Research Article
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Türk Bayraklı Ticaret Gemilerinin Paris MoU’daki Liman Devleti Kontrolü (PSC) Performansının Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 111 - 119, 01.11.2020

Abstract

Günümüzde, dünya mal ticaretinin yaklaşık %90’ı denizyoluyla yapılmakta olup ticaret gemileri uluslararası lojistik, tedarik ve taşımacılık zincirinin en önemli unsurlarını teşkil etmektedir. Gemilerin emniyet standartlarına ilişkin birincil sorumluluk Bayrak Devletine ait olmakla birlikte, standart altı gemilerin tespitinde PSC bir "güvenlik ağı" sağlamaktadır. Literatürdeki birçok çalışma, PSC'nin sadece gemilerin güvenliğini artırmak için değil, aynı zamanda deniz güvenliği ve deniz çevresinin korumasını sağlamak için de çok önemli bir araç olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bugüne kadar, PSC bağlamında dokuz bölgesel anlaşma yapılmış olup en önemlilerinden biri Paris MoU’dur. Bu çalışmada, Türk bayraklı ticaret gemilerinin Paris MoU'daki PSC performansının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Türk bayraklı ticaret gemilerinin Paris MoU'daki PSC performansını değerlendirmede “Excess Faktör (EF)” ve “Tutulma Oranı” göstergeleri kullanılmıştır. Sonuç itibariyle, Türk bayraklı gemilerin 2008-2018 yılları arasındaki EF değerlerinin sıfırına altında olduğu ve 2015-2016 arasında tutulma oranları önceki yıllara göre oldukça artmış olsa da özellikle 2018 yılındaki %2,30’luk tutulma oranının Paris MoU’daki ortalama tutulma oranının (%3.15) altında olduğu görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla, günümüzde Türk bayraklı gemiler Paris MoU’da her iki gösterge açısından da “iyi” denilebilecek bir PSC performansına sahip olmakla birlikte, söz konusu performansın sürdürülmesine yönelik olarak bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Aderson, T. (2002). The Effect of Port State Control on Substandard Shipping. Maritime Studies Journal, 2002(125): 20-25.
  • Aksu, S. and Vassalos, D. and Tuzcu, C. and Mikelis, N. and Swift, P. (2004) A risk-based design methodology for pollution prevention and control. In: International Conference on Design and Operation of Double Hull Tankers, 2004-02-25 - 2004-02-26
  • Alderton, T. & Winchester, N. (2002). Flag States and Safety: 1997–1999. Maritime Policy & Management. 29:151–162
  • Cariou, Pierre, Mejia, Maximo Q and Wolf, Francois-Charles. (2007). An econometric analysis of deficiencies noted in port state control inspections. Maritime Policy & Management, 2007(3):243-258.
  • Emecen, Esma Gül Kara. (2016). Risk Assessment in the Istanbul Strait Using Black Sea MOU Port State Control Inspections. Sustainability, 8: 390.
  • European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) (2017). Marine Casualties and Incidents Summary Overview 2011 – 2015 report.
  • İMEAK DTO. (2018). Maritime Sector Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/Media/SharedDocuments/sektorraporu/2017_sektor_en.pdf, 23.04.2020.
  • IACS (2018). A Guide to Managing Maintenance in Accordance with the Requirements of the ISM Code (Rev.2 Aug 2018). Retrieved from http://www.iacs.org.uk/download/1861, 23.04.2020.
  • IMO (2019). Port State Control. Retrieved from http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/MSAS/Pages/PortStateControl.aspx, 23.04.2020.
  • IM, Myeong-Hwan, LEE, Chang-Hyun & SIN, Ho-Sig. (2016). A Study on Ships of KRS Registered the analyses of Detentions for Port State Control. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education, 2016, 28(1): 34-46.
  • Kaybal (2018). Evaluation of PSC implementations in Turkey in accordance with Paris MoU. Maritime Expertise Thesis. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved from https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/kutuphane/9c2693f49d5f699.pdf, 23.04.2020.
  • Knapp, S. & Franses, P.H. (2008). Econometric analysis to differentiate effects of various ship safety inspections. Marine Policy, 32: 653–662.
  • Li, K.X., Wonham, J. (1999). Who is safe and who is at risk: A study of 20-years record on accident total loss in different flags. Maritime Policy & Management, 26:137–144
  • Li, K.X. (1999). The safety and quality of open registers and a new approach for classifying risky ships. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 35:135–143
  • LI, K. X. ve ZHENG, H. (2008): Enforcement of law by the Port State Control (PSC). Maritime Policy & Management, 35(1):61-71
  • Odeke, A. (2006): An Examination of Bareboat Charter Registries and Flag of Convenience Registries in International Law. Ocean Devleopment & International Law, 36(4):339-362.
  • Paris MoU. (2020a). Organization. Retrieved from https://www.parismou.org/about-us/organisation, 23.04.2020.
  • Paris MoU. (2020b). Ship Risk profile. Retrieved from https://www.parismou.org/inspections-risk/library-faq/ship-risk-profile, 23.04.2020.
  • Paris MoU. (2020c). Annual Reports (2008-2018). Retrieved from https://www.parismou.org/publications-category/annual-reports, 23.04.2020.
  • Randić, Miroslav, Matika, Dario and Možnik, Darko. (2015). SWOT Analysis of Deficiencies on Ship Components Identified by Port State Control Inspections with the Aim to Improve the Safety of Maritime Navigation. Brodogradnja: Teorija i praksa brodogradnje i pomorske tehnike, 2015(66:3):61-72.
  • Yılmazel, M. & Asyalı, E. (2005). An analysis of port state control inspections related to the ISPS Code. http://www.researchgate.net /publication/237712068, 23.04.2020.
  • Yılmaz, F. & Ece, N.J. (2017). Analysis of the Relationship Between Variables Related to Paris Mou - PSC Inspections and the Results of Inspection Applied to Turkish Flagged Ships. JEMS Maritime Sci, 5(2): 172-185
  • Yılmaz, F. & İlhan, M.N. (2018). An analysis of marine casualties of Turkish flagged ships and effects on seamen. GMO Journal of Ship and Marine Technology (GMO SHIPMAR). 24(211):78-93.

