, S. (2022). Q and A: What is the problem with the Northern Ireland protocol? https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/q-a-what-is-the-problem-with-the-northern-ireland-protocol-1.4880069. (Erişim: 12.11.2022)
  • Cebeci, M. (2021). The Implications of Brexit for The EU's Security. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 20, Özel Sayı: Brexit, 291-324.
  • Cochrane, F. (2021). Northern Ireland The Fragile Peace. London: Yale Un. Press.
  • Considere-Charon, M.-C. (2021). Brexit and the Irish Question. Fondation Robert Schuman-European issues N°583, 1-8.
  • CRS, R. (2019). Northern Ireland: Current Issues and Ongoing Challenges in the Peace Process. US: Congressional Research Service (CRS).
  • de Mars, S., vd. (2018). Bordering Two Unions: Northern Ireland and Brexit. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Curtis, J. (2023). Northern Ireland Protocol. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9548/. (Erişim.: 24.10.2023)
  • Doyle, J., and Connolly, E. (2017). Brexit and the Future of Northern Ireland. Brexit Institute, Working Paper I, 1-21.
  • Dunin-Wasowicz, R. (2017). The Economists for Brexit predictions are inconsistent with the basic facts of international trade. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2017/08/23/economists-for-brexit-predictions-are-inconsistent-with-basic-facts-of-international-trade/. (Erişim: 20.11.2022)
  • Edgington, T. (2022). Brexit: What is the Northern Ireland Protocol? https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53724381. (Erişim: 16.11.2022)
  • European Council (2023a). The Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland Explained. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-relations-with-the-united-kingdom/the-eu-uk-withdrawal-agreement/the-protocol-on-ireland-and-northern-ireland-explained/. (Erişim: 24.10.2023)
  • European Council (2023b). EU-UK relations: EU takes further steps to implement the Windsor Framework. (Erişim: 24.10.2023) https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/05/30/eu-uk-relations-eu-takes-further-steps-to-implement-the-windsor-framework/?utm_source=dsms-auto&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=EU-UK%20relations%3A%20EU%20takes%20further%20steps%20to%20imp.
  • Europol (2022). EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Europol.
  • Gormley-Heenan, Cathy vd. (2017). Waking Up in a Different Country: Brexit and Northern Ireland. Research Update, Number 116, https://www.ark.ac.uk/ARK/sites/default/files/2018-07/update116_1.pdf, 1-4. (Erişim: 21.11.2022)
  • Government, HM (2022). The Benefits of Brexit: How the UK is Taking Advantage of Leaving the EU. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1054643/benefits-of-brexit.pdf, 3-101. (Erişim: 12.11.2022)
  • Hand, G. (1969). Report of the Irish Boundary Commission 1925. Dublin: Irish University Press.
  • Hatton, B. (2022). Britain's Political Turmoil Shatters Its Pragmatic Image. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/britains-political-turmoil-shatters-pragmatic-image-91799976. (Erişim: 20.11.2022)
  • Hayward, K. (2017). Bordering on Brexit: Views from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland. Belfast: Queen's University Belfast.
  • Helm, T. (2016). British Euroscepticism: A Brief History. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/feb/07/british-euroscepticism-a-brief-history. (Erişim: 11.10.2022)
  • House of Lords, E. U. (2016). Brexit: UK-Irish relations. HL Paper 76, 1-78.
  • Karabulut, B. (2017). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Savaş Olgusunun Yaşadığı Dönüşüm: Hibrit Savaş ve Rusya Örneği. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, XIV-55, 115-130.
  • Kolodziej, E. A. (2005). Security and International Relations. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • McDonald, H. (2018). Police Chief Says 'Hard Brexit' Irish Border would be Paramilitary Target. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/07/n-ireland-police-chief-says-hard-brexit-border-posts-would-be-paramilitary-target. (Erişim: 18.11.2022)
  • McDonnell, F. (2020). Northern farmers ask Johnson for £300m to replace CAP payments. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/northern-farmers-ask-johnson-for-300m-to-replace-cap-payments-1.4157937. (Erişim: 18.11.2022)
  • Metkin, K., ve Çemrek, M. (2013). Kuzey İrlanda: Bitmeyen Bir Barış Hikayesi. N. Akyeşilmen içinde, Barışı Konuşmak: Teori ve Pratikte Çatışma Yönetimi (s. 277-294). Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık.
  • Murphy, M. C. (2018). Europe and Northern Ireland’s Future: Negotiating Brexit's Unique Case. Exeter, UK: Agenda Publishing.
  • Nicholson, K. (2020). Brexit shock: How Northern Ireland ‘could return to EU’ after UK departure. https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1312900/brexit-news-northern-ireland-european-union-reunification-border-poll-arlene-foster-spt. (Erişim: 21.11.2022)
  • O'hearn, D. (2014). How has Peace Changed the Northern Irish Political Economy? Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 7:1, 101-118.
  • Sargeant, J., vd. (2020). Implementing Brexit The Northern Ireland Protocol. UK: Institute for Government.
  • Sargeant, J., and Savur, S. (2023). Stormont Brake: The Windsor Framework. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/stormont-brake-windsor-framework. (Erişim: 25.10.2023)
  • Stępka, M. (2022). Identifying Security Logics in the EU Policy Discourse: The “Migration Crisis” and the EU. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Stennett, A., vd. (2020). Internal Market Act 2020 and the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, Research and Information Service Briefing Paper. Northern Ireland Assembly.
  • Stritzel, H. (2014). Security in Translation: Securitization Theory and the Localization of Threat. NY.: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • The Week (2022). Brexit: the Pros and Cons of Leaving the EU. https://www.theweek.co.uk/brexit-0. (Erişim: 21.10.2022)
  • Waever, O. (1995). Securitization and Desecuritization. R. D. Lipschutz içinde, On Security (New York). Columbia University Press: 46-86.
  • Yılmaz, E. A. (2022). Brexit Sonrası Sürecin Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşik Krallık'a Mevcut ve Beklenen Etkileri. Pamukkale Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 52, 179-195.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Elif Dilan Tütmez 0000-0001-7028-3016

Erol Kalkan 0000-0003-2846-4088

Early Pub Date April 8, 2024
Publication Date April 26, 2024
Submission Date May 23, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tütmez, E. D., & Kalkan, E. (2024). Brexit Sonrası Kuzey İrlanda ve AB İlişkilerinde Güvenliğin Dönüşümü: Canlanan Tarihsel Sorunlar. Uluslararası Ekonomi Ve Yenilik Dergisi, 10(1), 23-46. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.1301178
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International Journal of Economics and Innovation

Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Economics, 61080, Trabzon/Türkiye
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