Research Article
Mardin Killit (Dereiçi) Köyü'ndeki Tarihi Konutların Cephelerinde Jeoçevresel ve İklimsel Etkilerin Araştırılması
Abstract
Killit (Dereiçi), bugün büyük ölçüde terk edilmiş bir köy olup, dünya çapında yayılmış 20.000'den fazla nüfusa sahip olduğu düşünülen Süryanilerin bir köyüdür. Savur'daki Kilit (Dereiçi) köyü, çok kimlikli yapısıyla dünyada nadir bir örnek olarak öne çıkar. Kültürel öneme sahip bu Süryani köyünün sokak cephe tasarımları, çeşitli faktörlere bağlı olarak bugün net bir şekilde görülebilir. Çalışmanın amacı, Kilit (Dereiçi) sokak cephelerinin (Eski Çarşı) hasar desenlerini tespit etmek ve bozulma süreçlerine etki eden faktörleri araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, gözlemsel tespit yöntemi kullanılmış ve bulgular, ICOMOS-ISCS, 2008 tarafından hazırlanan taş bozulma desenleri sözlüğüne dayanılarak sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonucunda, sokak cephelerinde en yoğun bozulmaların gözlendiği noktalar; cephe taş blokları arasındaki derzlerde yapılan çimento kaynaklı hatalı tamirler ve uzun süre iklim etkisine maruz kalan taş yüzeylerde 'çatlama, ayrışma, erozyon, parça kaybı, renk değişimi' gibi durumlardır.
References
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- Beck, K. & Al-mukhtar, M. (2014). Cyclic wetting–drying ageing test and patina formation on tuffeau limestone. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, 2361–2372.
- Bustamante, R., Vázquez, P., Rodríguez-Monteverde, P. & Monjo, J. (2020). Adapted ageing tests for the evaluation of alabaster used in the restoration of Bishop's Palace of Tarazona. Materiales de Construcción, 70.
- Bonazza, A., Vidorni, G., Natali, I., Ciantelli, C., Giosuè, C. & Tittarelli, F. (2017). Durability assessment to environmental impact of nano-structured consolidants on Carrara marble by field exposure tests. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 23–32.
- Caglar, N., Vural, I., Kirtel, O., Saribiyik, A. & Sumer, Y. (2023). Structural damages observed in buildings after the 24 January 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake in Türkiye. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01886.
- Capponi, C & Vedovello, S. (2000). The Restoration of the Tower of Pisa, a project worksite for the conservation of the surfac. Roma.
- Dal, M., Yalçın, M. & Öcal, A. D. (2016). Gazimağusa Kale içindeki tarihi taş yapılarda görülen bozunmalar. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2), 355-364.
- Dal, M. & Öcal, A. D. (2017). Mardin şehrindeki taştan yapılmış eserlerde görülen bozunmalar. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(1), 60-74.
- Derluyn, H., Vontobel, P., Mannes, D., Derome, D., Lehmann, E. & Carmeliet, J. (2018). Saline water evaporation and crystallization-induced deformations in building stone: insights from high-resolution neutron radiography. Transport in Porous Media, 128(3), 895–913.
- Duffv, A. P., Cooner, T. P. & Perrv, S. H. (1993). Reoointina. L/mortars for conservation of a historic stone building in Trinity College Dublin. Materials and Structures, 26, 302-306.
- Erberik, M. A., Aldemir, A. & Ay, B. Ö. (2008). A Critique on the Turkish Earthquake Code Regulations Regarding Masonry Constructio. 8th International Seminar on Structural Masonry, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Ergüler, Z. & Shakoor, A. (2009). Relative contribution of various climatic processes in disintegration of clay- bearing rocks. Engineering Geology, 108, 36–42.
- Eskici, B. (1997). Taş Eserlerin Korunması Üzerine Notlar.
- Fahmy, A., Molina-Piernas, E., Domínguez-Bella, S., et al. (2022). Geoenvironmental investigation of Sahure’s pyramid, Abusir archeological site, Giza, Egypt. Heritage Science, 10, 61.
- Gulotta, D., Villa, F., Cappitelli, F. & Toniolo, L. (2018). Biofilm colonization of metamorphic lithotypes of a renaissance cathedral exposed to urban atmosphere. Science of The Total Environment, 639, 1480–1490.
- ICOMOS-ISCS. (2008). Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns. Access Address (10.12.2023)
- Iucolano, F., Colella, A., Liguori, B. & Calcaterra, D. (2019). Suitability of silica nanoparticles for tuff consolidation. Construction and Building Materials, 202, 73–81.
- İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. (2023). Savur ilçesi teknik raporu, Mardin. Access Address (24.06.2023): https://mardin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-312112/dereici-killit-koyu.html
- Karkaş, Z. S. & Acun Özgünler, S. (2022). Koruma kararlarını etkileyen parametrelerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir anket çalışması. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 7 (1), 364-382.
- Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2022). Elimination of unqualified additions that distort the silhouette of the historical places: Artuklu example. Advanced Land Management, 2(2), 89-98.