Evaluation of Port State Control (PSC) Performance of Turkish Flagged Merchant Ships in Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on PSC

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 111 - 119, 01.11.2020

Abstract

Today, about 90% of the world commodity trade is carried out by sea and merchant ships are the most important elements of the international logistics, supply and transportation chain. The primary responsibility for ships' safety standards rests with the flag State but PSC provides a "safety net" to catch identify sub-standard ships. Many studies in the literature show that the PSC is a very important tool not only to improve the safety of ships but also to enhance the maritime safety and marine environmental protection. To date, there have been nine regional agreements established on PSC and one of the most important of those is the Paris MoU. In this study, it is aimed to carry out an evaluation of PSC performance of the Turkish flagged merchant ships in the Paris MoU. With this aim, “Excess Factor (EF)” and “Detention Rate” indicators have been used for carrying out an overview of PSC performance of the Turkish flagged merchant ships in the Paris MoU.
As a result, it has been observed that the Turkish flagged ships have EF values lower than zero between 2008 and 2018 and have a detention rate (2.30% in 2018) below than 3.15% in the Paris MoU, although the detention rates increased extremely in 2015 and 2016 compared to previous years. Accordingly, it seems that Turkish flagged ships have recently a “good” PSC performance in the Paris MoU from the view of both indicators, however, some recommendations for the sustainability of this performance have also been presented.

