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Connectivity is Vitally Important in a Fragmented Forest Ecosystem to Sustain Biodiversity: An Analysis for Rize

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 41 - 60, 15.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.835358

Abstract

Forests are the leading ecosystems that are under threat due to the pressure of global change. Being under pressure for a forest ecosystem means fragmented and isolated habitats, decrease in biodiversity and change in the landscape. In recent years, restoring landscape connectivity by minimising landscape fragmentation has been recognised as a key strategy to conserve biodiversity. Well-connected habitat networks are thought to both protect existing populations and help adaptation under climate change. It is therefore priority to understand how best to maintain and develop connectivity in fragmented landscapes at multiple spatial scales for effective conservation of forest biodiversity. In this study, fragmentation analysis was performed using area, edge, and isolation metrics in the forest matrix in the Rize landscape and connectivity corridors were interpreted to manage the impact of this fragmentation on species and habitats. The fragmentation analysis was carried out on 3 classes as broad-leaved, coniferous, and mixed using land cover/land use data with the years 1990-2018. The connectivity corridors between these classes were analysed using core area data and resistance maps. According to the results; it was observed that fragmentation in broad-leaved and coniferous classes and an increase in mixed forest class. In the connectivity analysis it was observed that the limiting effects arising from human activities increased more in 2018 compared to 1990. The results of this study showed that in a fragmented forest matrix, connectivity corridors can be identified and reconstructed the conditions necessary for the survival of biodiversity.