- Karataş, L., Ateş, T., Alptekin, A., Dal, M. & Yakar, M. (2023). A systematic method for post-earthquake damage assessment: Case study of the Antep Castle, Türkiye Advanced Engineering Science, 3, 62–71.
- Khalil, A. E., Abdel Hafiez, H. E., Girgis, M. & Taha, M. A. (2017). Earthquake ground motion simulation at Zoser pyramid using the stochastic method: A step toward the preservation of an ancient Egyptian heritage. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, 6(1), 52–59.
- Khanlari, G., Sahamieh, R. Z. & Abdilor, Y. (2014). The effect of freeze–thaw cycles on physical and mechanical properties of Upper Red formation sandstones, central part of Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(8), 5991– 6001.
- Kudeb. (2023). Mardin Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kudeb Birimi Killit (Dereiçi) köyü teknik raporu. Mardin.
- Lazarini, L. & Tabasso, L. T. (1986). Restauro Della Pietra, Padova.
- Odom, I. E. (1984). Smectite clay minerals: properties and uses. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 311(1517), 391–409.
- Patil, S. M., Kasthurba, A. K. & Patil, M. V. (2021). Characterization and assessment of stone deterioration on heritage buildings. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15(1)-173-184.
- Sandrolini, F., Franzoni, E., Sassoni, E. & Diotallevi, P. P. (2011). The contribution of urban-scale environmental monitoring to materials diagnostics: a study on the Cathedral of Modena (Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12(4), 441–450.
- T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (2023). Savur Bölgesi yıllık sıcaklık farkları ve iklim verileri. Access Address (24.06.2023): https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/sicaklik- analizi.aspx?s=m
- Türkeri, İ. (2021). Ahşabı geri kazanmak: geri kazanılmış ahşap malzemenin sürdürülebilir ve ekolojik yapı elde etmede kullanımı. Yapı Dergisi.
- Türkeri, İ. (2022). Dinî mimaride doğal taş kullanımı: Sancaklar Camii ve Beylikdüzü Fatma Ana Cemevi. Tasarım Mimarlık ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(1), 1-9.
- Umaroğulları, G. & Kartal, S. (2021). A model proposal on results of physical and mechanical properties of Trakia Region Küfeki stone used at Early Period Ottoman Buildings. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6 (2), 384-395.
Investigating the Geoenvironmental and Climatic Impacts on the Facades of Historical Houses in Killit (Dereiçi) Village, Mardin
Abstract
Killit (Dereici), which is largely abandoned today, is an Assyrian village thought to have a population of more than 20,000 spread around the world. The Kilit (Dereiçi) village of Savur stands out as a rare example in the world with its multi-identity structure. The street façades of this Assyrian village, which has such cultural importance, can be clearly seen today, due to various factors. The aim of the study is to investigate the damage patterns and the factors affecting the durability of Kilit (Dereici) street facades (Old Bazaar). For this purpose, observational detection method was used and the findings were presented based on the dictionary of stone deterioration patterns prepared by ICOMOS-ISCS,2008. As a result of the study, the most intense deteriorations observed on the street facades; cement-induced faulty repairs made between the joints of the stone blocks on the facades and ‘crack, disintegration, erosion, ‘missing part, discolouration’ on the stone surfaces exposed to climate impact for a long time.
Keywords
Geoenvironmental and climatic impacts stone deterioration disintegration restoration Killit (Dereiçi) Village
Thanks
We would like to thank the Mardin Metropolitan Municipality KUDEB unit for sharing the necessary data.
References
- Ahmed, G. (2021). Using smart technology in conservation of the ancient Egyptian monuments from environmental impacts. Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology, 5(40), 78–97.
- Alves, C., Figueiredo, C., Sanjurjo-Sánchez, J. & Hernández, A. C. (2021). Effects of water on natural stone in the built environment—A Review. Geosciences, 11, 459.
- Alioğlu, E. F. (1996). Mardin-söylenceler ve tarih. Arkitekt, İstanbul.
- Alp, M. (2015). Efsanelerden Masallara Mardin. Nadir Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul.
- Arroyo, F. & Villegas-Sánchez, R. (2013). The church of Saint Martin (Trujillo, Spain): Study of the stone degradation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14(3).
- Asthurst, J. & Dimes, G. F. (1998). Conservation of Building & Decorative Stone. Oxford.
- Beck, K. & Al-mukhtar, M. (2014). Cyclic wetting–drying ageing test and patina formation on tuffeau limestone. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, 2361–2372.
- Bustamante, R., Vázquez, P., Rodríguez-Monteverde, P. & Monjo, J. (2020). Adapted ageing tests for the evaluation of alabaster used in the restoration of Bishop's Palace of Tarazona. Materiales de Construcción, 70.
- Bonazza, A., Vidorni, G., Natali, I., Ciantelli, C., Giosuè, C. & Tittarelli, F. (2017). Durability assessment to environmental impact of nano-structured consolidants on Carrara marble by field exposure tests. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 23–32.
- Caglar, N., Vural, I., Kirtel, O., Saribiyik, A. & Sumer, Y. (2023). Structural damages observed in buildings after the 24 January 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake in Türkiye. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01886.
