Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 39 Issue: 4, 939 - 947, 29.10.2022

Abstract

References

  • 1. Scherbaum M, Kösters K, Mürbeth R, Ngoa U, Kremsner P, Lell B, Alabi A. Incidence, pathogens and resistance patterns of nosocomial infections at a rural hospital in Gabon. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014;14(1): 14-124.
  • 2. Weinstein R, Hota B. Contamination, Disinfection, and Cross-Colonization: Are Hospital Surfaces Reservoirs for Nosocomial Infection?. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004;39(8):1182-1189.
  • 3. Casadevall A, Pirofski L. Host-Pathogen Interactions: Basic Concepts of Microbial Commensalism, Colonization, Infection, and Disease. Infection and Immunity. 2000;68(12):6511-6518.
  • 4. Burrell C, Howard C, Murphy F. Epidemiology of Viral Infections. Fenner and White's Medical Virology. 2017;185-203.
  • 5. Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008 | AHE [Internet]. AHE. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.ahe.org/guideline-disinfection-and-sterilization-healthcare-facilities-2008
  • 6. Rutala W, Weber D. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2015;3294-3309.e4.
  • 7. Habboush Y, Benham M, Louie T, Noor A, Sprague R. New York State Infection Control [Internet]. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565864/
  • 8. Johnston M, Simons E, Lambert R. One explanation for the variability of the bacterial suspension test. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000;88(2):237-242.
  • 9. EISSA M. Assessment for Sporicidal Activity of Two Types of Peroxygen/Silver-Based Disinfectants: A Comparative Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management. 2016;4(2):161-169.
  • 10. Essam Eissa M. A novel approach in assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of eye drop products, European Pharmaceutical Review. 2016; 21(2): 40-43.
  • 11. Eissa M. Validation of Microbial Recovery of Pharmaceutically Important Gram-negative Bacteria from Peroxygen/Silver based Disinfectants and Evaluation of their Degree of Corrosiveness, Journal of Advanced Microbiology. 2017; 1(2): 41-58.
  • 12. Essam Eissa M. Limitations of the current chemical neutralization tests for assessment of microbial recovery from antimicrobials: A new prospective approach, International Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences (IJOMAS). 2016; 2(4):1-5.
  • 13. Eissa M, Abd El Naby M, Beshir M. Bacterial vs. fungal spore resistance to peroxygen biocide on inanimate surfaces. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. 2014;52(2):219-224.
  • 14. Eissa M, Kamel M, Beshir M. Study of Antimicrobial Power of Amphoteric Disinfectants of Tego Series Used in Pharmaceutical Industry. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G Microbiology. 2014;6(1):17-27.
  • 15. Eissa M, Abd El Naby M, Saber Nouby A. ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL DISINFECTANT BASED ON PEROXYGEN/BIGUANIDE/ALCOHOL COMBINATION. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY. 2014;25(3):153.
  • 16. Pincus DH. Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods. Hazelwood, MO: bioMérieux, Inc.; 2006.
  • 17. API® [Internet]. bioMérieux. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.biomerieux-usa.com/clinical/api
  • 18. Eissa M, Mahmoud A. ESTABLISHMENT OF METHOD FOR BIOBURDEN RECOVERY: Non-Antibiotic Oral Tablets (STUDY II). 2015;4(7): 234-243.
  • 19. Kratzer C, Tobudic S, Assadian O, Buxbaum A, Graninger W, Georgopoulos A. Validation of AKACID Plus as a Room Disinfectant in the Hospital Setting. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2006;72(6):3826-3831.
  • 20. S. Sheraba N. Efficacy and toxicity of neutralizers against disinfectants and antiseptics used in vaccine production facility. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2012;6(36).
  • 21. Motulsky H. GraphPad Prism. San Diego, Calif.: GraphPad Software; 2003.
  • 22. Sutton SV, Proud DW, Rachui S, Brannan DK. Validation of microbial recovery from disinfectants. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2002;56(5):255-66.
  • 23. Clontz L. Microbial limit and bioburden tests. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; 2009.
  • 24. Tavares M, Kozak M, Balola A, Sá-Correia I. Burkholderia cepacia Complex Bacteria: a Feared Contamination Risk in Water-Based Pharmaceutical Products. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2020;33(3).
  • 25. Sousa S, Ramos C, Leitão J. Burkholderia cepacia Complex: Emerging Multihost Pathogens Equipped with a Wide Range of Virulence Factors and Determinants. International Journal of Microbiology. 2011;2011:1-9.
  • 26. Jain V, Karibasappa G, Dodamani A, Prashanth V, Mali G. Comparative assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of different hand sanitizers: An in vitro study. Dental Research Journal. 2016;13(5):424.
  • 27. Claverley Group company. Lifecycle approach to cleaning and disinfection rotation [Internet]. Cleanroomtechnology.com. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.cleanroomtechnology.com/news/article_page/Lifecycle_approach_to_cleaning_and_disinfection_rotation/140448
  • 28. Eissa ME, Nouby AS. Validation of spore-forming organisms recovery from peroxygen-based disinfectants. J Pharm Res Clin Pract. 2014;4(2):23-32. 29. Klein D. Disinfectant Efficacy Testing [Internet]. Basic medical Key. 2021 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://basicmedicalkey.com/disinfectant-efficacy-testing/
  • 30. Eissa M. Studies of microbial resistance against some disinfectants: microbial distribution & biocidal resistance in pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. Chisinau: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing; 2014.
  • 31. Sozzi E, Baloch M, Strasser J, Fisher M, Leifels M, Camacho J, et al. A bioassay-based protocol for chemical neutralization of human faecal wastes treated by physico-chemical disinfection processes: A case study on benzalkonium chloride. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2019;222(2):155-167. 32. Spengler J, Amy G. Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
  • 33. GraphPad Software LLC. GraphPad Prism 9 Statistics Guide - Nonparametric tests [Internet]. Graphpad.com. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.graphpad.com/guides/prism/latest/statistics/stat_nonparametric_tests.htm
  • 34. Eissa M. Evaluation of microbiological purified water trend using two types of control chart. European Pharmaceutical Review. 2018;23(5):36-8.
  • 35. Illowsky B, Dean S. Matched or Paired Samples [Internet]. Opentextbc.ca. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://opentextbc.ca/introstatopenstax/chapter/matched-or-paired-samples/
  • 36. Eissa M, Rashed E, Eissa D. Dendrogram Analysis and Statistical Examination for Total Microbiological Mesophilic Aerobic Count of Municipal Water Distribution Network System. HighTech and Innovation Journal. 2022;3(1):28-36.
  • 37. McLaren I, Wales A, Breslin M, Davies R. Evaluation of commonly used farm disinfectants in wet and dry models of Salmonella farm contamination. Avian Pathology. 2011;40(1):33-42.
  • 38. Eissa ME, Ashour MS, Mansy MS. Impact of synthetic detergent on sporicidal activity in pharmaceutical facility. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology. 2013;5(1):43-50.
  • 39. Dancer S. Controlling Hospital-Acquired Infection: Focus on the Role of the Environment and New Technologies for Decontamination. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2014;27(4):665-690.
  • 40. Gouse M, Jayasankar V, Patole S, Veeraraghavan B, Nithyananth M. Clinical outcomes in musculoskeletal involvement of Burkholderia Pseudomallei infection. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery. 2017;9(3):386-91.
  • 41. Torbeck L, Raccasi D, Guilfoyle D, Friedman R, Hussong D. Burkholderia cepacia: This Decision Is Overdue. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2011;65(5):535-543.
  • 42. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. CDC, Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; 2008.

Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants

Year 2022, Volume: 39 Issue: 4, 939 - 947, 29.10.2022

Abstract

Mitigation of the nosocomial infection risk is of prime importance in any healthcare facility to protect patients as well as the working staff's health. To ensure accomplishing this target, one of the crucial good practices is the establishment of rigorous sanitization and disinfection programs that should be executed as part of GxP activity in hospitals. The cornerstone of this task is the implementation of a biocidal validation protocol to evaluate the commercially available antimicrobial formulae in the market against the microorganisms that could be found in the environment. In the present study, a biochemically identified – at least to the genus level -Gram-negative microorganism was found on three different occasions belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC). The disinfectant validation program was executed using four chemically different antimicrobial formulae that embraced alcohols, amphoteric detergent and peroxygen products. A preliminary neutralization study design evaluation was established before the biocidal assessment to ensure effective stoppage of the antimicrobial activity after a specific contact time with the microorganism using a bacterial count range between 40 and 100 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) which was determined by serial dilution. An acceptable neutralization (in terms of toxicity and efficacy) was achieved through a combination of chemical and dilution methods. Contact surface method for testing the biocides was applied using three different coupons that were made for the material of construction of the covers or lining of the walls, floors and metallic surfaces. Microbial reduction level exceeded 15,800 times the original count of ≥ 1 x 106 CFU/coupon with all groups and replicates at zero- and two-weeks storage time of the prepared and diluted disinfecting solution. The disinfectants that have been challenged in this study showed acceptable activity against the vegetative organism of concern in the healthcare industry with 2-hydroxypropane being slightly the least active among the group.

