Research Article
Rhabdosciadium anatolyi Çiçeğinin Antioksidan ve Antiradikal Özellikleri ile Vitamin, İz Element ve Mineral İçerikleri
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiyenin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yetişen, endemik bir bitki olan Rhabdosciadium anatolyi (R. anatolyi) çiçeğinin antioksidan, antiradikal aktivitesi-ile E ve C vitaminleri, mineral (Ca, Na, Mg, P, K) ve iz element (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Mo, Co, Sr, Pb, Ti, Tl, Sn, Cd, As) düzeylerini belirlemektir. Çalışma kapsamında mineral ve iz element analizleri ICP-OES ve AAS ile E vitamini HPLC ile C vitamini, R. anatolyi çiçeği metanol ekstraktının toplam fenolik içeriği, toplam flavonoid içeriği ve antioksidan kapasitesi, hidrojen peroksit, DPPH, ABTS, süperoksit, hidroksil ve eritrositlerin fenilhidrazin ile hemoliz oluşumu sonucu R. anatolyi çiçeğinin radikal süpürücü aktivitesi spektrofotometrik olarak tespit edildi. R. anatolyi çiçeğinin α-tokoferol, askorbik asit, fenolik ve flavonoid içeriği ile toplam antioksidan aktivitesi sırasıyla 3,99 ± 0,35 µmol kg-1, 346.27 ± 6.51 mg 100 g-1, 21.94 ± 0.37 mg gallik asit g-1, 5.60 ± 0.13 mg kuersetin g-1 ve 29.65 ± 0.26 mM askorbik asit g-1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak R. anatolyi çiçeğinin içeriğinde mineral, iz element, E ve C vitaminleri, toplam fenol ve flavonoid düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu, R. anatolyi çiçeği metanol ekstraktının serbest radikalleri inhibe etmede etkili olduğu belirlendi. Bu açıdan bakıldığında serbest radikal türlerinin neden olabileceği birçok hastalığın koruyucu tedavisinde kullanılabileceği ve ayrıca bu verilerin başka çalışmalar için bir referans olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Supporting Institution
Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi
Project Number
2018-FDK-7348
References
- Al-Saleh, I.A., Billed, G., & El-Doush, I.I. (2006). Levels of selenium, dl α-tocopherol, dl-γ- tocopherol, all-trans-retinol, thymoquinone, and thymol in different brands of Nigella sativa seeds. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(2-3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.011
- Anonymous, (2000). Phenylhydrazine: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document; 19. WHO, Geneva.
- Bendıch, A., (1993). Symposium: Antioxidants, Immune Response, and Animal Function Physiological Role of Antioxidants in the Immune System. J Dairy Sci., 76(9), 2789-2794.
- Berger, M.M., Spertini, F., Shenkin, A., Wardle, C., Wiesner, L., Schindler, C, Chiolero, R.L., (1998). Trace Element Supplementation Modulates Pulmonary İnfection Rates After Major Burns: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(2), 365-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.365
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., Berset, C. L. W. T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0023-6438(95)80008-5
- Brewster, M. A., (1984). Vitamins. In Clinical Chemistry, Theory, Analysis and Correlation ( Edt: Kaplan, L. A., Pesce, A.J.,) Mosby Company, St., Louis. USA. 656-685
- Burnie, D., (1996). Bitkiler. Görsel Kitaplar Serisi. 1996 Sabah Kitapları San. ve Tic. A. Ş. Medya Plaza Basın Ekspres Yolu, Güneşli, İstanbul.
- Chen, Y. C., Chang, H. S., Wang, C. T., Cheng, F. Y. (2009). Antioxidative activities of hydrolysates from duck egg white using enzymatic hydrolysis. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 22(11), 1587-1593. https://doi.org/ 10.5713/ajas.2009.90119
- Coşkun, T. (2005). Fonksiyonel besinlerin sağlığımız üzerine etkileri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 48(1), 61-84.
