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Fare ve Sıçanlarda Dişi Genital Kanalı Değerlendirmenin Kolay Bir Yolu: Vajinal Sitoloji

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 259 - 266, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.29058/mjwbs.1172971

Abstract

Dişi genital kanalın durumunu izlemek için kullanılan vajinal sitoloji yöntemi, zaman içinde farklı metodlar ortaya çıksa da, kolay ve pratik olması nedeniyle sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. 1917’de Stockard ve Papanicolaou’nun kobay vajinal lümen epitel hücrelerinin ovulasyon döngüsünün durumuna göre değişiklik gösterdiğini keşfetmelerinin ardından östrus siklusu takibi, dişi genital sistem çalışmalarının vazgeçilmez bir parçası olmuştur. Vajinal sitolojiyi göstermek için smear örneklerinin alınma zamanı ve yöntemi, uygulayıcının tecrübesi gibi çeşitli faktörler sonuçların doğruluğu üzerine etkilidir. Östrus siklusu, sıçan ve farelerde temel olarak dört faz gösterir: proöstrus, östrus, metöstrus ve diöstrus. Her fazın hücre tipi ve yoğunluğu farklıdır. Bu derlemede; fare ve sıçandan smear alma yöntemleri ve östrus siklus fazlarının özelliklerinin yanı sıra, elde edilen verilerin deneysel çalışmalarda kullanım alanlarına yönelik literatür bilgileri yer almaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışma, dişi üreme sistemindeki dinamik değişikliklerin takibi, deneysel çalışmaların doğru planlanması ve sonuçların değerlendirilmesi yönünden dikkat edilmesi gereken noktaları belirtmesi ile dişi deneklerle çalışacak araştırmacılara kapsamlı bir bakış açısı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.