References

  • Referans1 Alohou, E. C., Gbemavo, D. S. J. C., Mensah, S., & Ouinsavi, C. (2017). Fragmentation of forest ecosystems and connectivity between sacred groves and forest reserves in Southeastern Benin, West Africa. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 1940082917731730. doi:10.1177/1940082917731730
  • Referans2 Benitez-Malvido, J., & Arroyo-Rodríguez, V. (2008). Habitat fragmentation, edge effects and biological corridors in tropical ecosystems. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems.
  • Referans3 Bogaert, J., Bamba, I., Koffi, K. J., Sibomana, S., Djibu, J.-P. K., Champluvier, D., . . . Visser, M. N. (2008). Fragmentation of Forest Landscapes in Central Africa: Causes, Consequences and Management. In R. Lafortezza, G. Sanesi, J. Chen, & T. R. Crow (Eds.), Patterns and Processes in Forest Landscapes: Multiple Use and Sustainable Management (pp. 67-87). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  • Referans4 Bogaert, J., Barima, Y. S. S., Mongo, L. I. W., Bamba, I., Mama, A., Toyi, M., & Lafortezza, R. (2011). Forest Fragmentation: Causes, Ecological Impacts and Implications for Landscape Management. In C. Li, R. Lafortezza, & J. Chen (Eds.), Landscape Ecology in Forest Management and Conservation: Challenges and Solutions for Global Change (pp. 273-296). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Referans5 Brudvig, L. A., Damschen, E. I., Tewksbury, J. J., Haddad, N. M., & Levey, D. J. (2009). Landscape connectivity promotes plant biodiversity spillover into non-target habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(23), 9328-9332. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809658106
  • Referans6 Camargo, J. L. C., & Kapos, V. (1995). Complex edge effects on soil moisture and microclimate in central Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11(2), 205-221. doi:10.1017/S026646740000866X
  • Referans7 Carroll, C., McRae, B. H., & Brookes, A. (2012). Use of linkage mapping and centrality analysis across habitat gradients to conserve connectivity of Gray wolf populations in Western North America. Conservation Biology, 26(1), 78-87.
  • Referans8 Copernicus. (2020). Corine Land Cover. Retrieved from https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover
  • Referans9 Damschen, E. I., Brudvig, L. A., Burt, M. A., Fletcher, R. J., Haddad, N. M., Levey, D. J., . . . Tewksbury, J. J. (2019). Ongoing accumulation of plant diversity through habitat connectivity in an 18-year experiment. Science, 365(6460), 1478-1480. doi:10.1126/science.aax8992
  • Referans10 Damschen, E. I., Haddad, N. M., Orrock, J. L., Tewksbury, J. J., & Levey, D. J. (2006). Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales. Science, 313(5791), 1284-1286. doi:10.1126/science.1130098
  • Referans11 Ewers, R. M., & Didham, R. K. (2006). Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 81(1), 117-142. doi:10.1017/s1464793105006949
  • Referans12 Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land mosaics : The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans13 Fynn, I. E. M., & Campbell, J. (2019). Forest fragmentation analysis from multiple imaging formats. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 12(1), 1-15. doi:10.2478/jlecol-2019-0001
  • Referans14 García-Gigorro, S., & Saura, S. (2005). Forest Fragmentation Estimated from Remotely Sensed Data: Is Comparison Across Scales Possible? Forest Science, 51(1), 51-63. doi:10.1093/forestscience/51.1.51
  • Referans15 Kang, S., & Choi, W. (2013). Forest cover changes in North Korea since the 1980s. Regional Environmental Change, 14, 347-354.
  • Referans16 Kolasa, J., & Zalewski, M. (1995). Notes on ecotone attributes and functions. Hydrobiologia, 303(1), 1-7. doi:10.1007/BF00034039
  • Referans17 Laurance, W. F., Ferreira, L. V., Rankin-de Merona, J. M., & Laurance, S. G. (1998). Rain Forest Fragmentation and the Dynamics of Amazonian Tree Communities. Ecology, 79(6), 2032-2040. doi:10.2307/176707
  • Referans18 Laurance, W. F., & Yensen, E. (1991). Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats. Biological Conservation, 55(1), 77-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90006-U
  • Referans19 Liu, J., Coomes, D. A., Gibson, L., Hu, G., Liu, J., Luo, Y., . . . Yu, M. (2019). Forest fragmentation in China and its effect on biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 94(5), 1636-1657. doi:10.1111/brv.12519
  • Referans20 McGarigal, K., & Cushman, S. A. (2002). Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation metrics. Ecological Applications, 12(2), 335-345. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0335:Ceoeat]2.0.Co;2
  • Referans21 McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., & Ene, E. (2012). FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  • Referans22 McRae, B. H., & Kavanagh, D. M. (2011). Linkage Mapper Connectivity Analysis Software.
  • Referans23 McRae, B. H., & Kavanagh, D. M. (2017). User Guide: Linkage Pathways Tool of the Linkage Mapper Toolbox Version 2.0.
  • Referans24 Nason, J. D., Alrich, P. R., & Hamrick, J. L. (1997). Dispersal and the Dynamics of Genetic Structure in Fragmented Tropical Tree Populations. In W. F. Laurance, Bierregaard Jr., R. O. (Ed.), Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities (1st ed., pp. 304-320). USA: University of Chicago Press.
  • Referans25 OGM. (2020). İllere Göre Orman Varlığı. Retrieved from https://www.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ormanlarimiz/Illere-Gore-Orman-Varligi.aspx
  • Referans26 Peh, K. S. H., Yangchen, L., Luke, S. H., Foster, W. A., & Turner, E. C. (2014). Forest Fragmentation and Ecosystem Function. In C. J. Kettle & L. P. Koh (Eds.), Global Forest Fragmentation (pp. 192). United Kingdom: CAB Books.
  • Referans27 Rempel, R. (2015, December 10). Spatial Ecology Program-Analysis Tools/Patch Analyst.
  • Referans28 Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 18-32. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x
  • Referans29 Sawyer, S. C., Epps, C. W., & Brashares, J. S. (2011). Placing linkages among fragmented habitats: do least-cost models reflect how animals use landscapes? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(3), 668-678. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01970.x
  • Referans30 Taylor, P. D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K., & Merriam, G. (1993). Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos, 68, 571-573.
  • Referans31 Wilcox, B. A., & Murphy, D. D. (1985). Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction. The American Naturalist, 125(6), 879-887. doi:10.1086/284386
  • Referans32 Wilkinson, D. A., Marshall, J. C., French, N. P., & Hayman, D. T. S. (2018). Habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss and the risk of novel infectious disease emergence. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 15(149), 20180403. doi:doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0403
  • Referans33 Yüksek, T. (2011, 10-11 Şubat). Paper presented at the Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Heyelan ve Taşkınları Sempozyumu, Trabzon.
  • Referans34 Zipkin, E. F., DeWan, A., & Andrew Royle, J. (2009). Impacts of forest fragmentation on species richness: a hierarchical approach to community modelling. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(4), 815-822. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01664.x
  • Referans35 Zuidema, P. A., Sayer, J. A., & Dijkman, W. I. M. (1996). Forest fragmentation and biodiversity: the case for intermediate-sized conservation areas. Environmental Conservation, 23(4), 290-297. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44519311
  • Referans36 Zurita, G., Pe’er, G., Bellocq, M. I., & Hansbauer, M. M. (2012). Edge effects and their influence on habitat suitability calculations: a continuous approach applied to birds of the Atlantic forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49(2), 503-512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02104.x

