Küresel Kentsel Gelişimin Çevresel Etkileri Üzerine bir İnceleme

Varol Koç

Review

Küresel Kentsel Gelişimin Çevresel Etkileri Üzerine bir İnceleme

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 421 - 433, 30.06.2023

Varol Koç

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, literatüre paralel olarak, elde edilen bulgulara göre, küresel nüfus artışı ve bu nüfusun kentlerde katlanarak çoğalmasının doğal arazi ve bitki örtüsü alanlarının hızla azalmasına, düzensiz plansız ve çarpık kent alanlarının ise hızla artmasına neden olduğu söylenebilir. Şehirlerin büyümesini yönlendiren ulusal ve yerel politikacılar tarafından kısmen, gayrı resmi çıkar grupları tarafından her zaman konunun ciddiyeti üzerine düşünülmemekte, her geçen gün çevreye zarar verici uygulamalar doğuran kaçak yapılaşmalar dünya çapında artmaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm ve gecekondu bölgelerinin iyileştirilip dönüştürülmesi genellikle toplulukların sosyoekonomik refahı açısından ele alınmakta, politika geliştiriciler tarafından bazen bu asli görev de görmezden gelinerek ekonomik kaygılar daha da öncelenmekte, ama her iki durumda da zaman zaman en büyük hedef olması gereken sürdürülebilirlik ve doğal çevrenin korunması amacıyla çelişebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bu tür olumsuzlukların giderilmesine yönelik öneriler geliştirmektir. Olumsuz örneklerin düzeltilebilmesine yönelik olarak geliştirilen öneriler, Yönetim sistemleri prensiplerinin konulara uygulanması yöntemiyle oluşturulmuştur. Olumsuz örneklerle birlikte, gelişmiş, yeni gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler kentsel alanlarda karbon emisyonlarının azaltılmasına ve doğayla barışık ve doğaya saygılı kentsel gelişim ve kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarına dair bazı olumlu örnekler de sunmaktadır. Böylece olumlu ve olumsuz örnekler analiz edilip yorumlanarak Yönetim sistemleri prensiplerine dayalı öneriler geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

kentsel gelişim, kentsel dönüşüm, çevre politikaları, sürdürülebilirlik, Yönetim Sistemleri

