Research Article
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The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows

Year 2022, Volume: 62 Issue: 2, 74 - 80, 29.12.2022

Emre Karsavuranoğlu Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay Ece Koldaş Ürer

https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the effects of GnRH administration alone at the time of artificial insemination (AI) or in combination with hCG 5 days after GnRH injection on conception rates in postpartum dairy cows. Cows in estrus, without any reproductive health problem, between days 70-120 postpartum were randomly assigned to 3 equal groups. Buserelin acetate (10 µg), was administered at the time of AI to Group I (n=40). Group II (n=40) was administered first with Buserelin acetate (10 μg) at the time of AI and then with 1500 IU of hCG on the 5th day after insemination. Group III was maintained for control purposes and did not receive any treatment. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on day 30 post-AI by transrectal ultrasonography. Conception rates were 80% (32/40), 80% (32/40), and 57.5% (23/40) in Group I, II and III (P<0.05) respectively In conclusion, it was determined that the use of GnRH alone at the time of AI or additionally the use of hCG on the 5th day after AI increased the pregnancy rates in dairy cows between 70-120 days postpartum, however, there was no difference in pregnancy rates between these two treatments.

Keywords

Cow Hormonal administration Pregnancy rate Postpartum

References

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  • Boulton, A. C., Rushton, J., & Wathes, D. C. (2017). An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs. Animal, 11(8), 1372-80. doi: 10.1017/S1751731117000064.
  • Canadas, E. R., Gobikrushanth, M., Fernandez, P., Kenneally, J., Lonergan, P., & Butler, S. T. (2019). Evaluation of alternative strategies to treat anoestrous dairy cows and implications for reproductive performance in pasture-based seasonal calving herds: A pilot study. Theriogenology, 127, 130-36. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.008.
  • Colazo, M. G., Behrouzi, A., Ambrose, D. J., & Mapletoft, R. J. (2015). Diameter of the ovulatory follicle at timed artificial insemination as a predictor of pregnancy status in lactating dairy cows subjected to GnRH-based protocols. Theriogenology, 84(3), 377-83. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.034
  • De Rensis, F., Lopez-Gatius, F., Garcia-Ispierto, I., & Techakumpu, M. (2010). Clinical use of human chorionic gonadotropin in dairy cows: an update. Theriogenology, 73(8), 1001-08. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.027
  • De Vries, A. (2006). Economic value of pregnancy in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 3876-85. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72430-4
  • Elmore, R. G. (1989). Using GnRH, hCG, and anterior pituitary extracts in bovine hormonal therapy. Veterinary Medicine, 2, 214-16.
  • Fricke, P. M., Reynolds, L. P., & Redmer, D. A. (1993). Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin administered early in the estrous cycle on ovulation and subsequent luteal function in cows. Journal of Animal Science, 71(5), 1242-46. doi: 10.2527/1993.7151242x
  • Gümen A., Keskin A., Yilmazbas-Mecitoglu G., Karakaya E., Cevik S., Balci F. (2011). Effects of GnRH, PGF2α and oxytocin treatments on conception rate at the time of artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 56, 279-283.
  • Ideta, A., Iwasa, S., Takedomi, T., Konishi, M., Sakai, S., Okamoto, Y., Urakawa, M., Miyamoto, A., & Aoyagi, Y. (2003). Pregnancy rates in recipient heifers after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on day five of the estrous cycle. Theriogenology, 9, 359 (abstract).
  • Iftikhar, A., Anjum, R. H., Usmani, M. T., Tunio, A., & Abro, S. H. (2009). Improvement of conception rate in crossbred cattle using GnRH analogue therapy. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29, 93-4.
  • Jainudeen, M. R., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Cattle and buffalo. In: B. Hafez, E. S. E. Hafez (Eds.,) Reproduction in Farm Animals (pp. 159-171). 7th Ed., Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Kashyap, A., Singh, M., Sharma, A., & Kumar, P. (2018). Comparison of conception rate following GnRH and hCG based synchronization protocols in functionally infertile cows. The Indian Journal of Animal Science, 88(11), 1266-68.
  • Keskin, A., Mecitoğlu, G., Bilen, E., Güner B., Orman, A., Okut, H., & Gümen, A. (2016). The effect of ovulatory follicle size at the time of insemination onpregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 40(1), 68-74. doi:10.3906/vet-1506-59
  • Mann, G. E., & Lamming, G. E. (2001). Relationship between the maternal endocrine environment, early embryo development and the inhibition of the luteolytic mechanism in the cow. Reproduction, 121, 175-80. doi: 10.1530/rep.0.1210175
  • Mee, M. O., Stevenson, J. S., Scoby, R. K., & Folman, Y. (1990). Influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and timing of insemination relative to estrus on pregnancy rates of dairy cattle at first service. Journal of Dairy Science, 73(6), 1500-1507. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78817-0
  • Morgan, W. F., & Lean, I. J. (1993). Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone treatment in cattle: a meta‐analysis of the effects on conception at the time of insemination. Australian Veterinary Journal, 70(6),205-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03304.x
  • Morotti, F., Lorenzetti, E., & Seneda, M. M. (2021). Artificial Insemination Program in Cattle. In: V. K. Yata, A. K. Mohanty, & E. Lichtfouse, (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 54. (pp. 1-53). Springer, Cham. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-76529-3
  • Niles, A. M., Fricke, H. P., Carvalho, P. D., Wiltbank, M. C., Hernandez, L. L., & Fricke, P. M. (2019). Effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin 7 days after artificial insemination or at the time of embryo transfer on reproductive outcomes in nulliparous Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 102, 2593-606. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-15588