Parçalanmış Bir Orman Ekosisteminde Biyoçeşitliliği Desteklemek İçin Bağlantılılık Yaşamsal Bir Öneme Sahiptir: Rize İçin Bir Analiz

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 41 - 60, 15.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.835358

Abstract

Küresel değişim baskısı nedeniyle tehdit altında olan ekosistemlerin başında ormanlar yer almaktadır. Orman ekosisteminin baskı altında olması, parçalanmış ve izole olmuş habitatların oluşması, biyoçeşitliliğin azalması ve peyzajın değişmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Son yıllarda, peyzaj parçalanmasının en aza indirilerek peyzaj bağlantısının yeniden sağlanması, biyolojik çeşitliliği korumaya yönelik anahtar bir strateji olarak kabul görmüştür. Aralarında iyi bağlantı kuran habitat ağlarının hem mevcut popülasyonları koruduğu hem de iklim değişikliği altında adaptasyona yardımcı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle orman biyoçeşitliliğinin etkili bir şekilde korunması için birden çok mekȃnsal ölçekte parçalanmış peyzajlarda bağlantının en iyi nasıl korunacağını ve geliştirileceğini anlamak önceliklidir. Bu çalışmada, Rize peyzajındaki orman matrisinde alan, kenar ve izolasyon metrikleri kullanılarak parçalanma analizi yapılmış ve bu parçalanmanın türler ve habitatlar üzerindeki etkisini yönetmek amacıyla bağlantı koridorları yorumlanmıştır. Parçalanma analizi, 1990-2018 yıllarını kapsayan arazi örtüsü/arazi kullanımı verisi kullanılarak geniş yapraklı, iğne yapraklı ve karışık olmak üzere 3 sınıf üzerinde yapılmıştır. Bu sınıfların birbirleri arasındaki bağlantı koridorları ise çekirdek alan ve direnç haritaları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; geniş yapraklı ve iğne yapraklı orman sınıflarında parçalanma olduğu, karışık orman sınıfında ise artış olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bağlantılılık analizinde ise, insan faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan sınırlayıcı etkilerin 1990 yılına göre 2018 yılında daha da arttığı gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, parçalanmış bir orman matrisinin, bağlantı koridorları tespit edilerek biyolojik çeşitliliğin ve türlerin devamı için gerekli olan şartların yeniden yapılandırılabileceğini göstermiştir.