References

  • Aderson, T. (2002). The Effect of Port State Control on Substandard Shipping. Maritime Studies Journal, 2002(125): 20-25.
  • Aksu, S. and Vassalos, D. and Tuzcu, C. and Mikelis, N. and Swift, P. (2004) A risk-based design methodology for pollution prevention and control. In: International Conference on Design and Operation of Double Hull Tankers, 2004-02-25 - 2004-02-26
  • Alderton, T. & Winchester, N. (2002). Flag States and Safety: 1997–1999. Maritime Policy & Management. 29:151–162
  • Cariou, Pierre, Mejia, Maximo Q and Wolf, Francois-Charles. (2007). An econometric analysis of deficiencies noted in port state control inspections. Maritime Policy & Management, 2007(3):243-258.
  • Emecen, Esma Gül Kara. (2016). Risk Assessment in the Istanbul Strait Using Black Sea MOU Port State Control Inspections. Sustainability, 8: 390.
  • European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) (2017). Marine Casualties and Incidents Summary Overview 2011 – 2015 report.
  • İMEAK DTO. (2018). Maritime Sector Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/Media/SharedDocuments/sektorraporu/2017_sektor_en.pdf, 23.04.2020.
  • IACS (2018). A Guide to Managing Maintenance in Accordance with the Requirements of the ISM Code (Rev.2 Aug 2018). Retrieved from http://www.iacs.org.uk/download/1861, 23.04.2020.
  • IMO (2019). Port State Control. Retrieved from http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/MSAS/Pages/PortStateControl.aspx, 23.04.2020.
  • IM, Myeong-Hwan, LEE, Chang-Hyun & SIN, Ho-Sig. (2016). A Study on Ships of KRS Registered the analyses of Detentions for Port State Control. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education, 2016, 28(1): 34-46.
  • Kaybal (2018). Evaluation of PSC implementations in Turkey in accordance with Paris MoU. Maritime Expertise Thesis. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Retrieved from https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/kutuphane/9c2693f49d5f699.pdf, 23.04.2020.
  • Knapp, S. & Franses, P.H. (2008). Econometric analysis to differentiate effects of various ship safety inspections. Marine Policy, 32: 653–662.
  • Li, K.X., Wonham, J. (1999). Who is safe and who is at risk: A study of 20-years record on accident total loss in different flags. Maritime Policy & Management, 26:137–144
  • Li, K.X. (1999). The safety and quality of open registers and a new approach for classifying risky ships. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 35:135–143
  • LI, K. X. ve ZHENG, H. (2008): Enforcement of law by the Port State Control (PSC). Maritime Policy & Management, 35(1):61-71
  • Odeke, A. (2006): An Examination of Bareboat Charter Registries and Flag of Convenience Registries in International Law. Ocean Devleopment & International Law, 36(4):339-362.
  • Paris MoU. (2020a). Organization. Retrieved from https://www.parismou.org/about-us/organisation, 23.04.2020.
  • Paris MoU. (2020b). Ship Risk profile. Retrieved from https://www.parismou.org/inspections-risk/library-faq/ship-risk-profile, 23.04.2020.
  • Paris MoU. (2020c). Annual Reports (2008-2018). Retrieved from https://www.parismou.org/publications-category/annual-reports, 23.04.2020.
  • Randić, Miroslav, Matika, Dario and Možnik, Darko. (2015). SWOT Analysis of Deficiencies on Ship Components Identified by Port State Control Inspections with the Aim to Improve the Safety of Maritime Navigation. Brodogradnja: Teorija i praksa brodogradnje i pomorske tehnike, 2015(66:3):61-72.
  • Yılmazel, M. & Asyalı, E. (2005). An analysis of port state control inspections related to the ISPS Code. http://www.researchgate.net /publication/237712068, 23.04.2020.
  • Yılmaz, F. & Ece, N.J. (2017). Analysis of the Relationship Between Variables Related to Paris Mou - PSC Inspections and the Results of Inspection Applied to Turkish Flagged Ships. JEMS Maritime Sci, 5(2): 172-185
  • Yılmaz, F. & İlhan, M.N. (2018). An analysis of marine casualties of Turkish flagged ships and effects on seamen. GMO Journal of Ship and Marine Technology (GMO SHIPMAR). 24(211):78-93.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Yılmaz 0000-0001-5652-0265

Publication Date November 1, 2020
Submission Date May 9, 2020
Acceptance Date May 19, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yılmaz, F. (2020). Evaluation of Port State Control (PSC) Performance of Turkish Flagged Merchant Ships in Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on PSC. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 6(1), 111-119.

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