References

Aalbers, MB ( 2019 ). Financialization. In D. Richardson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of international geography: People, Earth, environment and technology (s. 1–14). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Acuto, M. (2010) High-Rise Dubai Urban Entrepreneurship and Symbolic Power Technology, Cities 27 (4): 272 – 284 .
Aykan, B. (2011). Frame alignment strategies in the right to sheltering movement: The case of Dikmen Valley, Ankara (Unpublished MSc. Thesis). Dept. of Sociology, METU, Ankara, Turkey.
Bayat, A.ve Biekart, K. ( 2009 ) Extreme cities, Development and Change, 40(5), 815 – 825 .
Beck, U. , Giddens, A. ve Lash, S. 2000 . La società del rischio. Verso una seconda modernità , Milano : Carocci .
Brown, LR (2010) Piyano B 4.0. Mobilitarsi per salvare la Civiltà , Milano : Edizioni Ambiente .
Bulkeley, H. ( 2013 ). Şehirler ve iklim değişikliği . Londra, Birleşik Krallık: Routledge.
Bulkeley, H. , VC Broto ve A. Maassen . (2014) Low Carbon Transitions and Urban Infrastructure Restructuring, Urban Studies, 51: 1471 – 1486.
Butun Bayindir, G. D. (2021). How do transnational municipal networks affect climate policymaking? A qualitative study in Turkey. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(8), 1081-1099.
Boyer, M. C. (1996). The city of collective memory: its historical imagery and architectural entertainments. Mit Press.
Caritas İ. (2007) La città abbandonata , Düzenleyen: Magatti, M. Bologna : Il Mulino .
Cesareo, V. 2001 . Globalizzazione ve yerel yarışmalar , Milano : FrancoAngeli .
Corfee-Morlot, J. , Kamal-Chaoui, L. , Donovan, MG , Cochran, I. , Robert, A. , & Teasdale, PJ ( 2009 ) Cities, climate change and multilevel governance (OECD Environmental Working Papers, No. 17). Paris, France : OECD Publications.
Chang, IC ve E. Shepperd (2013) China's Variegated Eco-Cities as Urban Sustainability: Dongtan Eco-City and Chongming Eco-Island, Urban Technology Magazine, 20 (1): 57 – 75 .
Colenbrander, S. , A. Gouldson , A. Sudmant ve E. Papargyropoulou (2015) Economic Case for Low-Carbon Development in Rapidly Growing Developing World Cities: A Case Study in Palembang, Indonesia, Energy Policy, 80: 24 – 35.
Cugurullo, F. (2013) How to Build a Sand Castle: An Analysis of the Formation and Development of Masdar City, Urban Technology Magazine, 20 (1): 23 – 37.
Çalışkan O. (2010) Urban Gateway: Just a Symbol, or More? (Reappraising an Old Idea in the Case of Ankara), Journal of Urban Design, 15:1, 91-122.
Çavuşoğlu, E., & Strutz, J. (2014). Producing force and consent: Urban transformation and corporatism in Turkey. City, 18(2), 134-148.
Davis D.E. (2016) Reflections on the relations between development and urbanization: past trajectories and future challenges, International Journal of Urban Sciences, 20:1, 1-14
De Jong, M., Joss, S., Schraven, D., Zhan, C., & Weijnen, M. (2015). Sustainable–smart–resilient–low carbon–eco–knowledge cities; making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization. Journal of Cleaner production, 109, 25-38.
Doğan, M. (2018). Türkiye'de Kentsel Dönüşüm ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapı Üzerindeki Etkileri. The Journal of Turk-Islam World Social Studies, 18, 1-8.
oğan, M. & Bostan, H. (2019). Kentsel Dönüşümün Nüfusun Sosyo- Ekonomik Yapısı Üzerindeki Etkileri: Ankara Yenimahalle Örneği, Uluslar arası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(1), 64- 89.
Duarte, F. , T. Gadda , C.A.M. Luna ve FT Souza . (2016) What to Expect from the Future Leaders of Bogota and Curitiba in terms of Public Transport: Opinions and Practices Among University Students, Transport Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 38: 7 – 21 .
Elsland, R. , C. Divrak , T. Fleiter ve M. Wietschel (2014) Turkey's Strategic Energy Efficiency Plan – Ex Ante Impact Assessment for Housing Sector, Energy Policy, 70: 14 – 29 .
Ergünay, O. (2007). Türkiye’nin afet profili. TMMOB afet sempozyumu bildiriler kitabı, 5(7), 1-14.
Etzkowitz, H. (2003) Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Spiral of University-Industry-State Relations, Social Sciences Knowledge, 42 (3): 293 337 .
Evans, M. , S. Yu , A. Staniszewski , L. Jin , ve A. Denysenko (2018) International Effects of National and Local Coordination on Building Energy Laws: Case Studies in Six Cities, Cleaner Production Journal, 191: 127 – 134.
Fay, C. ( 2007 ). Think locally, act globally: lessons from the Climate Protection Cities campaign. What's New: A Journal of Politics, 7, 1–12.
Freire, S. (1997) Educazione pratica di libertà'ya gelsin: Milano Mondadori (Educação como prática da liberdade . Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1967)
Freire , M. 2001 . “ Challenges of City Management ” The Challenge of Urban Government: Policies and Practices , M. Freire ve R. Stren tarafından düzenlendi , xvii – xli . Washington, DC : World Bank.