- Capponi, C & Vedovello, S. (2000). The Restoration of the Tower of Pisa, a project worksite for the conservation of the surfac. Roma.
- Dal, M., Yalçın, M. & Öcal, A. D. (2016). Gazimağusa Kale içindeki tarihi taş yapılarda görülen bozunmalar. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2), 355-364.
- Dal, M. & Öcal, A. D. (2017). Mardin şehrindeki taştan yapılmış eserlerde görülen bozunmalar. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(1), 60-74.
- Derluyn, H., Vontobel, P., Mannes, D., Derome, D., Lehmann, E. & Carmeliet, J. (2018). Saline water evaporation and crystallization-induced deformations in building stone: insights from high-resolution neutron radiography. Transport in Porous Media, 128(3), 895–913.
- Duffv, A. P., Cooner, T. P. & Perrv, S. H. (1993). Reoointina. L/mortars for conservation of a historic stone building in Trinity College Dublin. Materials and Structures, 26, 302-306.
- Erberik, M. A., Aldemir, A. & Ay, B. Ö. (2008). A Critique on the Turkish Earthquake Code Regulations Regarding Masonry Constructio. 8th International Seminar on Structural Masonry, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Ergüler, Z. & Shakoor, A. (2009). Relative contribution of various climatic processes in disintegration of clay- bearing rocks. Engineering Geology, 108, 36–42.
- Eskici, B. (1997). Taş Eserlerin Korunması Üzerine Notlar.
- Fahmy, A., Molina-Piernas, E., Domínguez-Bella, S., et al. (2022). Geoenvironmental investigation of Sahure’s pyramid, Abusir archeological site, Giza, Egypt. Heritage Science, 10, 61.
- Gulotta, D., Villa, F., Cappitelli, F. & Toniolo, L. (2018). Biofilm colonization of metamorphic lithotypes of a renaissance cathedral exposed to urban atmosphere. Science of The Total Environment, 639, 1480–1490.
- ICOMOS-ISCS. (2008). Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns. Access Address (10.12.2023)
- Iucolano, F., Colella, A., Liguori, B. & Calcaterra, D. (2019). Suitability of silica nanoparticles for tuff consolidation. Construction and Building Materials, 202, 73–81.
- İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. (2023). Savur ilçesi teknik raporu, Mardin. Access Address (24.06.2023): https://mardin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-312112/dereici-killit-koyu.html
- Karkaş, Z. S. & Acun Özgünler, S. (2022). Koruma kararlarını etkileyen parametrelerin belirlenmesine yönelik bir anket çalışması. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 7 (1), 364-382.
- Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M. (2022). Elimination of unqualified additions that distort the silhouette of the historical places: Artuklu example. Advanced Land Management, 2(2), 89-98.
- Karataş, L., Ateş, T., Alptekin, A., Dal, M. & Yakar, M. (2023). A systematic method for post-earthquake damage assessment: Case study of the Antep Castle, Türkiye Advanced Engineering Science, 3, 62–71.
- Khalil, A. E., Abdel Hafiez, H. E., Girgis, M. & Taha, M. A. (2017). Earthquake ground motion simulation at Zoser pyramid using the stochastic method: A step toward the preservation of an ancient Egyptian heritage. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, 6(1), 52–59.
- Khanlari, G., Sahamieh, R. Z. & Abdilor, Y. (2014). The effect of freeze–thaw cycles on physical and mechanical properties of Upper Red formation sandstones, central part of Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(8), 5991– 6001.
- Kudeb. (2023). Mardin Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kudeb Birimi Killit (Dereiçi) köyü teknik raporu. Mardin.
- Lazarini, L. & Tabasso, L. T. (1986). Restauro Della Pietra, Padova.
- Odom, I. E. (1984). Smectite clay minerals: properties and uses. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 311(1517), 391–409.
- Patil, S. M., Kasthurba, A. K. & Patil, M. V. (2021). Characterization and assessment of stone deterioration on heritage buildings. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15(1)-173-184.
- Sandrolini, F., Franzoni, E., Sassoni, E. & Diotallevi, P. P. (2011). The contribution of urban-scale environmental monitoring to materials diagnostics: a study on the Cathedral of Modena (Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12(4), 441–450.
- T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (2023). Savur Bölgesi yıllık sıcaklık farkları ve iklim verileri. Access Address (24.06.2023): https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/sicaklik- analizi.aspx?s=m
- Türkeri, İ. (2021). Ahşabı geri kazanmak: geri kazanılmış ahşap malzemenin sürdürülebilir ve ekolojik yapı elde etmede kullanımı. Yapı Dergisi.
- Türkeri, İ. (2022). Dinî mimaride doğal taş kullanımı: Sancaklar Camii ve Beylikdüzü Fatma Ana Cemevi. Tasarım Mimarlık ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(1), 1-9.
- Umaroğulları, G. & Kartal, S. (2021). A model proposal on results of physical and mechanical properties of Trakia Region Küfeki stone used at Early Period Ottoman Buildings. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6 (2), 384-395.
There are 37 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Architectural Heritage and Conservation |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 16, 2023 |
| Submission Date | June 24, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 |