  • Özdemir, B. M., Koçak, Ö. & Özcan, M. (2022). Factors affecting fertility traits and milk yield of Holstein cattle with different origins raised in Trakya region. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 6 (1), 6-17 . doi: 10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1066914
  • Paksoy, Z., & Kalkan, C. (2010). The effects of GnRH and hCG used during and after artificial insemination on blood serum progesterone levels and pregnancy rate in cows. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 371-5.
  • Palmer, M. A., Olmos, G., Boyle, L. A., & Mee, J. F. (2012). A comparison of the estrous behavior of Holstein-Friesian cows when cubicle-housed and at pasture. Theriogenology, 77(2), 382-388. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.08.010
  • Pandey, N. K. J., Gupta, H. P., Prasad, S., & Sheetal, S. K. (2016). Plasma progesterone profile and conception rate following exogenous supplementation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone releasing intra-vajinal device in repeat-breeder crossbred cows. Veterinary World, 9(6), 559-62. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.559-562
  • Perry G. A., & Perry B. L. (2009). GnRH treatment at artificial insemination in beef cattle fails to increase plasma progesterone concentrations or pregnancy rates. Theriogenology, 71, 775-9. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.050
  • Perry, G. A., Smith, M. F., Lucy, M. C., Green, J. A., Parks, T. E., MacNeil, M. D., Andrew, J. R., & Thomas, W. G. (2005). Relationship between follicle size at insemination and pregnancy success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(14), 5268-73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501700102
  • Pursley, J. R., Mee, M. O., & Wiltbank, M. C. (1995). Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2α and GnRH. Theriogenology, 44(7), 915-23. doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(95)00279-h
  • Rajamahendran, R., & Sianangama, P. C. (1992). Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on dominant follicles in cows: formation of accessory corpora lutea, progesterone production and pregnancy rates. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 95(2), 577-84. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0950577
  • Rearte, R., LeBlanc, S. J., Corva, S. G., de la Sota, R. L., Lacau-Mengido, I. M., & Giuliodori, M. J. (2018). Effect of milk production on reproductive performance in dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(8), 7575-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13796
  • Rethmeier, J., Wenzlau, M., Wagner, M., Wiedemann, S., & Bachmann, L. (2019). Fertility parameters in German dairy herds: Associations with milk yield and herd size. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 64(11), 459-464. doi: 10.17221/206/2019-CJAS
  • Rosenberg, R. M., Wolfenson, D., & Bloch, A. (2003). Effects of GnRH administered to cause at the onset of estrus on timing of ovulation and conception. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2012-21. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73790-4
  • Santos, J. E. B., Thatcher, W. W., Pool, L., & Overton, M. W. (2001). Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteal function and reproducive performance of high-producing lactating Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 79(11), 2881-94. doi: 10.2527/2001.79112881x
  • Sartori, R., Haughian, J. M., Shaver, R. D., Rosa, G. J. M., & Wiltbank, M. C. (2004). Comparison of ovarian function and circulating steroids in estrous cycles of Holstein heifers and lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(4), 905-20. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73235-X
  • Sartori, R., Fricke, P. M., Ferreira, J. C. P., Ginther, O. J., Wiltbank, M. C. (2001). Follicular deviation and acquisition of ovulatory capacity in bovine follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 65, 1403-09. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod65.5.1403
  • Schmitt, E. J. P., Diaz, T., Barros, C. M., De la Sota, R. L., Drost, M., Fredriksson, E. W., Staples, C. R., Thorner, R., & Thatcher, W. W. (1996). Differential response of the luteal phase and fertility in cattle following ovulation of the first-wave follicle, with human chorionic gonadotropin or an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Journal of Animal Science, 74(5), 1074-83. doi: 10.2527/1996.7451074x
  • Sertkol, R. & Sarıbay, M. K. (2017). Laktasyondaki İneklerde Tohumlama Anında Azaltılan GnRH Dozunun Gebelik Oranı Üzerine Etkisi. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 (1) , 46-50.
  • Shahneh, A. Z., Mohammadi, Z., Fazeli, H., Babak, M. M. S., & Dirandeh, E. (2008). The effect of GnRH injection on plasma progesterone concentrations, conception rate and ovulation rate in Iranian Holstein cows. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(9), 1137-41. doi: 10.1017/S1752756200027095
  • Shams-Esfandabadi, N., Shirazi, A., Mirshokrai, P., & Bonyadian, M. (2007). Influence of hCG administration after AI on conception rates and serum progesterone concentration in cattle. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(16), 2709-13. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2709.2713
  • Taponen, J. (2003). Ovarian function in dairy cattle after gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatments during perioestrus [Doctoral Thesis, University of Helsinki]. Auditorium Maximum, Hämeentie 57, Helsinki.
  • Taponen, J., Katila, T., & Rodríguez-Martínez, H. (1999). Induction of ovulation with gonadotropin releasing hormone during proestrus in cattle: influence on subsequent follicular growth and luteal function. Animal Reproduction Science, 55(2), 91-105. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4320(99)00011-1
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Year 2022, Volume: 62 Issue: 2, 74 - 80, 29.12.2022