References

  • Referans1 Alohou, E. C., Gbemavo, D. S. J. C., Mensah, S., & Ouinsavi, C. (2017). Fragmentation of forest ecosystems and connectivity between sacred groves and forest reserves in Southeastern Benin, West Africa. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 1940082917731730. doi:10.1177/1940082917731730
  • Referans2 Benitez-Malvido, J., & Arroyo-Rodríguez, V. (2008). Habitat fragmentation, edge effects and biological corridors in tropical ecosystems. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems.
  • Referans3 Bogaert, J., Bamba, I., Koffi, K. J., Sibomana, S., Djibu, J.-P. K., Champluvier, D., . . . Visser, M. N. (2008). Fragmentation of Forest Landscapes in Central Africa: Causes, Consequences and Management. In R. Lafortezza, G. Sanesi, J. Chen, & T. R. Crow (Eds.), Patterns and Processes in Forest Landscapes: Multiple Use and Sustainable Management (pp. 67-87). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  • Referans4 Bogaert, J., Barima, Y. S. S., Mongo, L. I. W., Bamba, I., Mama, A., Toyi, M., & Lafortezza, R. (2011). Forest Fragmentation: Causes, Ecological Impacts and Implications for Landscape Management. In C. Li, R. Lafortezza, & J. Chen (Eds.), Landscape Ecology in Forest Management and Conservation: Challenges and Solutions for Global Change (pp. 273-296). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Referans5 Brudvig, L. A., Damschen, E. I., Tewksbury, J. J., Haddad, N. M., & Levey, D. J. (2009). Landscape connectivity promotes plant biodiversity spillover into non-target habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(23), 9328-9332. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809658106
  • Referans6 Camargo, J. L. C., & Kapos, V. (1995). Complex edge effects on soil moisture and microclimate in central Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11(2), 205-221. doi:10.1017/S026646740000866X
  • Referans7 Carroll, C., McRae, B. H., & Brookes, A. (2012). Use of linkage mapping and centrality analysis across habitat gradients to conserve connectivity of Gray wolf populations in Western North America. Conservation Biology, 26(1), 78-87.
  • Referans8 Copernicus. (2020). Corine Land Cover. Retrieved from https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover
  • Referans9 Damschen, E. I., Brudvig, L. A., Burt, M. A., Fletcher, R. J., Haddad, N. M., Levey, D. J., . . . Tewksbury, J. J. (2019). Ongoing accumulation of plant diversity through habitat connectivity in an 18-year experiment. Science, 365(6460), 1478-1480. doi:10.1126/science.aax8992
  • Referans10 Damschen, E. I., Haddad, N. M., Orrock, J. L., Tewksbury, J. J., & Levey, D. J. (2006). Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales. Science, 313(5791), 1284-1286. doi:10.1126/science.1130098
  • Referans11 Ewers, R. M., & Didham, R. K. (2006). Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 81(1), 117-142. doi:10.1017/s1464793105006949
  • Referans12 Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land mosaics : The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Referans13 Fynn, I. E. M., & Campbell, J. (2019). Forest fragmentation analysis from multiple imaging formats. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 12(1), 1-15. doi:10.2478/jlecol-2019-0001
  • Referans14 García-Gigorro, S., & Saura, S. (2005). Forest Fragmentation Estimated from Remotely Sensed Data: Is Comparison Across Scales Possible? Forest Science, 51(1), 51-63. doi:10.1093/forestscience/51.1.51
  • Referans15 Kang, S., & Choi, W. (2013). Forest cover changes in North Korea since the 1980s. Regional Environmental Change, 14, 347-354.
  • Referans16 Kolasa, J., & Zalewski, M. (1995). Notes on ecotone attributes and functions. Hydrobiologia, 303(1), 1-7. doi:10.1007/BF00034039
  • Referans17 Laurance, W. F., Ferreira, L. V., Rankin-de Merona, J. M., & Laurance, S. G. (1998). Rain Forest Fragmentation and the Dynamics of Amazonian Tree Communities. Ecology, 79(6), 2032-2040. doi:10.2307/176707
  • Referans18 Laurance, W. F., & Yensen, E. (1991). Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats. Biological Conservation, 55(1), 77-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90006-U
