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Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 141 - 151, 30.09.2019

Abstract

References

  • Abourached C, Catal T, Liu H, (2014) Efficiency of single chamber microbial fuel cells for removal of cadmium and zinc with simultaneous electricity production. Water Research 51, 228-33.
  • APHA-AWWA, (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 20th Ed., American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA.
  • Athalathil S, Stüber F, Bengoa C, Font J, Fortuny A, Fabregat A, (2014) Characterization and performance of carbonaceous materials obtained from exhausted sludges for the anaerobic biodecolorization of the azo dye acid Orange II. J. Hazard. Mater. 267, 21–30.
  • Biffinger JC, Pietron J, Bretschger O, Nadeau L, Johnson J, Glenn R.; Williams C , Nealson, K H, Ringeisen BR., (2008) The influence of acidity on microbial fuel cells containing Shewanella oneidensis, U.S. Navy Research 15.
  • Buchanan JR, Seabloom RW (2004) Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater and Aerobic Treatment Units Text, University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management, National Decentralized Water Resource Capacity Development Project,University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.
  • Cai I, Zhang H, Feng Y, Wang Y, Yu M, (2018) Sludge decrement and electricity generation of sludge microbial fuel cell enhanced by zero valent iron, J. Clean.Prod.174, 35-41.
  • Catal T, Fana Y, Li K, Bermek H, Liu, H, (2008) Effects of furan derivatives and phenolic compounds on electricity generation in microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sourc, 180,162-166.
  • Chen X, Jeyaseelan S, Graham N, (2002) Physical and chemical properties study of the activated carbon made from sewage sludge, Waste Manag. 22, 755–760.
  • Chen Y, Zhang H, Wang, W. Lu, Z. Zhou,Y. Zhang, L.Ren, (2014) Influence ofpyrolysis temperature on characteristics and heavy metal adsorptive performance of biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge, Bioresour. Technol. 164, 47–54.
  • Du Z, Li H ,Gu T, (2007) A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells:a promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. Biotechnol.Adv.25(5), 464-482.
  • ElMekawy A, Srikanth S, Bajracharya S, Hegab HM, Nigam PS, Singh A, Mohan SV, Pant D (2015) Food and agricultural wastes as substrates for bioelectrochemical system (BES):the synchronized recovery of sustainable energy and waste treatment. Food Research International.73,213-15.
  • Gajaraj S, Hu Z, (2014) Integration of microbial fuel cell techniques into activated sludge wastewater treatment processes to improve nitrogen removal and reduce sludge production. Chemosphere. 17, 151-157.
  • Ge Z, Zhang F, Grimaud F, Hurst J ,He Z (2013) Long-term investigation of microbial fuel cells treating primary sludge or digested sludge. Bioresource Technology 135, 509-514.
  • Hadi P, Xu M, Ning C, Sze Ki Lin C, McKay G, (2015) A critical review on preparation, characterization and utilization of sludge-derived activated carbons for wastewater treatment, Chem. Eng. J. 260, 895–906.
  • Harrison EZ, Oakes SR, Hysell M, Hay A, (2006) Organic chemicals in sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ. 367,481–97.
  • Henze M (1992) Characterization of Wastewater for Modelling of Activated Sludge Processes. Water Science & Technology 25(6),1-15
  • Hu Z (2008) Electricity generation by a baffle-chamber membraneless microbial fuel cell. J. of Power Sc. 179, 27-33.
  • Ieropoulos I A, Greenman J, Melhuish C, Hart J, (2005) Comparative study of three types of microbial fuel cell. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 37(2), 238‒245.
  • ISO, Water Quality – Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand,(1986) Ref. No. ISO 6060-1986.
  • Jia B, Liu Z, Li X, Yang Y, Yang Q, Zeng G, Liu Y, Liu Q, Zheng S, (2009) Electricity production from surplus sludge using microbial fuel cells. Envirion . Sci. 30, 1227-1231.