Emre Karsavuranoğlu Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay Ece Koldaş Ürer

https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020

Abstract

References

  • Besbaci, M., Abdelli, A., Minviel, J. J., Belabdi, I., Kaidi, R., & Raboisson, D. (2020). Association of pregnancy per artificial insemination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin administered during the luteal phase after artificial insemination in dairy cows; A meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(2), 2006-18. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16439
  • Boulton, A. C., Rushton, J., & Wathes, D. C. (2017). An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs. Animal, 11(8), 1372-80. doi: 10.1017/S1751731117000064.
  • Canadas, E. R., Gobikrushanth, M., Fernandez, P., Kenneally, J., Lonergan, P., & Butler, S. T. (2019). Evaluation of alternative strategies to treat anoestrous dairy cows and implications for reproductive performance in pasture-based seasonal calving herds: A pilot study. Theriogenology, 127, 130-36. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.008.
  • Colazo, M. G., Behrouzi, A., Ambrose, D. J., & Mapletoft, R. J. (2015). Diameter of the ovulatory follicle at timed artificial insemination as a predictor of pregnancy status in lactating dairy cows subjected to GnRH-based protocols. Theriogenology, 84(3), 377-83. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.034
  • De Rensis, F., Lopez-Gatius, F., Garcia-Ispierto, I., & Techakumpu, M. (2010). Clinical use of human chorionic gonadotropin in dairy cows: an update. Theriogenology, 73(8), 1001-08. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.027
  • De Vries, A. (2006). Economic value of pregnancy in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 3876-85. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72430-4
  • Elmore, R. G. (1989). Using GnRH, hCG, and anterior pituitary extracts in bovine hormonal therapy. Veterinary Medicine, 2, 214-16.
  • Fricke, P. M., Reynolds, L. P., & Redmer, D. A. (1993). Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin administered early in the estrous cycle on ovulation and subsequent luteal function in cows. Journal of Animal Science, 71(5), 1242-46. doi: 10.2527/1993.7151242x
  • Gümen A., Keskin A., Yilmazbas-Mecitoglu G., Karakaya E., Cevik S., Balci F. (2011). Effects of GnRH, PGF2α and oxytocin treatments on conception rate at the time of artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 56, 279-283.
  • Ideta, A., Iwasa, S., Takedomi, T., Konishi, M., Sakai, S., Okamoto, Y., Urakawa, M., Miyamoto, A., & Aoyagi, Y. (2003). Pregnancy rates in recipient heifers after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on day five of the estrous cycle. Theriogenology, 9, 359 (abstract).
  • Iftikhar, A., Anjum, R. H., Usmani, M. T., Tunio, A., & Abro, S. H. (2009). Improvement of conception rate in crossbred cattle using GnRH analogue therapy. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29, 93-4.
  • Jainudeen, M. R., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Cattle and buffalo. In: B. Hafez, E. S. E. Hafez (Eds.,) Reproduction in Farm Animals (pp. 159-171). 7th Ed., Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Kashyap, A., Singh, M., Sharma, A., & Kumar, P. (2018). Comparison of conception rate following GnRH and hCG based synchronization protocols in functionally infertile cows. The Indian Journal of Animal Science, 88(11), 1266-68.
  • Keskin, A., Mecitoğlu, G., Bilen, E., Güner B., Orman, A., Okut, H., & Gümen, A. (2016). The effect of ovulatory follicle size at the time of insemination onpregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 40(1), 68-74. doi:10.3906/vet-1506-59
  • Mann, G. E., & Lamming, G. E. (2001). Relationship between the maternal endocrine environment, early embryo development and the inhibition of the luteolytic mechanism in the cow. Reproduction, 121, 175-80. doi: 10.1530/rep.0.1210175
  • Mee, M. O., Stevenson, J. S., Scoby, R. K., & Folman, Y. (1990). Influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and timing of insemination relative to estrus on pregnancy rates of dairy cattle at first service. Journal of Dairy Science, 73(6), 1500-1507. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78817-0
  • Morgan, W. F., & Lean, I. J. (1993). Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone treatment in cattle: a meta‐analysis of the effects on conception at the time of insemination. Australian Veterinary Journal, 70(6),205-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03304.x
  • Morotti, F., Lorenzetti, E., & Seneda, M. M. (2021). Artificial Insemination Program in Cattle. In: V. K. Yata, A. K. Mohanty, & E. Lichtfouse, (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 54. (pp. 1-53). Springer, Cham. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-76529-3
  • Niles, A. M., Fricke, H. P., Carvalho, P. D., Wiltbank, M. C., Hernandez, L. L., & Fricke, P. M. (2019). Effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin 7 days after artificial insemination or at the time of embryo transfer on reproductive outcomes in nulliparous Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 102, 2593-606. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-15588
  • Özdemir, B. M., Koçak, Ö. & Özcan, M. (2022). Factors affecting fertility traits and milk yield of Holstein cattle with different origins raised in Trakya region. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 6 (1), 6-17 . doi: 10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1066914