- Cuendet, M., Hostettmann, K., Potterat, O., Dyatmiko, W. (1997). Iridoid glucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraea blumei. Helvetica Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, 80(4), 1144-1152. https://doi.org/10. 1002/hlca.19970800411
- Çağın, K.H., (2005). Bitkilerin Gizli Dünyası -IV. Avrupa ve Türkiye Florası İnceleme Dizisi-4. Apiaceae (Maydanozgiller)
- Çoban, Ö. E., Patır, B. (2010). Antioksidan etkili bazı bitki ve baharatların gıdalarda kullanımı. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 7-19.
- Dröge, W. (2002). Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiological reviews, 82(1), 47-95. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev. 00018.2001
- Çoşkun, A. (2011). Peroksizomlar. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, Haziran 2011, sayfa, 84
- Ferrier D.R., (2019). Mikrobesinler: Minareller. Lippincott Görsel Anlatımlı Çalışma Kitapları Biyokimya İstanbul. 399.
- Firat, M., Güzel, Y. (2019). Contributions to the taxonomy of the Irano-Turanian genus Rhabdosciadium (Apiaceae): Nomenclatural notes, carpology, molecular phylogeny and the description of a new species from Bitlis (Turkey). Phytotaxa, 395(3), 179-198. https:// doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.3.3
- Gámez‐Meza, N., Noriega‐Rodríguez, J. A., Medina‐Juárez, L. A., Ortega‐García, J., Cázarez‐Casanova, R., & Angulo‐Guerrero, O. (1999). Antioxidant activity in soybean oil of extracts from Thompson grape bagasse. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 76(12), 1445.
- Gürel, İ. A., 2014. İlaçlara ve bitkisel ürünlere bilinçli yaklaşım.Tübitak Popüler Bilim Kitapları. Golubkina, N. A., Prudnik, O. V., (1989). C vitamins determination in food products. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 44(8), 1091-1100.
- Hacışevki, A. (2009). An overview of ascorbic acid biochemistry. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(3), 233-255. https://doi.org/ 10.1501/Eczfak_0000000528
- Halliwell, B. (1992). Oxygen radicals as key mediators in neurological disease: fact or fiction? Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 32(S1), S10-S15. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ana.410320704
- Hançer, Ç. K., Uruşak, E. A. (2017). Apiaceae Familyası Meyve Anatomisindeki “Vitta” Terimi ve YerleşimLeri. Avrasya Terim Dergisi, 5(2), 19-24.
- Hasler, C. M. (2002). Functional foods: benefits, concerns and challenges—a position paper from the American Council on Science and Health. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(12), 3772-3781. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.12.3772
- Kavas, G. Ö. (1994). Reaktif Oksijen Metabolitlerine Fizyopatolojik Yaklaşım. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 47(04).
- Keha, E. E., Küfrevioğlu, İ., (2012). Biyokimyanın konusu, biyomoleküller ve hücre yapısı. Biyokimya Kitabı. Erzurum. 5-7 sy.
- Kilinc, K., Kilinc, A. (2002). Oksijenin Toksisitesinin Aracı Molekülleri Olarak Oksijen Radikalleri. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi, 33(2), 100-118.
- Korkmaz, H., Tınkılıç, N., Özen, T., Güder, A., (2012). Biyokimya-I Ders Notları. On dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Kimya Bölümü, Biyokimya Anabilim dalı Başkanlığı. Samsun.
- Kumar, S. (2011). Free radicals and antioxidants: human and food system. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2(1), 129-135.
- Kunchandy, E., Rao, M. N. A. (1990). Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 58(3), 237-240. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(90)90201-E
- Küçüker, O., (2015). Sporlu ve Tohumlu Bitkilerin Evrimi ile Temel Morfolojik Konular. İstanbul.
- Lamasion, J.L., Carnat, A., Petitjean, C., (1990). Tannin Content and Inhibiting Activity of Elastase in Rosaceae. Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, 48(6), 335-340.