  • Jiang J, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Zhang G, Lee D, (2009) Electricity generation from bio-treatment of sewage sludge with microbial fuel cell,Bioresour.Technol.100, 5808-5812.
  • Kim B, Logan BE, (2004) Continous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell. Environ.Sci.Technol.38,5809-5814.
  • Kim MH, Iwuchukwu IJ, Wang Y, Shin D, Sanseverino J, Frymier P, (2010) An analysis of the performance of an anaerobic dual anode-chambered microbial fuel cell. J. Power Sources 196,1909–14.
  • Kim C, Lee CR, Song YE, Heo J, Choi SM, Lim DH, Cho J, Park C, Jang M, Kim JR, (2017) Hexavalent chomium as a cathodic electron acceptor in a bipolar membrane microbial fuel cell with the simultaneous treatment of electroplating wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal 15 (328), 703-7.
  • Kumar SS, Basu S, Bishnoi NR, (2017) Effect of cathode environment on bioelectricity generation using a novel consortium in anode side of a microbial fuel cell.Biochem. Eng. J.121,17–24.
  • Leng L, Yuan X, Huang H, Shao J, Wang H, Chen X, Zeng G, (2015) Bio-char derived from sewage sludge by liquefaction: characterization and application for dye adsorption, Appl. Surf. Sci. 346,223–231.
  • Liu H, Ramnarayanan R, Logan B.E, (2004) Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 2281-2285.
  • Liu H, Cheng S, Logan B.E, (2005) Production of electricity from acetate or butyrate in a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2), 658–662.
  • Logan BE, Hamelers B, Rozendal R, Schroder U, Keller J, Fregui Freguia S, (2006) Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 5181–92.
  • Logan BE (2007) Microbial fuel cell, John Wiley & Sons, Publication.
  • Ma X, Feng C, Zhou W, Yu H, (2016) Municipal sludge-derived carbon anode with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups for high-performance microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources 307, 105–111.
  • Magdziarz A, Dalai AK, Koziński JA, (2016) Chemical composition, character and reactivity of renewable fuel ashes. Fuel 176,135–45.
  • Manara P, Zabaniotou A, (2012) Towards sewage sludge based biofuels via thermochemical conversion – a review. Renew. Sustain Energy Rev.16,2566–82.
  • Mawioo PM, Rweyemamu, A, Garcia HA, Hooijmans CM, Brdjanovic D, (2016) Evaluation of a microwave based reactor for the treatment of blackwater sludge. Sci. TotalEnviron. 548–549, 72–81.
  • Mathuriya AS, Sharma VN, (2009) Bioelectricity production from various wastewaters through microbial fuel cell technology, J Biochem. Tech. 2(1), 133-137.
  • Nikhila GN, Krishna Chaitanyaa DNS, Srikantha S, Swamya YV, Venkata Mohan S, (2018) Applied resistance for power generation and energy distribution in microbial fuel cells with rationale for maximum power point. Chem. Eng. J. 335, 267-274.
  • Ogugbue CJ, Ebode EE, Leera S, (2015) Electricity generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cell. J. Eco. Eng. 16(5), 26–33.
  • Reimers CE, Tender L M, Fertig S, Wang W, (2001) Harvesting energy from the marine sediment-water interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35,192–195.
  • Rittmann BE (2008) Opportunities for renewable bioenergy usingmicroorganisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng 100, 203–12.
  • Ryu BG, Kim J,Choi YE, Han JI,Yang JW, (2013) High – cell - density cultivation of oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus for biodiesel production using organic waste from the brewery industry. Bioresour.Technol. 135, 357-364.
  • Sonawane JM, Marsili E, Chandra Ghosh P, (2014) Treatment of domestic and distillery wastewater in high surface microbial fuel cells. Int.J.Hydrog.Energy 39, 21819-21827.