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References

  • Referans1. Goldman JM, Murr AS, Cooper RL. The rodent estrous cycle: characterization of vaginal cytology and its utility in toxicological studies. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2007;80(2):84-97.
  • Referans2. Heape W. Memoirs: The" Sexual Season" of Mammals and the Relation of the" Pro-œstrum" to Menstruation. Journal of Cell Science. 1900;2(173):1-70.
  • Referans3. Cora MC, Kooistra L, Travlos G. Vaginal Cytology of the Laboratory Rat and Mouse: Review and Criteria for the Staging of the Estrous Cycle Using Stained Vaginal Smears. Toxicologic Pathology. 2015;43(6):776-93.
  • Referans4. Byers SL, Wiles MV, Dunn SL, Taft RA. Mouse estrous cycle identification tool and images. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35538.
  • Referans5. Vilos GA. The history of the Papanicolaou smear and the odyssey of George and Andromache Papanicolaou. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1998;91(3):479-83.
  • Referans6. Li S, Davis B. Evaluating rodent vaginal and uterine histology in toxicity studies. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2007;80(3):246-52.
  • Referans7. Nelson JF, Felicio LS, Osterburg HH, Finch CE. Altered profiles of estradiol and progesterone associated with prolonged estrous cycles and persistent vaginal cornification in aging C57BL/6J mice. Biol Reprod. 1981;24(4):784-94.
  • Referans8. Campbell CS, Ryan KD, Schwartz NB. Estrous cycles in the mouse: relative influence of continuous light and the presence of a male. Biology of reproduction. 1976;14(3):292-9.
  • Referans9. Campbell CS, Schwartz NB. The Impact of Constant Light on the Estrous-Cycle of the Rat. Endocrinology. 1980;106(4):1230-8.
  • Referans10. Nelson JF, Felicio LS, Randall PK, Sims C, Finch CE. A longitudinal study of estrous cyclicity in aging C57BL/6J mice: I. Cycle frequency, length and vaginal cytology. Biol Reprod. 1982;27(2):327-39.
  • Referans11. Whitten WK. Modification of the oestrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. J Endocrinol. 1956;13(4):399-404.
  • Referans12. (OECD) OftEC-oaD. Part 5: Preparation, reading and reporting of vaginal smears 2014 [Available from: https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/40581357.pdf.
  • Referans13. Barsom SH, Mansfield PK, Koch PB, Gierach G, West SG. Association between psychological stress and menstrual cycle characteristics in perimenopausal women. Women Health Iss. 2004;14(6):235-41.
  • Referans14. Valsamakis G, Chrousos G, Mastorakos G. Stress, female reproduction and pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;100:48-57.
  • Referans15. Muratoğlu D. Kronik fizyolojik stres uygulamasının sıçan ovaryumlarında foliküler gelişim ve oosit rezevi üzerine etkileri: IGF1, AMH ve BCL-2’nin rolü (tez). Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2017.
  • Referans16. Casillas F, Betancourt M, Juarez-Rojas L, Ducolomb Y, Lopez A, Avila-Quintero A, et al. Chronic Stress Detrimentally Affects In Vivo Maturation in Rat Oocytes and Oocyte Viability at All Phases of the Estrous Cycle. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(9).
  • Referans17. Silva SP, Beserra JIA, Kubota MC, Cardoso GN, Freitas FRS, Goncalves BSM, et al. Palatable high-fat diet intake influences mnemonic and emotional aspects in female rats in an estrous cycle-dependent manner. Metab Brain Dis. 2021;36(7):1717-27.
  • Referans18. Kurt Ömürlü İ, Kanter M, Metin MS. Balb/C Türü dişi farelerde uniseksüel gruplamanın östrus siklusu üzerine etkileri. Yeni Tıp Dergisi. 2010;27(4):235-9.
  • Referans19. Caligioni CS. Assessing reproductive status/stages in mice. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2009;48(1):A. 4I. 1-A. 4I. 8.
  • Referans20. Rodriguez I, Araki K, Khatib K, Martinou J-C, Vassalli P. Mouse vaginal opening is an apoptosis-dependent process which can be prevented by the overexpression of Bcl2. Developmental biology. 1997;184(1):115-21.
  • Referans21. Carvalho MC, Genaro K, Leite-Panissi CRA, Lovick TA. Influence of estrous cycle stage on acquisition and expression of fear conditioning in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2021;234:113372.
  • Referans22. Sapmaz-Metin M, Topcu-Tarladacalisir Y, Kurt-Omurlu I, Weller BK, Unsal-Atan S. A morphological study of uterine alterations in mice due to exposure to cadmium. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 2017;92(4):264-73.
  • Referans23. Sapmaz Metin M. Normal ve süperovule farelerde iyonizan radyasyonun ovaryum morfolojisi, östrus siklusu ve ovulasyon oranı üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi (tez). Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2008.
  • Referans24. Long J, Evans HM, Evans HM. The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena. Memoirs of the University of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California; 1922.
  • Referans25. Astwood EB. Changes in the weight and water content of the uterus of the normal adult rat. Am J Physiol. 1939;126(1):162-70.
  • Referans26. Mandl AM. The Phases of the Oestrous Cycle in the Adult White Rat. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1951;28(4):576-84.
  • Referans27. Champlin AK, Dorr DL, Gates AH. Determining the stage of the estrous cycle in the mouse by the appearance of the vagina. Biology of reproduction. 1973;8(4):491-4.
  • Referans28. Mohammed S, Sundaram V. Comparative Study of Metachromatic Staining Methods in Assessing the Exfoliative Cell Types During Oestrous Cycle in Sprague-Dawley Laboratory Rats. International Journal of Morphology. 2018;36(3):962-8.
  • Referans29. McLean AC, Valenzuela N, Fai S, Bennett SA. Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification. J Vis Exp. 2012(67):e4389.
  • Referans30. Sugiyama M, Yasunaga A, Kobayashi R, Fukasawa H, Hashimoto O, Kurusu S, et al. Improvement in identification of pro-estrous mice by using a novel method of detecting vaginal mucous cells. Cell and Tissue Research. 2021;383(3):1183-90.
  • Referans31. Bakhshalizadeh S, Rabiee F, Shirazi R, Ghaedi K, Amidi F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Assessment of PGC1α-FNDC5 axis in granulosa cells of PCOS mouse model. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility. 2018;19(2):89.
  • Referans32. Allen E. The oestrous cycle in the mouse. American Journal of Anatomy. 1922;30(3):297-371.
  • Referans33. Grasso P, Rozhavskaya M, Reichert LE, Jr. In vivo effects of human follicle-stimulating hormone-related synthetic peptide hFSH-beta-(81-95) and its subdomain hFSH-beta-(90-95) on the mouse estrous cycle. Biol Reprod. 1998;58(3):821-5.
  • Referans34. Hubscher CH, Brooks DL, Johnson JR. A quantitative method for assessing stages of the rat estrous cycle. Biotech Histochem. 2005;80(2):79-87.
  • Referans35. Rao RP, Kaliwal BB. Monocrotophos induced dysfunction on estrous cycle and follicular development in mice. Ind Health. 2002;40(3):237-44.