Gallion, AB ve Eisner, S. (1980) The Urban Pattern: City Planning and Design , New York : D. Van Nostrand
Gobel, DW (2000) City Gate: Negotiation and Nexus, http://eauh2000.tu-berlin.de/sessions/special/sp_9.html adresinde mevcuttur
Gossop, C. (2011). Low carbon cities: An introduction to the special issue. Cities, 6(28), 495-497.
Gotham, K. F. (2006). The secondary circuit of capital reconsidered: Globalization and the US real estate sector. American journal of sociology, 112(1), 231-275.
Günay, B. (1993) Dikmen Vadisi projesine ilişkin değerlendirme , Ankara Söyleşileri , Düzenleyen: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası, TMMOB yayınları, Ankara .
Güney, K. M. (2019). 9. Building Northern Istanbul: Mega-Projects, Speculation, And New Suburbs. In Massive suburbanization (pp. 181-200). University of Toronto Press.
Gündoğan A.Z. (2019) Divergent responses to urban transformation projects in Turkey: common sense and state affinity in community mobilization, Urban Geography, 40:7, 893-917.
Gürlesel, CF 2012 . 2023 Vizyonunda Gayrimenkul Sektörü. Gayrimenkul Yatırım Ortaklığı Derneği'nde . İstanbul.
GYODER. ( 2019 ). Gösterge: Türkiye Gayrimenkul Sektörü 2019 1. Çeyrek Raporu (No. 16) . Gayrimenkul Yatırım Ortakları Derneği http://www.gyoder.org.tr/img/mc-content/20160304174613_27832016-march-turkish-real-estate-sector-report-2mart-10-00.pdf adresinden erişildi.
Harvey, D. (2017). Marx, capital, and the madness of economic reason. Oxford University Press.
Howard, B., Parshall, L., Thompson, J., Hammer, S., Dickinson, J., & Modi, V. (2012). Spatial distribution of urban building energy consumption by end use. Energy and buildings, 45, 141-151.
IEA (2018) International Energy Agency, Global Status Report
Ingilleri, S. 2003 . La "Buona vita." Per l'uso creativo degli oggetti nella società dell'abbondanza , Milano : Guerini e Associati.
Jain M. (2018) The effect of distance on urban transformation in the Capital Region, India, International Planning Studies, 23:1, 37-50.
Jakarta Post 2010 . TransMusi Ulaşım Hizmetlerini Çalıştırır. 22.12.2022’de erişildi. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/23/transmusi-operates-commuting-services.html
Keeton, R. (2011) Emerging in the East—Contemporary New Cities in Asia. Amsterdam : SOLAR Architecture .
Keskin F.S., Martinez-Vazquez P. & Baniotopoulos C. (2020) An overview of sustainability policies and strategies on buildings in Turkey, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39:9, 843-866.
Keyder, Ç. ( 2005 ). Globalization and social exclusion in Istanbul . International Journal of Urban and Regional Studies, 29(1), 124 – 134 .
Korkmaz, C., & Balaban, O. (2020). Sustainability of urban regeneration in Turkey: Assessing the performance of the North Ankara Urban Regeneration Project. Habitat International, 95, 102081.
Kostof, S., & Castillo, G. (1992). The city assembled: the elements of urban form through history.
Kunstler, H. (1994) . The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Fall of America's Man-Made Landscape. New York: Touchstone.
Kuntasal, K. (1993) Dikmen Vadisi Projesi, Ankara Söyleşileri , Düzenleyen: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası, TMMOB yayınları, Ankara .
Landry, C. 2009 . Şehir yapımı. L'arte di ücret la città , Torino : Codice Edizioni .
Lee, J. ve J. Kim . (2016) South Korea's Urban Green Energy Strategies: Policy Framework and Local Responses under Green Growth, Cities, 54: 20 – 27 .
Lehmann, S. (2013) The Low-Carbon City: Lessons from Western Urban Projects for Shanghai's Rapid Transformation. Habitat International,37: 61 – 69 .
Leitmann, J., & Baharoğlu, D. (1999). Reaching Turkey's spontaneous settlements: The institutional dimension of infrastructure provision. International Planning Studies, 4(2), 195-212.
Liu, W., & Qin, B. (2016). Low-carbon city initiatives in China: A review from the policy paradigm perspective. Cities, 51, 131-138.
Leynseele Y.V. & Bontje M. (2019) Visionary cities or spaces of uncertainty? Satellite cities and new towns in emerging economies, International Planning Studies, 24:3-4, 207-217.
Mail Today Bureau, 2015. Civic agencies put Connaught Place redevelopment plan in prolonged delay. Mail Today, 16 July.
Mazzette, A. 2003 . La città che cambia , Milano : FrancoAngeli .
Mela, A. 2006 . Sociologia delle città , Roma : Carocci .
Menon-Sen, K. (2010) Delhi and CWG 2010: the games behind the games. The journal of Asian studies, 69 (03), 677–681.
Montuori, A. (2003). La complessità della creatività e la creatività della complessità. Élites, 3, 42-48.
Moser, S., Swain, M., & Alkhabbaz, M. H. (2015). King Abdullah economic city: Engineering Saudi Arabia’s post-oil future. Cities, 45, 71-80.
Nejat, P. , F. Jomehzadeh , MM Taheri , M. Gohari ve MZ Muhd (2015) A Global Review of Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Policy in the Housing Sector (with an Overview of the Top Ten CO2 Emitting Countries), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43: 843 – 862 .