- Lukaski, H.C. 2004. Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition, 20 (7-8), 632-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut. 2004.04.001
- Mohammed, F.S., Günal, S., Şabik, A. E., Akgül, H., & Sevindik, M. (2020). Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity of Scorzonera papposa collected from Iraq and Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(5), 1114-1118. https://doi.org/10.18016/ ksutarimdoga.vi.699457
- Mosley, M. (2018). Akıllı Bağırsak. Melisa Matbaacılık, Yakamoz Kitap No: 12088. İstanbul.
- Özcan, O., Erdal, H., Çakırca, G., Yönden, Z. (2015). Oksidatif stres ve hücre içi lipit, protein ve DNA yapıları üzerine etkileri. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, 6(3), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.01.2015.03.0545
- Prieto, P., Pineda, M., Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269(2), 337-341. https://doi.org/ 10.1006/abio.1999.4019
- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
- Ruch, R. J., Cheng, S. J., Klaunig, J. E. (1989). Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis İntegrative Cancer Research, 10(6), 1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/ carcin/10.6.1003
- Sahin, A., Kıran, Y., Karatas, F., & Sonmez, S. (2005). Vitamins A, C, and E and β‐Carotene Content in Seeds of Seven Species of Vicia L. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 47(4), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00083.x
- Shkolnik, M. Y. (2012). Trace Elements in Plants. Komarov Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Leningrad. Elsevier.
- Tanker, N., Koyuncu, M.,Coşkun, M., (1998). Farmasötik Botanik. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 78. Ankara.
- Tunçtürk, M., Șekeroğlu, N., Tunçtürk, Y., Özgökçe, F. (2008). Vitamin C contents of wild herbs used in the production of Van Herby Cheese. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries,(5th CMAPSEEC), Brno, Czech Republic, 2-5 September, 2008. Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno.
- Valenzuela, A., Rios, H., Neiman, G. (1977). Evidence that superoxide radicals are involved in the hemolytic mechanism of phenylhydrazine. Experientia, 33(7), 962-963.
- Wada, O. (2004). What are Trace Elements? Their deficiency and excess States. JMA Journal 47(8), 351-358.
- Yi, O. S., Meyer, A. S., Frankel, E. N. (1997). Antioxidant activity of grape extracts in a lecithin liposome system. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 74(10), 1301-1307.
- Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Antioxidant and Antiradical Properties of Rhabdosciadium anatolyi Flowers and Contents of Vitamin, Trace Element and Mineral
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antiradical activity of the Rhabdosciadium anatolyi (R. anatolyi) flowers, an endemic plant grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, by determining the level of vitamins E and C, mineral (Ca, Na, Mg, P, K), and trace elements (Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Mo, Co, Sr, Pb, Ti, Tl, Sn, Cd, As). Within the scope of the study, mineral and trace element analyzes were carried out by ICP-OES and AAS, Vitamin E by HPLC, Vitamin C, total phenolic content, total flavonoid, antioxidant capacity, hydrogen peroxide, DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, hydroxyl and hemolysis of erythrocytes with phenylhydrazine, radical scavenging activity of the R. anatolyi flowers methanol extract were determined spectrophotometrically. According to the results, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, phenolic content, flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity of the R. anatolyi flowers were 3,99 ± 0,35 µmol kg-1, 346.27 ± 6.51 mg 100 g-1, 21.94 ± 0.37 mg gallic acid g-1, 5.60 ± 0.13 mg quercetin g-1 ve 29.65 ± 0.26 mM ascorbic acid g-1, respectively. Consequently, the mineral, trace element, vitamin E and vitamin C, total phenol and flavonoid levels in the R. anatolyi flowers were high, and the R. anatolyi flowers methanol extract effectively inhibited free radicals. From this point of view, it is thought that it can be used in the preventive treatment of many diseases that may be caused by free radical species and that these data will be a reference for other studies.
Project Number
2018-FDK-7348
References
- Al-Saleh, I.A., Billed, G., & El-Doush, I.I. (2006). Levels of selenium, dl α-tocopherol, dl-γ- tocopherol, all-trans-retinol, thymoquinone, and thymol in different brands of Nigella sativa seeds. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(2-3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.011
- Anonymous, (2000). Phenylhydrazine: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document; 19. WHO, Geneva.