An Easy Way to Evaluate the Female Genital Canal in Mice and Rats: Vaginal Cytology

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 259 - 266, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.29058/mjwbs.1172971

Abstract

Although different methods have emerged over time, the vaginal cytology method, which is used to monitor the condition of the female genital canal, is often preferred because it is easy and practical. In 1917, after Stockard and Papanicolaou discovered that guinea pig vaginal lumen epithelial cells change according to the state of the ovulation cycle, the oestrus cycle exhibiting has become an essential part of the female genital system studies. Various factors affect the accuracy of results, including timing, method of smear sample collection, and the practitioner's experience in demonstrating vaginal cytology. The oestrus cycle shows four basic phases: proestrus, oestrus, metestrus, and diestrus, in rats and mice. Each phase of the cycle has a different dominant cell type and density.
In this review; In addition to the methods of taking smears from mice and rats and the characteristics of the estrous cycle phases, there is information on the use of the data from experimental studies. Also, this study aims to provide a comprehensive perspective to researchers who will work with female subjects by emphasizing the points to be considered in terms of monitoring the dynamic changes in the female reproductive system and correct planning and evaluating the results of experimental studies.

Project Number

-

References

  • Referans1. Goldman JM, Murr AS, Cooper RL. The rodent estrous cycle: characterization of vaginal cytology and its utility in toxicological studies. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2007;80(2):84-97.
  • Referans2. Heape W. Memoirs: The" Sexual Season" of Mammals and the Relation of the" Pro-œstrum" to Menstruation. Journal of Cell Science. 1900;2(173):1-70.
  • Referans3. Cora MC, Kooistra L, Travlos G. Vaginal Cytology of the Laboratory Rat and Mouse: Review and Criteria for the Staging of the Estrous Cycle Using Stained Vaginal Smears. Toxicologic Pathology. 2015;43(6):776-93.
  • Referans4. Byers SL, Wiles MV, Dunn SL, Taft RA. Mouse estrous cycle identification tool and images. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35538.
  • Referans5. Vilos GA. The history of the Papanicolaou smear and the odyssey of George and Andromache Papanicolaou. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1998;91(3):479-83.
  • Referans6. Li S, Davis B. Evaluating rodent vaginal and uterine histology in toxicity studies. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2007;80(3):246-52.
  • Referans7. Nelson JF, Felicio LS, Osterburg HH, Finch CE. Altered profiles of estradiol and progesterone associated with prolonged estrous cycles and persistent vaginal cornification in aging C57BL/6J mice. Biol Reprod. 1981;24(4):784-94.
  • Referans8. Campbell CS, Ryan KD, Schwartz NB. Estrous cycles in the mouse: relative influence of continuous light and the presence of a male. Biology of reproduction. 1976;14(3):292-9.
  • Referans9. Campbell CS, Schwartz NB. The Impact of Constant Light on the Estrous-Cycle of the Rat. Endocrinology. 1980;106(4):1230-8.
  • Referans10. Nelson JF, Felicio LS, Randall PK, Sims C, Finch CE. A longitudinal study of estrous cyclicity in aging C57BL/6J mice: I. Cycle frequency, length and vaginal cytology. Biol Reprod. 1982;27(2):327-39.
  • Referans11. Whitten WK. Modification of the oestrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. J Endocrinol. 1956;13(4):399-404.
  • Referans12. (OECD) OftEC-oaD. Part 5: Preparation, reading and reporting of vaginal smears 2014 [Available from: https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/40581357.pdf.
  • Referans13. Barsom SH, Mansfield PK, Koch PB, Gierach G, West SG. Association between psychological stress and menstrual cycle characteristics in perimenopausal women. Women Health Iss. 2004;14(6):235-41.
  • Referans14. Valsamakis G, Chrousos G, Mastorakos G. Stress, female reproduction and pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;100:48-57.
  • Referans15. Muratoğlu D. Kronik fizyolojik stres uygulamasının sıçan ovaryumlarında foliküler gelişim ve oosit rezevi üzerine etkileri: IGF1, AMH ve BCL-2’nin rolü (tez). Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2017.
  • Referans16. Casillas F, Betancourt M, Juarez-Rojas L, Ducolomb Y, Lopez A, Avila-Quintero A, et al. Chronic Stress Detrimentally Affects In Vivo Maturation in Rat Oocytes and Oocyte Viability at All Phases of the Estrous Cycle. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(9).