Oosterbaan C., Arku G. & Asiedu A.B. (2012) Conversion of Residential Units toCommercial Spaces in Accra, Ghana: A Policy Dilemma, International Planning Studies, 17:1, 45-66.
Pawe, C. K., & Saikia, A. (2018). Unplanned urban growth: land use/land cover change in the Guwahati Metropolitan Area, India. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 118(1), 88-100.
Pojani, D., & Stead, D. (2015). Sustainable urban transport in the developing world: beyond megacities. Sustainability, 7(6), 7784-7805.
Rapoport, E. (2014). Utopian visions and real estate dreams: The eco‐city past, present and future. Geography Compass, 8(2), 137-149.
Rizzo, A. (2017) Sustainable Urban Development and Green Megaprojects in the Arab States of the Gulf Region: Limitations, Hidden Purposes and Unintended Consequences in Doha, Qatar, International Planning Studies, 22: 85 – 98 .
Rolnik, R. (2013). Late neoliberalism: The financialization of homeownership and housing rights. International journal of urban and regional research, 37(3), 1058-1066.
Salomone M. & Messina M. (2011) Complex, Ecological, Creative: The Modern City and Social Change, World Futures, 67:2, 79-92.
Sengupta M. (2017) A window into India’s development story – the 2010 Commonwealth Games, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9:2, 331-348.
Shen, J., & Wu, F. (2017). The suburb as a space of capital accumulation: The development of new towns in Shanghai, China. Antipode, 49(3), 761-780.
UNDESA (2008a) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division) World urbanization prospects. 2007 revision, New York.
UNDESA (2008b) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affair Population Division) United Nations expert group meeting on population distribution, urbanization, internal migration and development, New York.
UNFPA (2007) (United Nations Population Fund) Etat de la popülasyon mondiale 2007. Libérer le potentiel de la croissance urbaine , New York
UN-HABITAT (2010) State of the world's cities 2010/2011: Transcending the urban divide, London and Washington : Earthscan
UN-Habitat. (2011). Climate change mitigation responses in urban areas. Human settlements in the 2011 Global report: Cities and climate change (pp. 91–129). London, United Kingdom: Earthscan.
Urry, J. (2013). Societies beyond oil: Oil dregs and social futures. Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
Uşaklıgil, E. ( 2014 ). Bir Şehri Yok Etmek: İstanbul'da Kazanmak ya da Kaybetmek . Can Yayınları .
Uzun, B., & Simsek, N. C. (2015). Upgrading of illegal settlements in Turkey; the case of North Ankara entrance urban regeneration project. Habitat International, 49, 157-164.
Üçoğlu M. (2021) Financialization and suburbanization: the predatory hegemony of suburban-financial nexus in Istanbul, Globalizations, 18:6, 981-994.
Tarigan A.K.M. & Sagala S. (2018) The pursuit of greenness: explaining low-carbon urban transformation in Indonesia, International Planning Studies, 23:4, 408-426.
The Times of India (2015) Times News Network (TNN), Only six takers for DDA’s CWG village flats, 15 July. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Only-six-takers-for-DDAs-CWG-village-flats/articleshow/48076691.cms
Tiezzi, E. 2008 . Città fuori dal caos. La sostenibilità dei sistemi kentsel , Donzelli : Roma .
TÜİK (2023) Yapı kullanma izin belgesi istatistikleri 2020- 2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yapi-Izin-Istatistikleri-III.-Ceyrek:-Temmuz---Eylul,-2022-45831, erişim tarihi: 26.01.2023
Türker-Devecigil P. (2006) The Role of Local Actors in Transforming Informal Settlements in Turkey for Sustainable Urban Development: The Ankara–Dikmen Valley Case, International Planning Studies, 11:3-4, 167-186.
Walks, A., & Clifford, B. (2015). The political economy of mortgage securitization and the neoliberalization of housing policy in Canada. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 47(8), 1624-1642.
Vidler, A. (2021). In Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Birkhäuser, Architecture and Social Reform at the End of the Old Regime, Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
Yeboah, I. E. (2000). Structural adjustment and emerging urban form in Accra, Ghana. Africa Today, 61-89.
Yeşilbağ M. (2020) The State-Orchestrated Financialization of Housing in Turkey, Housing Policy Debate, 30:4, 533-558.
Yılmaz, M., & Keleş, R. (2015). Urban transformation project of Northern Ankara. In E. Hepperle, R. Dixon-Gough, R. Mansberger, J. Paulsson, F. Reuter, & M. Yılmaz (Eds.), Challenges of governance structures in urban and regional development (pp. 351–362). Zurich, Switzerland: European Academy of Land Use and Development.
Yrigoy, I. (2018). State‐led financial regulation and representations of spatial fixity: The example of the Spanish real estate sector. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 42(4), 594-611.