- Bendıch, A., (1993). Symposium: Antioxidants, Immune Response, and Animal Function Physiological Role of Antioxidants in the Immune System. J Dairy Sci., 76(9), 2789-2794.
- Berger, M.M., Spertini, F., Shenkin, A., Wardle, C., Wiesner, L., Schindler, C, Chiolero, R.L., (1998). Trace Element Supplementation Modulates Pulmonary İnfection Rates After Major Burns: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(2), 365-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.365
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., Berset, C. L. W. T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0023-6438(95)80008-5
- Brewster, M. A., (1984). Vitamins. In Clinical Chemistry, Theory, Analysis and Correlation ( Edt: Kaplan, L. A., Pesce, A.J.,) Mosby Company, St., Louis. USA. 656-685
- Burnie, D., (1996). Bitkiler. Görsel Kitaplar Serisi. 1996 Sabah Kitapları San. ve Tic. A. Ş. Medya Plaza Basın Ekspres Yolu, Güneşli, İstanbul.
- Chen, Y. C., Chang, H. S., Wang, C. T., Cheng, F. Y. (2009). Antioxidative activities of hydrolysates from duck egg white using enzymatic hydrolysis. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 22(11), 1587-1593. https://doi.org/ 10.5713/ajas.2009.90119
- Coşkun, T. (2005). Fonksiyonel besinlerin sağlığımız üzerine etkileri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 48(1), 61-84.
- Cuendet, M., Hostettmann, K., Potterat, O., Dyatmiko, W. (1997). Iridoid glucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraea blumei. Helvetica Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, 80(4), 1144-1152. https://doi.org/10. 1002/hlca.19970800411
- Çağın, K.H., (2005). Bitkilerin Gizli Dünyası -IV. Avrupa ve Türkiye Florası İnceleme Dizisi-4. Apiaceae (Maydanozgiller)
- Çoban, Ö. E., Patır, B. (2010). Antioksidan etkili bazı bitki ve baharatların gıdalarda kullanımı. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 7-19.
- Dröge, W. (2002). Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiological reviews, 82(1), 47-95. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev. 00018.2001
- Çoşkun, A. (2011). Peroksizomlar. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, Haziran 2011, sayfa, 84
- Ferrier D.R., (2019). Mikrobesinler: Minareller. Lippincott Görsel Anlatımlı Çalışma Kitapları Biyokimya İstanbul. 399.
- Firat, M., Güzel, Y. (2019). Contributions to the taxonomy of the Irano-Turanian genus Rhabdosciadium (Apiaceae): Nomenclatural notes, carpology, molecular phylogeny and the description of a new species from Bitlis (Turkey). Phytotaxa, 395(3), 179-198. https:// doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.3.3
- Gámez‐Meza, N., Noriega‐Rodríguez, J. A., Medina‐Juárez, L. A., Ortega‐García, J., Cázarez‐Casanova, R., & Angulo‐Guerrero, O. (1999). Antioxidant activity in soybean oil of extracts from Thompson grape bagasse. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 76(12), 1445.
- Gürel, İ. A., 2014. İlaçlara ve bitkisel ürünlere bilinçli yaklaşım.Tübitak Popüler Bilim Kitapları. Golubkina, N. A., Prudnik, O. V., (1989). C vitamins determination in food products. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 44(8), 1091-1100.
- Hacışevki, A. (2009). An overview of ascorbic acid biochemistry. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(3), 233-255. https://doi.org/ 10.1501/Eczfak_0000000528
- Halliwell, B. (1992). Oxygen radicals as key mediators in neurological disease: fact or fiction? Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 32(S1), S10-S15. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ana.410320704
- Hançer, Ç. K., Uruşak, E. A. (2017). Apiaceae Familyası Meyve Anatomisindeki “Vitta” Terimi ve YerleşimLeri. Avrasya Terim Dergisi, 5(2), 19-24.