  • Su X, TianY, Sun Z, LuY, Li Z, (2013) Performance of a combined system of microbial fuel cell and membrane biorector: wastewater treatment, sludge reduction, energy recovery and methane fouling. Biosens.Bioelectron.49, 92-98.
  • Syed Shatir A. Syed-Hassana H, Wanga Y, Hua S, Sua S, Xianga J, (2017) Thermochemical processing of sewage sludge to energy and fuel: Fundamentals, challenges and considerations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80,888-913.
  • Wang H, Park J, Ren ZJ (2015) Practical Energy Harvesting for Microbial Fuel Cells: A Review Environ. Sci. Technol. 49(6), 3267-3277
  • Wen Q, Wu Y, Cao D, Zhao L,Sun Q, (2009) Electricity generation and modeling of microbial fuel cell from continuous beer brewery wastewater. Biores. Technol. 100, 4171–4175.
  • Watanabe K (2008) Recent developments in microbial fuel cell technologies for sustainable bioenergy. J Biosci. Bioeng 106,528–536.
  • Xiao B, Yang F, Liu J, (2013) Evaluation of electricity production from alkaline pretreated sludge using two-chamber microbial fuel cell. J Hazard Mater, 254/255, 57‒63.
  • Xiao B, Luo M, Wang X, Li Z, Chen H, Liu J, Guo X, (2017) Electricity production and sludge reduction by integrating microbial fuel cells in anoxic-oxic process. Waste Manag. 69,346-352.
  • Xie B, Dong W, Liu B, Liu H, Liu H (2014) Enhancement of pollutants removal from real sewage by embedding microbial fuel cell in anaerobic–anoxic–oxic wastewater treatment process J. of Chem. Technol. & Biotechnol. 89(3), 400- 408.
  • Yuan Y, Yuan T, Wang D, Tang J, Zhou S, (2013) Sewage sludge biochar as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in an microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 144 , 115–120.
  • Yusoff M.Z.M, Hu A, Feng C, Maeda T, Shirai Y, Hassan M.A, Yu C.P, ( 2013). Influence of pretreated activated sludge for electricity generation in microbial fuel cell application. Bioresour. Technol.145, 90-96.
  • Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang C, Zhang G, Yang F, Yuan G, (2013) Simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal in a single chamber microbial fuel cell with a rotating biocathode. Process Biochem. 48 (5), 893–900.
  • ZhangY, Liu M, Zhou M, Yang H, Liang L,Tingyue G, (2019) Microbial fuel cell hybrid systems for wastewater treatment and bioenergy production: Synergistic effects, mechanisms and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 103, 13-29.
  • Zhou K, Zhou W, Liu X, Wang Y, Wan J, Chen S, (2014) Nitrogen self-doped porous carbon from surplus sludge as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 , 14911–14918.

Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 141 - 151, 30.09.2019

Abstract

In the last few years, the attractiveness of renewable energy production from waste has increased attention for the use of microbial fuel cells. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has a set-up which generates electrical energy from the biochemical energy released by the catabolic reactions of microbial growth. An MFC system, equipped with two chambers having chromium-nickel plate electrodes, was used to investigate the electricity generation potential in parallel to sludge reduction and carbon removal. In the first stage of this study, activated sludge was cultivated for 1 month in a batch reactor prior to seeding into MFC. In the second stage, a lab-scale two- chambered MFC system was constructed. In the monitoring stage, the operation of MFC was examined in 2 different set of experiments, where MFC voltage generation (V) and digestion of sludge were recorded. Sludge reduction in MFC was compared with that of an aerobic sludge digester based on the decrease of volatile suspended solids (VSS) and filtered COD (SCOD). Experimental results showed higher SCOD removal efficiency in the aerobic batch reactor (41.2% and 42.7%) compared to MFC system (32% and 32%) during Run I and Run II, respectively. The observed decrease in VSS was 31.5% and 30.7% in the MFC system, 51.8% and 53.9% in the batch aerobic reactor during Run I and Run II, respectively. The last stage was conducted to observe electrical parameters. Experimental findings in this study show that, MFC performance is comparable to that of an aerobic sludge digester with the additional benefit of electrical energy generation.