References

  • 1. Scherbaum M, Kösters K, Mürbeth R, Ngoa U, Kremsner P, Lell B, Alabi A. Incidence, pathogens and resistance patterns of nosocomial infections at a rural hospital in Gabon. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014;14(1): 14-124.
  • 2. Weinstein R, Hota B. Contamination, Disinfection, and Cross-Colonization: Are Hospital Surfaces Reservoirs for Nosocomial Infection?. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004;39(8):1182-1189.
  • 3. Casadevall A, Pirofski L. Host-Pathogen Interactions: Basic Concepts of Microbial Commensalism, Colonization, Infection, and Disease. Infection and Immunity. 2000;68(12):6511-6518.
  • 4. Burrell C, Howard C, Murphy F. Epidemiology of Viral Infections. Fenner and White's Medical Virology. 2017;185-203.
  • 5. Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008 | AHE [Internet]. AHE. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.ahe.org/guideline-disinfection-and-sterilization-healthcare-facilities-2008
  • 6. Rutala W, Weber D. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2015;3294-3309.e4.
  • 7. Habboush Y, Benham M, Louie T, Noor A, Sprague R. New York State Infection Control [Internet]. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565864/
  • 8. Johnston M, Simons E, Lambert R. One explanation for the variability of the bacterial suspension test. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000;88(2):237-242.
  • 9. EISSA M. Assessment for Sporicidal Activity of Two Types of Peroxygen/Silver-Based Disinfectants: A Comparative Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management. 2016;4(2):161-169.
  • 10. Essam Eissa M. A novel approach in assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of eye drop products, European Pharmaceutical Review. 2016; 21(2): 40-43.
  • 11. Eissa M. Validation of Microbial Recovery of Pharmaceutically Important Gram-negative Bacteria from Peroxygen/Silver based Disinfectants and Evaluation of their Degree of Corrosiveness, Journal of Advanced Microbiology. 2017; 1(2): 41-58.
  • 12. Essam Eissa M. Limitations of the current chemical neutralization tests for assessment of microbial recovery from antimicrobials: A new prospective approach, International Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences (IJOMAS). 2016; 2(4):1-5.
  • 13. Eissa M, Abd El Naby M, Beshir M. Bacterial vs. fungal spore resistance to peroxygen biocide on inanimate surfaces. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. 2014;52(2):219-224.
  • 14. Eissa M, Kamel M, Beshir M. Study of Antimicrobial Power of Amphoteric Disinfectants of Tego Series Used in Pharmaceutical Industry. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G Microbiology. 2014;6(1):17-27.
  • 15. Eissa M, Abd El Naby M, Saber Nouby A. ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL DISINFECTANT BASED ON PEROXYGEN/BIGUANIDE/ALCOHOL COMBINATION. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY. 2014;25(3):153.
  • 16. Pincus DH. Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods. Hazelwood, MO: bioMérieux, Inc.; 2006.
  • 17. API® [Internet]. bioMérieux. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.biomerieux-usa.com/clinical/api
  • 18. Eissa M, Mahmoud A. ESTABLISHMENT OF METHOD FOR BIOBURDEN RECOVERY: Non-Antibiotic Oral Tablets (STUDY II). 2015;4(7): 234-243.
  • 19. Kratzer C, Tobudic S, Assadian O, Buxbaum A, Graninger W, Georgopoulos A. Validation of AKACID Plus as a Room Disinfectant in the Hospital Setting. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2006;72(6):3826-3831.
  • 20. S. Sheraba N. Efficacy and toxicity of neutralizers against disinfectants and antiseptics used in vaccine production facility. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2012;6(36).
  • 21. Motulsky H. GraphPad Prism. San Diego, Calif.: GraphPad Software; 2003.
  • 22. Sutton SV, Proud DW, Rachui S, Brannan DK. Validation of microbial recovery from disinfectants. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2002;56(5):255-66.
  • 23. Clontz L. Microbial limit and bioburden tests. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; 2009.
  • 24. Tavares M, Kozak M, Balola A, Sá-Correia I. Burkholderia cepacia Complex Bacteria: a Feared Contamination Risk in Water-Based Pharmaceutical Products. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2020;33(3).
  • 25. Sousa S, Ramos C, Leitão J. Burkholderia cepacia Complex: Emerging Multihost Pathogens Equipped with a Wide Range of Virulence Factors and Determinants. International Journal of Microbiology. 2011;2011:1-9.
  • 26. Jain V, Karibasappa G, Dodamani A, Prashanth V, Mali G. Comparative assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of different hand sanitizers: An in vitro study. Dental Research Journal. 2016;13(5):424.