A Study on the Environmental Impacts of Global Urban Development

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 421 - 433, 30.06.2023

Varol Koç

Abstract

In this study, parallel to the literature, according to the findings, it can be said that the global population growth and the exponential increase of this population in the cities cause a rapid decrease in natural land and vegetation areas, and a rapid increase in irregular, unplanned and unplanned urban areas. Partially, the seriousness of the issue is not considered by the national and local politicians who direct the growth of cities, and illegal constructions that cause environmentally harmful practices are increasing around the world. On the other hand, the issue not considered at all by informal interest groups active in illegal settlements and economy. Urban transformation and the improvement and transformation of slum areas are generally considered in terms of the socioeconomic well-being of the communities, this primary task is sometimes overlooked by policy makers and economic concerns are prioritized, but in both cases, sustainability and the protection of the natural environment, which should be the highest goal, can be contradicted from time to time. The aim of this study is to develop suggestions for eliminating such negativities. Suggestions developed for the correction of negative examples were created by applying the principles of management systems to the subjects. Along with negative examples, developed, newly developed and developing countries also offer some positive examples of reducing carbon emissions in urban areas and urban development and urban transformation practices that are in harmony with nature and respectful to nature. Thus, positive and negative examples were analyzed and interpreted, and suggestions based on the principles of management systems were tried to be developed.

Keywords

urban devolopment, urban transformation, environmental policies, sustainability, Management Systems