References

  • Abourached C, Catal T, Liu H, (2014) Efficiency of single chamber microbial fuel cells for removal of cadmium and zinc with simultaneous electricity production. Water Research 51, 228-33.
  • APHA-AWWA, (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 20th Ed., American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA.
  • Athalathil S, Stüber F, Bengoa C, Font J, Fortuny A, Fabregat A, (2014) Characterization and performance of carbonaceous materials obtained from exhausted sludges for the anaerobic biodecolorization of the azo dye acid Orange II. J. Hazard. Mater. 267, 21–30.
  • Biffinger JC, Pietron J, Bretschger O, Nadeau L, Johnson J, Glenn R.; Williams C , Nealson, K H, Ringeisen BR., (2008) The influence of acidity on microbial fuel cells containing Shewanella oneidensis, U.S. Navy Research 15.
  • Buchanan JR, Seabloom RW (2004) Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater and Aerobic Treatment Units Text, University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management, National Decentralized Water Resource Capacity Development Project,University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.
  • Cai I, Zhang H, Feng Y, Wang Y, Yu M, (2018) Sludge decrement and electricity generation of sludge microbial fuel cell enhanced by zero valent iron, J. Clean.Prod.174, 35-41.
  • Catal T, Fana Y, Li K, Bermek H, Liu, H, (2008) Effects of furan derivatives and phenolic compounds on electricity generation in microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sourc, 180,162-166.
  • Chen X, Jeyaseelan S, Graham N, (2002) Physical and chemical properties study of the activated carbon made from sewage sludge, Waste Manag. 22, 755–760.
  • Chen Y, Zhang H, Wang, W. Lu, Z. Zhou,Y. Zhang, L.Ren, (2014) Influence ofpyrolysis temperature on characteristics and heavy metal adsorptive performance of biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge, Bioresour. Technol. 164, 47–54.
  • Du Z, Li H ,Gu T, (2007) A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells:a promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. Biotechnol.Adv.25(5), 464-482.
  • ElMekawy A, Srikanth S, Bajracharya S, Hegab HM, Nigam PS, Singh A, Mohan SV, Pant D (2015) Food and agricultural wastes as substrates for bioelectrochemical system (BES):the synchronized recovery of sustainable energy and waste treatment. Food Research International.73,213-15.
  • Gajaraj S, Hu Z, (2014) Integration of microbial fuel cell techniques into activated sludge wastewater treatment processes to improve nitrogen removal and reduce sludge production. Chemosphere. 17, 151-157.
  • Ge Z, Zhang F, Grimaud F, Hurst J ,He Z (2013) Long-term investigation of microbial fuel cells treating primary sludge or digested sludge. Bioresource Technology 135, 509-514.
  • Hadi P, Xu M, Ning C, Sze Ki Lin C, McKay G, (2015) A critical review on preparation, characterization and utilization of sludge-derived activated carbons for wastewater treatment, Chem. Eng. J. 260, 895–906.
  • Harrison EZ, Oakes SR, Hysell M, Hay A, (2006) Organic chemicals in sewage sludges. Sci Total Environ. 367,481–97.
  • Henze M (1992) Characterization of Wastewater for Modelling of Activated Sludge Processes. Water Science & Technology 25(6),1-15
  • Hu Z (2008) Electricity generation by a baffle-chamber membraneless microbial fuel cell. J. of Power Sc. 179, 27-33.
  • Ieropoulos I A, Greenman J, Melhuish C, Hart J, (2005) Comparative study of three types of microbial fuel cell. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 37(2), 238‒245.
  • ISO, Water Quality – Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand,(1986) Ref. No. ISO 6060-1986.
  • Jia B, Liu Z, Li X, Yang Y, Yang Q, Zeng G, Liu Y, Liu Q, Zheng S, (2009) Electricity production from surplus sludge using microbial fuel cells. Envirion . Sci. 30, 1227-1231.