  • Paksoy, Z., & Kalkan, C. (2010). The effects of GnRH and hCG used during and after artificial insemination on blood serum progesterone levels and pregnancy rate in cows. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 371-5.
  • Palmer, M. A., Olmos, G., Boyle, L. A., & Mee, J. F. (2012). A comparison of the estrous behavior of Holstein-Friesian cows when cubicle-housed and at pasture. Theriogenology, 77(2), 382-388. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.08.010
  • Pandey, N. K. J., Gupta, H. P., Prasad, S., & Sheetal, S. K. (2016). Plasma progesterone profile and conception rate following exogenous supplementation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone releasing intra-vajinal device in repeat-breeder crossbred cows. Veterinary World, 9(6), 559-62. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.559-562
  • Perry G. A., & Perry B. L. (2009). GnRH treatment at artificial insemination in beef cattle fails to increase plasma progesterone concentrations or pregnancy rates. Theriogenology, 71, 775-9. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.050
  • Perry, G. A., Smith, M. F., Lucy, M. C., Green, J. A., Parks, T. E., MacNeil, M. D., Andrew, J. R., & Thomas, W. G. (2005). Relationship between follicle size at insemination and pregnancy success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(14), 5268-73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501700102
  • Pursley, J. R., Mee, M. O., & Wiltbank, M. C. (1995). Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2α and GnRH. Theriogenology, 44(7), 915-23. doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(95)00279-h
  • Rajamahendran, R., & Sianangama, P. C. (1992). Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on dominant follicles in cows: formation of accessory corpora lutea, progesterone production and pregnancy rates. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 95(2), 577-84. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0950577
  • Rearte, R., LeBlanc, S. J., Corva, S. G., de la Sota, R. L., Lacau-Mengido, I. M., & Giuliodori, M. J. (2018). Effect of milk production on reproductive performance in dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(8), 7575-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13796
  • Rethmeier, J., Wenzlau, M., Wagner, M., Wiedemann, S., & Bachmann, L. (2019). Fertility parameters in German dairy herds: Associations with milk yield and herd size. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 64(11), 459-464. doi: 10.17221/206/2019-CJAS
  • Rosenberg, R. M., Wolfenson, D., & Bloch, A. (2003). Effects of GnRH administered to cause at the onset of estrus on timing of ovulation and conception. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2012-21. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73790-4
  • Santos, J. E. B., Thatcher, W. W., Pool, L., & Overton, M. W. (2001). Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteal function and reproducive performance of high-producing lactating Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 79(11), 2881-94. doi: 10.2527/2001.79112881x
  • Sartori, R., Haughian, J. M., Shaver, R. D., Rosa, G. J. M., & Wiltbank, M. C. (2004). Comparison of ovarian function and circulating steroids in estrous cycles of Holstein heifers and lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(4), 905-20. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73235-X
  • Sartori, R., Fricke, P. M., Ferreira, J. C. P., Ginther, O. J., Wiltbank, M. C. (2001). Follicular deviation and acquisition of ovulatory capacity in bovine follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 65, 1403-09. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod65.5.1403
  • Schmitt, E. J. P., Diaz, T., Barros, C. M., De la Sota, R. L., Drost, M., Fredriksson, E. W., Staples, C. R., Thorner, R., & Thatcher, W. W. (1996). Differential response of the luteal phase and fertility in cattle following ovulation of the first-wave follicle, with human chorionic gonadotropin or an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Journal of Animal Science, 74(5), 1074-83. doi: 10.2527/1996.7451074x
  • Sertkol, R. & Sarıbay, M. K. (2017). Laktasyondaki İneklerde Tohumlama Anında Azaltılan GnRH Dozunun Gebelik Oranı Üzerine Etkisi. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 (1) , 46-50.
  • Shahneh, A. Z., Mohammadi, Z., Fazeli, H., Babak, M. M. S., & Dirandeh, E. (2008). The effect of GnRH injection on plasma progesterone concentrations, conception rate and ovulation rate in Iranian Holstein cows. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(9), 1137-41. doi: 10.1017/S1752756200027095
  • Shams-Esfandabadi, N., Shirazi, A., Mirshokrai, P., & Bonyadian, M. (2007). Influence of hCG administration after AI on conception rates and serum progesterone concentration in cattle. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(16), 2709-13. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2709.2713
  • Taponen, J. (2003). Ovarian function in dairy cattle after gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatments during perioestrus [Doctoral Thesis, University of Helsinki]. Auditorium Maximum, Hämeentie 57, Helsinki.
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There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section 62-1
Authors