References

Aalbers, MB ( 2019 ). Financialization. In D. Richardson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of international geography: People, Earth, environment and technology (s. 1–14). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Acuto, M. (2010) High-Rise Dubai Urban Entrepreneurship and Symbolic Power Technology, Cities 27 (4): 272 – 284 .
Aykan, B. (2011). Frame alignment strategies in the right to sheltering movement: The case of Dikmen Valley, Ankara (Unpublished MSc. Thesis). Dept. of Sociology, METU, Ankara, Turkey.
Bayat, A.ve Biekart, K. ( 2009 ) Extreme cities, Development and Change, 40(5), 815 – 825 .
Beck, U. , Giddens, A. ve Lash, S. 2000 . La società del rischio. Verso una seconda modernità , Milano : Carocci .
Brown, LR (2010) Piyano B 4.0. Mobilitarsi per salvare la Civiltà , Milano : Edizioni Ambiente .
Bulkeley, H. ( 2013 ). Şehirler ve iklim değişikliği . Londra, Birleşik Krallık: Routledge.
Bulkeley, H. , VC Broto ve A. Maassen . (2014) Low Carbon Transitions and Urban Infrastructure Restructuring, Urban Studies, 51: 1471 – 1486.
Butun Bayindir, G. D. (2021). How do transnational municipal networks affect climate policymaking? A qualitative study in Turkey. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(8), 1081-1099.
Boyer, M. C. (1996). The city of collective memory: its historical imagery and architectural entertainments. Mit Press.
Caritas İ. (2007) La città abbandonata , Düzenleyen: Magatti, M. Bologna : Il Mulino .
Cesareo, V. 2001 . Globalizzazione ve yerel yarışmalar , Milano : FrancoAngeli .
Corfee-Morlot, J. , Kamal-Chaoui, L. , Donovan, MG , Cochran, I. , Robert, A. , & Teasdale, PJ ( 2009 ) Cities, climate change and multilevel governance (OECD Environmental Working Papers, No. 17). Paris, France : OECD Publications.
Chang, IC ve E. Shepperd (2013) China's Variegated Eco-Cities as Urban Sustainability: Dongtan Eco-City and Chongming Eco-Island, Urban Technology Magazine, 20 (1): 57 – 75 .
Colenbrander, S. , A. Gouldson , A. Sudmant ve E. Papargyropoulou (2015) Economic Case for Low-Carbon Development in Rapidly Growing Developing World Cities: A Case Study in Palembang, Indonesia, Energy Policy, 80: 24 – 35.
Cugurullo, F. (2013) How to Build a Sand Castle: An Analysis of the Formation and Development of Masdar City, Urban Technology Magazine, 20 (1): 23 – 37.
Çalışkan O. (2010) Urban Gateway: Just a Symbol, or More? (Reappraising an Old Idea in the Case of Ankara), Journal of Urban Design, 15:1, 91-122.
Çavuşoğlu, E., & Strutz, J. (2014). Producing force and consent: Urban transformation and corporatism in Turkey. City, 18(2), 134-148.
Davis D.E. (2016) Reflections on the relations between development and urbanization: past trajectories and future challenges, International Journal of Urban Sciences, 20:1, 1-14
De Jong, M., Joss, S., Schraven, D., Zhan, C., & Weijnen, M. (2015). Sustainable–smart–resilient–low carbon–eco–knowledge cities; making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization. Journal of Cleaner production, 109, 25-38.
Doğan, M. (2018). Türkiye'de Kentsel Dönüşüm ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapı Üzerindeki Etkileri. The Journal of Turk-Islam World Social Studies, 18, 1-8.
oğan, M. & Bostan, H. (2019). Kentsel Dönüşümün Nüfusun Sosyo- Ekonomik Yapısı Üzerindeki Etkileri: Ankara Yenimahalle Örneği, Uluslar arası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(1), 64- 89.
Duarte, F. , T. Gadda , C.A.M. Luna ve FT Souza . (2016) What to Expect from the Future Leaders of Bogota and Curitiba in terms of Public Transport: Opinions and Practices Among University Students, Transport Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 38: 7 – 21 .
Elsland, R. , C. Divrak , T. Fleiter ve M. Wietschel (2014) Turkey's Strategic Energy Efficiency Plan – Ex Ante Impact Assessment for Housing Sector, Energy Policy, 70: 14 – 29 .
Ergünay, O. (2007). Türkiye’nin afet profili. TMMOB afet sempozyumu bildiriler kitabı, 5(7), 1-14.
Etzkowitz, H. (2003) Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Spiral of University-Industry-State Relations, Social Sciences Knowledge, 42 (3): 293 337 .
Evans, M. , S. Yu , A. Staniszewski , L. Jin , ve A. Denysenko (2018) International Effects of National and Local Coordination on Building Energy Laws: Case Studies in Six Cities, Cleaner Production Journal, 191: 127 – 134.
Fay, C. ( 2007 ). Think locally, act globally: lessons from the Climate Protection Cities campaign. What's New: A Journal of Politics, 7, 1–12.
Freire, S. (1997) Educazione pratica di libertà'ya gelsin: Milano Mondadori (Educação como prática da liberdade . Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1967)
Freire , M. 2001 . “ Challenges of City Management ” The Challenge of Urban Government: Policies and Practices , M. Freire ve R. Stren tarafından düzenlendi , xvii – xli . Washington, DC : World Bank.
Gallion, AB ve Eisner, S. (1980) The Urban Pattern: City Planning and Design , New York : D. Van Nostrand
Gobel, DW (2000) City Gate: Negotiation and Nexus, http://eauh2000.tu-berlin.de/sessions/special/sp_9.html adresinde mevcuttur
Gossop, C. (2011). Low carbon cities: An introduction to the special issue. Cities, 6(28), 495-497.