  • Referans17. Silva SP, Beserra JIA, Kubota MC, Cardoso GN, Freitas FRS, Goncalves BSM, et al. Palatable high-fat diet intake influences mnemonic and emotional aspects in female rats in an estrous cycle-dependent manner. Metab Brain Dis. 2021;36(7):1717-27.
  • Referans18. Kurt Ömürlü İ, Kanter M, Metin MS. Balb/C Türü dişi farelerde uniseksüel gruplamanın östrus siklusu üzerine etkileri. Yeni Tıp Dergisi. 2010;27(4):235-9.
  • Referans19. Caligioni CS. Assessing reproductive status/stages in mice. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2009;48(1):A. 4I. 1-A. 4I. 8.
  • Referans20. Rodriguez I, Araki K, Khatib K, Martinou J-C, Vassalli P. Mouse vaginal opening is an apoptosis-dependent process which can be prevented by the overexpression of Bcl2. Developmental biology. 1997;184(1):115-21.
  • Referans21. Carvalho MC, Genaro K, Leite-Panissi CRA, Lovick TA. Influence of estrous cycle stage on acquisition and expression of fear conditioning in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2021;234:113372.
  • Referans22. Sapmaz-Metin M, Topcu-Tarladacalisir Y, Kurt-Omurlu I, Weller BK, Unsal-Atan S. A morphological study of uterine alterations in mice due to exposure to cadmium. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 2017;92(4):264-73.
  • Referans23. Sapmaz Metin M. Normal ve süperovule farelerde iyonizan radyasyonun ovaryum morfolojisi, östrus siklusu ve ovulasyon oranı üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi (tez). Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2008.
  • Referans24. Long J, Evans HM, Evans HM. The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena. Memoirs of the University of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California; 1922.
  • Referans25. Astwood EB. Changes in the weight and water content of the uterus of the normal adult rat. Am J Physiol. 1939;126(1):162-70.
  • Referans26. Mandl AM. The Phases of the Oestrous Cycle in the Adult White Rat. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1951;28(4):576-84.
  • Referans27. Champlin AK, Dorr DL, Gates AH. Determining the stage of the estrous cycle in the mouse by the appearance of the vagina. Biology of reproduction. 1973;8(4):491-4.
  • Referans28. Mohammed S, Sundaram V. Comparative Study of Metachromatic Staining Methods in Assessing the Exfoliative Cell Types During Oestrous Cycle in Sprague-Dawley Laboratory Rats. International Journal of Morphology. 2018;36(3):962-8.
  • Referans29. McLean AC, Valenzuela N, Fai S, Bennett SA. Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification. J Vis Exp. 2012(67):e4389.
  • Referans30. Sugiyama M, Yasunaga A, Kobayashi R, Fukasawa H, Hashimoto O, Kurusu S, et al. Improvement in identification of pro-estrous mice by using a novel method of detecting vaginal mucous cells. Cell and Tissue Research. 2021;383(3):1183-90.
  • Referans31. Bakhshalizadeh S, Rabiee F, Shirazi R, Ghaedi K, Amidi F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Assessment of PGC1α-FNDC5 axis in granulosa cells of PCOS mouse model. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility. 2018;19(2):89.
  • Referans32. Allen E. The oestrous cycle in the mouse. American Journal of Anatomy. 1922;30(3):297-371.
  • Referans33. Grasso P, Rozhavskaya M, Reichert LE, Jr. In vivo effects of human follicle-stimulating hormone-related synthetic peptide hFSH-beta-(81-95) and its subdomain hFSH-beta-(90-95) on the mouse estrous cycle. Biol Reprod. 1998;58(3):821-5.
  • Referans34. Hubscher CH, Brooks DL, Johnson JR. A quantitative method for assessing stages of the rat estrous cycle. Biotech Histochem. 2005;80(2):79-87.
  • Referans35. Rao RP, Kaliwal BB. Monocrotophos induced dysfunction on estrous cycle and follicular development in mice. Ind Health. 2002;40(3):237-44.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Zekiye Gülfem Yurtgezen 0000-0003-0098-8437

Deniz Erçetin 0000-0001-9713-044X

Melike Sapmaz Metin 0000-0001-9623-4116

Project Number -
Publication Date December 27, 2022
Acceptance Date October 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Yurtgezen ZG, Erçetin D, Sapmaz Metin M. Fare ve Sıçanlarda Dişi Genital Kanalı Değerlendirmenin Kolay Bir Yolu: Vajinal Sitoloji. Med J West Black Sea. 2022;6(3):259-66.

Medical Journal of Western Black Sea is a scientific publication of Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine.

This is a refereed journal, which aims at achieving free knowledge to the national and international organizations and individuals related to medical sciences in publishedand electronic forms.

This journal is published three annually in April, August and December.
The publication language of the journal is Turkish and English.