  • Referans19 Liu, J., Coomes, D. A., Gibson, L., Hu, G., Liu, J., Luo, Y., . . . Yu, M. (2019). Forest fragmentation in China and its effect on biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 94(5), 1636-1657. doi:10.1111/brv.12519
  • Referans20 McGarigal, K., & Cushman, S. A. (2002). Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation metrics. Ecological Applications, 12(2), 335-345. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0335:Ceoeat]2.0.Co;2
  • Referans21 McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., & Ene, E. (2012). FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
  • Referans22 McRae, B. H., & Kavanagh, D. M. (2011). Linkage Mapper Connectivity Analysis Software.
  • Referans23 McRae, B. H., & Kavanagh, D. M. (2017). User Guide: Linkage Pathways Tool of the Linkage Mapper Toolbox Version 2.0.
  • Referans24 Nason, J. D., Alrich, P. R., & Hamrick, J. L. (1997). Dispersal and the Dynamics of Genetic Structure in Fragmented Tropical Tree Populations. In W. F. Laurance, Bierregaard Jr., R. O. (Ed.), Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities (1st ed., pp. 304-320). USA: University of Chicago Press.
  • Referans25 OGM. (2020). İllere Göre Orman Varlığı. Retrieved from https://www.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ormanlarimiz/Illere-Gore-Orman-Varligi.aspx
  • Referans26 Peh, K. S. H., Yangchen, L., Luke, S. H., Foster, W. A., & Turner, E. C. (2014). Forest Fragmentation and Ecosystem Function. In C. J. Kettle & L. P. Koh (Eds.), Global Forest Fragmentation (pp. 192). United Kingdom: CAB Books.
  • Referans27 Rempel, R. (2015, December 10). Spatial Ecology Program-Analysis Tools/Patch Analyst.
  • Referans28 Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 18-32. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x
  • Referans29 Sawyer, S. C., Epps, C. W., & Brashares, J. S. (2011). Placing linkages among fragmented habitats: do least-cost models reflect how animals use landscapes? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(3), 668-678. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01970.x
  • Referans30 Taylor, P. D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K., & Merriam, G. (1993). Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos, 68, 571-573.
  • Referans31 Wilcox, B. A., & Murphy, D. D. (1985). Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction. The American Naturalist, 125(6), 879-887. doi:10.1086/284386
  • Referans32 Wilkinson, D. A., Marshall, J. C., French, N. P., & Hayman, D. T. S. (2018). Habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss and the risk of novel infectious disease emergence. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 15(149), 20180403. doi:doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0403
  • Referans33 Yüksek, T. (2011, 10-11 Şubat). Paper presented at the Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Heyelan ve Taşkınları Sempozyumu, Trabzon.
  • Referans34 Zipkin, E. F., DeWan, A., & Andrew Royle, J. (2009). Impacts of forest fragmentation on species richness: a hierarchical approach to community modelling. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(4), 815-822. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01664.x
  • Referans35 Zuidema, P. A., Sayer, J. A., & Dijkman, W. I. M. (1996). Forest fragmentation and biodiversity: the case for intermediate-sized conservation areas. Environmental Conservation, 23(4), 290-297. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44519311
  • Referans36 Zurita, G., Pe’er, G., Bellocq, M. I., & Hansbauer, M. M. (2012). Edge effects and their influence on habitat suitability calculations: a continuous approach applied to birds of the Atlantic forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49(2), 503-512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02104.x
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Huriye Simten Sütünç 0000-0002-0149-9953

Ömer Lütfü Çorbacı 0000-0002-8763-3163

Publication Date June 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sütünç, H. S., & Çorbacı, Ö. L. (2021). Connectivity is Vitally Important in a Fragmented Forest Ecosystem to Sustain Biodiversity: An Analysis for Rize. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.835358