Gotham, K. F. (2006). The secondary circuit of capital reconsidered: Globalization and the US real estate sector. American journal of sociology, 112(1), 231-275.
Günay, B. (1993) Dikmen Vadisi projesine ilişkin değerlendirme , Ankara Söyleşileri , Düzenleyen: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası, TMMOB yayınları, Ankara .
Güney, K. M. (2019). 9. Building Northern Istanbul: Mega-Projects, Speculation, And New Suburbs. In Massive suburbanization (pp. 181-200). University of Toronto Press.
Gündoğan A.Z. (2019) Divergent responses to urban transformation projects in Turkey: common sense and state affinity in community mobilization, Urban Geography, 40:7, 893-917.
Gürlesel, CF 2012 . 2023 Vizyonunda Gayrimenkul Sektörü. Gayrimenkul Yatırım Ortaklığı Derneği'nde . İstanbul.
GYODER. ( 2019 ). Gösterge: Türkiye Gayrimenkul Sektörü 2019 1. Çeyrek Raporu (No. 16) . Gayrimenkul Yatırım Ortakları Derneği http://www.gyoder.org.tr/img/mc-content/20160304174613_27832016-march-turkish-real-estate-sector-report-2mart-10-00.pdf adresinden erişildi.
Harvey, D. (2017). Marx, capital, and the madness of economic reason. Oxford University Press.
Howard, B., Parshall, L., Thompson, J., Hammer, S., Dickinson, J., & Modi, V. (2012). Spatial distribution of urban building energy consumption by end use. Energy and buildings, 45, 141-151.
IEA (2018) International Energy Agency, Global Status Report
Ingilleri, S. 2003 . La "Buona vita." Per l'uso creativo degli oggetti nella società dell'abbondanza , Milano : Guerini e Associati.
Jain M. (2018) The effect of distance on urban transformation in the Capital Region, India, International Planning Studies, 23:1, 37-50.
Jakarta Post 2010 . TransMusi Ulaşım Hizmetlerini Çalıştırır. 22.12.2022’de erişildi. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/23/transmusi-operates-commuting-services.html
Keeton, R. (2011) Emerging in the East—Contemporary New Cities in Asia. Amsterdam : SOLAR Architecture .
Keskin F.S., Martinez-Vazquez P. & Baniotopoulos C. (2020) An overview of sustainability policies and strategies on buildings in Turkey, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39:9, 843-866.
Keyder, Ç. ( 2005 ). Globalization and social exclusion in Istanbul . International Journal of Urban and Regional Studies, 29(1), 124 – 134 .
Korkmaz, C., & Balaban, O. (2020). Sustainability of urban regeneration in Turkey: Assessing the performance of the North Ankara Urban Regeneration Project. Habitat International, 95, 102081.
Kostof, S., & Castillo, G. (1992). The city assembled: the elements of urban form through history.
Kunstler, H. (1994) . The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Fall of America's Man-Made Landscape. New York: Touchstone.
Kuntasal, K. (1993) Dikmen Vadisi Projesi, Ankara Söyleşileri , Düzenleyen: TMMOB Mimarlar Odası, TMMOB yayınları, Ankara .
Landry, C. 2009 . Şehir yapımı. L'arte di ücret la città , Torino : Codice Edizioni .
Lee, J. ve J. Kim . (2016) South Korea's Urban Green Energy Strategies: Policy Framework and Local Responses under Green Growth, Cities, 54: 20 – 27 .
Lehmann, S. (2013) The Low-Carbon City: Lessons from Western Urban Projects for Shanghai's Rapid Transformation. Habitat International,37: 61 – 69 .
Leitmann, J., & Baharoğlu, D. (1999). Reaching Turkey's spontaneous settlements: The institutional dimension of infrastructure provision. International Planning Studies, 4(2), 195-212.
Liu, W., & Qin, B. (2016). Low-carbon city initiatives in China: A review from the policy paradigm perspective. Cities, 51, 131-138.
Leynseele Y.V. & Bontje M. (2019) Visionary cities or spaces of uncertainty? Satellite cities and new towns in emerging economies, International Planning Studies, 24:3-4, 207-217.
Mail Today Bureau, 2015. Civic agencies put Connaught Place redevelopment plan in prolonged delay. Mail Today, 16 July.
Mazzette, A. 2003 . La città che cambia , Milano : FrancoAngeli .
Mela, A. 2006 . Sociologia delle città , Roma : Carocci .
Menon-Sen, K. (2010) Delhi and CWG 2010: the games behind the games. The journal of Asian studies, 69 (03), 677–681.
Montuori, A. (2003). La complessità della creatività e la creatività della complessità. Élites, 3, 42-48.
Moser, S., Swain, M., & Alkhabbaz, M. H. (2015). King Abdullah economic city: Engineering Saudi Arabia’s post-oil future. Cities, 45, 71-80.
Nejat, P. , F. Jomehzadeh , MM Taheri , M. Gohari ve MZ Muhd (2015) A Global Review of Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Policy in the Housing Sector (with an Overview of the Top Ten CO2 Emitting Countries), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43: 843 – 862 .
Oosterbaan C., Arku G. & Asiedu A.B. (2012) Conversion of Residential Units toCommercial Spaces in Accra, Ghana: A Policy Dilemma, International Planning Studies, 17:1, 45-66.
Pawe, C. K., & Saikia, A. (2018). Unplanned urban growth: land use/land cover change in the Guwahati Metropolitan Area, India. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 118(1), 88-100.
Pojani, D., & Stead, D. (2015). Sustainable urban transport in the developing world: beyond megacities. Sustainability, 7(6), 7784-7805.
Rapoport, E. (2014). Utopian visions and real estate dreams: The eco‐city past, present and future. Geography Compass, 8(2), 137-149.