  • 27. Claverley Group company. Lifecycle approach to cleaning and disinfection rotation [Internet]. Cleanroomtechnology.com. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.cleanroomtechnology.com/news/article_page/Lifecycle_approach_to_cleaning_and_disinfection_rotation/140448
  • 28. Eissa ME, Nouby AS. Validation of spore-forming organisms recovery from peroxygen-based disinfectants. J Pharm Res Clin Pract. 2014;4(2):23-32. 29. Klein D. Disinfectant Efficacy Testing [Internet]. Basic medical Key. 2021 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://basicmedicalkey.com/disinfectant-efficacy-testing/
  • 30. Eissa M. Studies of microbial resistance against some disinfectants: microbial distribution & biocidal resistance in pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. Chisinau: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing; 2014.
  • 31. Sozzi E, Baloch M, Strasser J, Fisher M, Leifels M, Camacho J, et al. A bioassay-based protocol for chemical neutralization of human faecal wastes treated by physico-chemical disinfection processes: A case study on benzalkonium chloride. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2019;222(2):155-167. 32. Spengler J, Amy G. Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
  • 33. GraphPad Software LLC. GraphPad Prism 9 Statistics Guide - Nonparametric tests [Internet]. Graphpad.com. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://www.graphpad.com/guides/prism/latest/statistics/stat_nonparametric_tests.htm
  • 34. Eissa M. Evaluation of microbiological purified water trend using two types of control chart. European Pharmaceutical Review. 2018;23(5):36-8.
  • 35. Illowsky B, Dean S. Matched or Paired Samples [Internet]. Opentextbc.ca. 2022 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https://opentextbc.ca/introstatopenstax/chapter/matched-or-paired-samples/
  • 36. Eissa M, Rashed E, Eissa D. Dendrogram Analysis and Statistical Examination for Total Microbiological Mesophilic Aerobic Count of Municipal Water Distribution Network System. HighTech and Innovation Journal. 2022;3(1):28-36.
  • 37. McLaren I, Wales A, Breslin M, Davies R. Evaluation of commonly used farm disinfectants in wet and dry models of Salmonella farm contamination. Avian Pathology. 2011;40(1):33-42.
  • 38. Eissa ME, Ashour MS, Mansy MS. Impact of synthetic detergent on sporicidal activity in pharmaceutical facility. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology. 2013;5(1):43-50.
  • 39. Dancer S. Controlling Hospital-Acquired Infection: Focus on the Role of the Environment and New Technologies for Decontamination. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2014;27(4):665-690.
  • 40. Gouse M, Jayasankar V, Patole S, Veeraraghavan B, Nithyananth M. Clinical outcomes in musculoskeletal involvement of Burkholderia Pseudomallei infection. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery. 2017;9(3):386-91.
  • 41. Torbeck L, Raccasi D, Guilfoyle D, Friedman R, Hussong D. Burkholderia cepacia: This Decision Is Overdue. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2011;65(5):535-543.
  • 42. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. CDC, Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; 2008.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Clinical Research
Authors

Mostafa Eissa 0000-0003-3562-5935

Publication Date October 29, 2022
Submission Date May 16, 2022
Acceptance Date July 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 39 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Eissa, M. (2022). Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 39(4), 939-947.
AMA Eissa M. Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants. J. Exp. Clin. Med. October 2022;39(4):939-947.
Chicago Eissa, Mostafa. “Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39, no. 4 (October 2022): 939-47.
EndNote Eissa M (October 1, 2022) Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39 4 939–947.
IEEE M. Eissa, “Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 939–947, 2022.
ISNAD Eissa, Mostafa. “Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39/4 (October 2022), 939-947.
JAMA Eissa M. Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2022;39:939–947.
MLA Eissa, Mostafa. “Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, vol. 39, no. 4, 2022, pp. 939-47.
Vancouver Eissa M. Establishment of Biocidal Activity Evaluation Study Protocol in Healthcare Facility for Routine Monitoring of Antibacterial Activity of Disinfectants. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2022;39(4):939-47.