- Hasler, C. M. (2002). Functional foods: benefits, concerns and challenges—a position paper from the American Council on Science and Health. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(12), 3772-3781. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.12.3772
- Kavas, G. Ö. (1994). Reaktif Oksijen Metabolitlerine Fizyopatolojik Yaklaşım. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 47(04).
- Keha, E. E., Küfrevioğlu, İ., (2012). Biyokimyanın konusu, biyomoleküller ve hücre yapısı. Biyokimya Kitabı. Erzurum. 5-7 sy.
- Kilinc, K., Kilinc, A. (2002). Oksijenin Toksisitesinin Aracı Molekülleri Olarak Oksijen Radikalleri. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi, 33(2), 100-118.
- Korkmaz, H., Tınkılıç, N., Özen, T., Güder, A., (2012). Biyokimya-I Ders Notları. On dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Kimya Bölümü, Biyokimya Anabilim dalı Başkanlığı. Samsun.
- Kumar, S. (2011). Free radicals and antioxidants: human and food system. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2(1), 129-135.
- Kunchandy, E., Rao, M. N. A. (1990). Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 58(3), 237-240. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(90)90201-E
- Küçüker, O., (2015). Sporlu ve Tohumlu Bitkilerin Evrimi ile Temel Morfolojik Konular. İstanbul.
- Lamasion, J.L., Carnat, A., Petitjean, C., (1990). Tannin Content and Inhibiting Activity of Elastase in Rosaceae. Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, 48(6), 335-340.
- Lukaski, H.C. 2004. Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition, 20 (7-8), 632-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut. 2004.04.001
- Mohammed, F.S., Günal, S., Şabik, A. E., Akgül, H., & Sevindik, M. (2020). Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity of Scorzonera papposa collected from Iraq and Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(5), 1114-1118. https://doi.org/10.18016/ ksutarimdoga.vi.699457
- Mosley, M. (2018). Akıllı Bağırsak. Melisa Matbaacılık, Yakamoz Kitap No: 12088. İstanbul.
- Özcan, O., Erdal, H., Çakırca, G., Yönden, Z. (2015). Oksidatif stres ve hücre içi lipit, protein ve DNA yapıları üzerine etkileri. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, 6(3), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.01.2015.03.0545
- Prieto, P., Pineda, M., Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269(2), 337-341. https://doi.org/ 10.1006/abio.1999.4019
- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
- Ruch, R. J., Cheng, S. J., Klaunig, J. E. (1989). Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis İntegrative Cancer Research, 10(6), 1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/ carcin/10.6.1003
- Sahin, A., Kıran, Y., Karatas, F., & Sonmez, S. (2005). Vitamins A, C, and E and β‐Carotene Content in Seeds of Seven Species of Vicia L. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 47(4), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2005.00083.x
- Shkolnik, M. Y. (2012). Trace Elements in Plants. Komarov Botanical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Leningrad. Elsevier.
- Tanker, N., Koyuncu, M.,Coşkun, M., (1998). Farmasötik Botanik. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 78. Ankara.
- Tunçtürk, M., Șekeroğlu, N., Tunçtürk, Y., Özgökçe, F. (2008). Vitamin C contents of wild herbs used in the production of Van Herby Cheese. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries,(5th CMAPSEEC), Brno, Czech Republic, 2-5 September, 2008. Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno.
- Valenzuela, A., Rios, H., Neiman, G. (1977). Evidence that superoxide radicals are involved in the hemolytic mechanism of phenylhydrazine. Experientia, 33(7), 962-963.
- Wada, O. (2004). What are Trace Elements? Their deficiency and excess States. JMA Journal 47(8), 351-358.
- Yi, O. S., Meyer, A. S., Frankel, E. N. (1997). Antioxidant activity of grape extracts in a lecithin liposome system. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 74(10), 1301-1307.
- Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
There are 45 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | RESEARCH ARTICLE |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 2018-FDK-7348 |
| Early Pub Date | May 27, 2023 |
| Publication Date | October 31, 2023 |
| Submission Date | January 25, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | March 2, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023Volume: 26 Issue: 5 |
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