Rizzo, A. (2017) Sustainable Urban Development and Green Megaprojects in the Arab States of the Gulf Region: Limitations, Hidden Purposes and Unintended Consequences in Doha, Qatar, International Planning Studies, 22: 85 – 98 .
Rolnik, R. (2013). Late neoliberalism: The financialization of homeownership and housing rights. International journal of urban and regional research, 37(3), 1058-1066.
Salomone M. & Messina M. (2011) Complex, Ecological, Creative: The Modern City and Social Change, World Futures, 67:2, 79-92.
Sengupta M. (2017) A window into India’s development story – the 2010 Commonwealth Games, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9:2, 331-348.
Shen, J., & Wu, F. (2017). The suburb as a space of capital accumulation: The development of new towns in Shanghai, China. Antipode, 49(3), 761-780.
UNDESA (2008a) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division) World urbanization prospects. 2007 revision, New York.
UNDESA (2008b) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affair Population Division) United Nations expert group meeting on population distribution, urbanization, internal migration and development, New York.
UNFPA (2007) (United Nations Population Fund) Etat de la popülasyon mondiale 2007. Libérer le potentiel de la croissance urbaine , New York
UN-HABITAT (2010) State of the world's cities 2010/2011: Transcending the urban divide, London and Washington : Earthscan
UN-Habitat. (2011). Climate change mitigation responses in urban areas. Human settlements in the 2011 Global report: Cities and climate change (pp. 91–129). London, United Kingdom: Earthscan.
Urry, J. (2013). Societies beyond oil: Oil dregs and social futures. Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
Uşaklıgil, E. ( 2014 ). Bir Şehri Yok Etmek: İstanbul'da Kazanmak ya da Kaybetmek . Can Yayınları .
Uzun, B., & Simsek, N. C. (2015). Upgrading of illegal settlements in Turkey; the case of North Ankara entrance urban regeneration project. Habitat International, 49, 157-164.
Üçoğlu M. (2021) Financialization and suburbanization: the predatory hegemony of suburban-financial nexus in Istanbul, Globalizations, 18:6, 981-994.
Tarigan A.K.M. & Sagala S. (2018) The pursuit of greenness: explaining low-carbon urban transformation in Indonesia, International Planning Studies, 23:4, 408-426.
The Times of India (2015) Times News Network (TNN), Only six takers for DDA’s CWG village flats, 15 July. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Only-six-takers-for-DDAs-CWG-village-flats/articleshow/48076691.cms
Tiezzi, E. 2008 . Città fuori dal caos. La sostenibilità dei sistemi kentsel , Donzelli : Roma .
TÜİK (2023) Yapı kullanma izin belgesi istatistikleri 2020- 2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yapi-Izin-Istatistikleri-III.-Ceyrek:-Temmuz---Eylul,-2022-45831, erişim tarihi: 26.01.2023
Türker-Devecigil P. (2006) The Role of Local Actors in Transforming Informal Settlements in Turkey for Sustainable Urban Development: The Ankara–Dikmen Valley Case, International Planning Studies, 11:3-4, 167-186.
Walks, A., & Clifford, B. (2015). The political economy of mortgage securitization and the neoliberalization of housing policy in Canada. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 47(8), 1624-1642.
Vidler, A. (2021). In Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Birkhäuser, Architecture and Social Reform at the End of the Old Regime, Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
Yeboah, I. E. (2000). Structural adjustment and emerging urban form in Accra, Ghana. Africa Today, 61-89.
Yeşilbağ M. (2020) The State-Orchestrated Financialization of Housing in Turkey, Housing Policy Debate, 30:4, 533-558.
Yılmaz, M., & Keleş, R. (2015). Urban transformation project of Northern Ankara. In E. Hepperle, R. Dixon-Gough, R. Mansberger, J. Paulsson, F. Reuter, & M. Yılmaz (Eds.), Challenges of governance structures in urban and regional development (pp. 351–362). Zurich, Switzerland: European Academy of Land Use and Development.
Yrigoy, I. (2018). State‐led financial regulation and representations of spatial fixity: The example of the Spanish real estate sector. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 42(4), 594-611.

There are 94 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Environment and Culture, Urban Policy
Journal Section	Review Article
Authors	Varol Koç 0000-0003-4810-3845
Early Pub Date	June 13, 2023
Publication Date	June 30, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Koç, V. (2023). Küresel Kentsel Gelişimin Çevresel Etkileri Üzerine bir İnceleme. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 8(1), 421-433.

Download Cover Image

Article Files

Full Text

JOEEP is published as two issues per year June and December and all publication policies and processes are conducted according to the international standards. JOEEP accepts and publishes the research articles in the fields of economics, political economy, fiscal economics, applied economics, business economics, labour economics and econometrics. JOEEP, without depending on any institution or organization, is a non-profit journal that has an International Editorial Board specialist on their fields. All “Publication Process” and “Writing Guidelines” are explained in the related title and it is expected from authors to Show a complete match to the rules. JOEEP is an open Access journal.