  • Jiang J, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Zhang G, Lee D, (2009) Electricity generation from bio-treatment of sewage sludge with microbial fuel cell,Bioresour.Technol.100, 5808-5812.
  • Kim B, Logan BE, (2004) Continous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell. Environ.Sci.Technol.38,5809-5814.
  • Kim MH, Iwuchukwu IJ, Wang Y, Shin D, Sanseverino J, Frymier P, (2010) An analysis of the performance of an anaerobic dual anode-chambered microbial fuel cell. J. Power Sources 196,1909–14.
  • Kim C, Lee CR, Song YE, Heo J, Choi SM, Lim DH, Cho J, Park C, Jang M, Kim JR, (2017) Hexavalent chomium as a cathodic electron acceptor in a bipolar membrane microbial fuel cell with the simultaneous treatment of electroplating wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal 15 (328), 703-7.
  • Kumar SS, Basu S, Bishnoi NR, (2017) Effect of cathode environment on bioelectricity generation using a novel consortium in anode side of a microbial fuel cell.Biochem. Eng. J.121,17–24.
  • Leng L, Yuan X, Huang H, Shao J, Wang H, Chen X, Zeng G, (2015) Bio-char derived from sewage sludge by liquefaction: characterization and application for dye adsorption, Appl. Surf. Sci. 346,223–231.
  • Liu H, Ramnarayanan R, Logan B.E, (2004) Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 2281-2285.
  • Liu H, Cheng S, Logan B.E, (2005) Production of electricity from acetate or butyrate in a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2), 658–662.
  • Logan BE, Hamelers B, Rozendal R, Schroder U, Keller J, Fregui Freguia S, (2006) Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 5181–92.
  • Logan BE (2007) Microbial fuel cell, John Wiley & Sons, Publication.
  • Ma X, Feng C, Zhou W, Yu H, (2016) Municipal sludge-derived carbon anode with nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups for high-performance microbial fuel cells, J. Power Sources 307, 105–111.
  • Magdziarz A, Dalai AK, Koziński JA, (2016) Chemical composition, character and reactivity of renewable fuel ashes. Fuel 176,135–45.
  • Manara P, Zabaniotou A, (2012) Towards sewage sludge based biofuels via thermochemical conversion – a review. Renew. Sustain Energy Rev.16,2566–82.
  • Mawioo PM, Rweyemamu, A, Garcia HA, Hooijmans CM, Brdjanovic D, (2016) Evaluation of a microwave based reactor for the treatment of blackwater sludge. Sci. TotalEnviron. 548–549, 72–81.
  • Mathuriya AS, Sharma VN, (2009) Bioelectricity production from various wastewaters through microbial fuel cell technology, J Biochem. Tech. 2(1), 133-137.
  • Nikhila GN, Krishna Chaitanyaa DNS, Srikantha S, Swamya YV, Venkata Mohan S, (2018) Applied resistance for power generation and energy distribution in microbial fuel cells with rationale for maximum power point. Chem. Eng. J. 335, 267-274.
  • Ogugbue CJ, Ebode EE, Leera S, (2015) Electricity generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cell. J. Eco. Eng. 16(5), 26–33.
  • Reimers CE, Tender L M, Fertig S, Wang W, (2001) Harvesting energy from the marine sediment-water interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35,192–195.
  • Rittmann BE (2008) Opportunities for renewable bioenergy usingmicroorganisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng 100, 203–12.
  • Ryu BG, Kim J,Choi YE, Han JI,Yang JW, (2013) High – cell - density cultivation of oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus for biodiesel production using organic waste from the brewery industry. Bioresour.Technol. 135, 357-364.
  • Sonawane JM, Marsili E, Chandra Ghosh P, (2014) Treatment of domestic and distillery wastewater in high surface microbial fuel cells. Int.J.Hydrog.Energy 39, 21819-21827.