Emre Karsavuranoğlu This is me

Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay This is me

Ece Koldaş Ürer

Publication Date December 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 62 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karsavuranoğlu, E., Sarıbay, M. K., & Koldaş Ürer, E. (2022). The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows. Livestock Studies, 62(2), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020
AMA Karsavuranoğlu E, Sarıbay MK, Koldaş Ürer E. The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows. Livestock Studies. December 2022;62(2):74-80. doi:10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020
Chicago Karsavuranoğlu, Emre, Mustafa Kemal Sarıbay, and Ece Koldaş Ürer. “The Effects of GnRH and HCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows”. Livestock Studies 62, no. 2 (December 2022): 74-80. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020.
EndNote Karsavuranoğlu E, Sarıbay MK, Koldaş Ürer E (December 1, 2022) The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows. Livestock Studies 62 2 74–80.
IEEE E. Karsavuranoğlu, M. K. Sarıbay, and E. Koldaş Ürer, “The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows”, Livestock Studies, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 74–80, 2022, doi: 10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020.
ISNAD Karsavuranoğlu, Emre et al. “The Effects of GnRH and HCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows”. Livestock Studies 62/2 (December 2022), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020.
JAMA Karsavuranoğlu E, Sarıbay MK, Koldaş Ürer E. The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows. Livestock Studies. 2022;62:74–80.
MLA Karsavuranoğlu, Emre et al. “The Effects of GnRH and HCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows”. Livestock Studies, vol. 62, no. 2, 2022, pp. 74-80, doi:10.46897/livestockstudies.1173020.
Vancouver Karsavuranoğlu E, Sarıbay MK, Koldaş Ürer E. The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows. Livestock Studies. 2022;62(2):74-80.
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