  • Su X, TianY, Sun Z, LuY, Li Z, (2013) Performance of a combined system of microbial fuel cell and membrane biorector: wastewater treatment, sludge reduction, energy recovery and methane fouling. Biosens.Bioelectron.49, 92-98.
  • Syed Shatir A. Syed-Hassana H, Wanga Y, Hua S, Sua S, Xianga J, (2017) Thermochemical processing of sewage sludge to energy and fuel: Fundamentals, challenges and considerations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80,888-913.
  • Wang H, Park J, Ren ZJ (2015) Practical Energy Harvesting for Microbial Fuel Cells: A Review Environ. Sci. Technol. 49(6), 3267-3277
  • Wen Q, Wu Y, Cao D, Zhao L,Sun Q, (2009) Electricity generation and modeling of microbial fuel cell from continuous beer brewery wastewater. Biores. Technol. 100, 4171–4175.
  • Watanabe K (2008) Recent developments in microbial fuel cell technologies for sustainable bioenergy. J Biosci. Bioeng 106,528–536.
  • Xiao B, Yang F, Liu J, (2013) Evaluation of electricity production from alkaline pretreated sludge using two-chamber microbial fuel cell. J Hazard Mater, 254/255, 57‒63.
  • Xiao B, Luo M, Wang X, Li Z, Chen H, Liu J, Guo X, (2017) Electricity production and sludge reduction by integrating microbial fuel cells in anoxic-oxic process. Waste Manag. 69,346-352.
  • Xie B, Dong W, Liu B, Liu H, Liu H (2014) Enhancement of pollutants removal from real sewage by embedding microbial fuel cell in anaerobic–anoxic–oxic wastewater treatment process J. of Chem. Technol. & Biotechnol. 89(3), 400- 408.
  • Yuan Y, Yuan T, Wang D, Tang J, Zhou S, (2013) Sewage sludge biochar as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in an microbial fuel cell, Bioresour. Technol. 144 , 115–120.
  • Yusoff M.Z.M, Hu A, Feng C, Maeda T, Shirai Y, Hassan M.A, Yu C.P, ( 2013). Influence of pretreated activated sludge for electricity generation in microbial fuel cell application. Bioresour. Technol.145, 90-96.
  • Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang C, Zhang G, Yang F, Yuan G, (2013) Simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal in a single chamber microbial fuel cell with a rotating biocathode. Process Biochem. 48 (5), 893–900.
  • ZhangY, Liu M, Zhou M, Yang H, Liang L,Tingyue G, (2019) Microbial fuel cell hybrid systems for wastewater treatment and bioenergy production: Synergistic effects, mechanisms and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 103, 13-29.
  • Zhou K, Zhou W, Liu X, Wang Y, Wan J, Chen S, (2014) Nitrogen self-doped porous carbon from surplus sludge as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 , 14911–14918.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Agne Karlikanovaite-balıkçı

Özlem Karahan Özgün

Publication Date September 30, 2019
Acceptance Date July 2, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Karlikanovaite-balıkçı, A., & Karahan Özgün, Ö. (2019). Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 15(3), 141-151.
AMA Karlikanovaite-balıkçı A, Karahan Özgün Ö. Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science. September 2019;15(3):141-151.
Chicago Karlikanovaite-balıkçı, Agne, and Özlem Karahan Özgün. “Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell”. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 15, no. 3 (September 2019): 141-51.
EndNote Karlikanovaite-balıkçı A, Karahan Özgün Ö (September 1, 2019) Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 15 3 141–151.
IEEE A. Karlikanovaite-balıkçı and Ö. Karahan Özgün, “Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell”, J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 141–151, 2019.
ISNAD Karlikanovaite-balıkçı, Agne - Karahan Özgün, Özlem. “Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell”. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 15/3 (September 2019), 141-151.
JAMA Karlikanovaite-balıkçı A, Karahan Özgün Ö. Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science. 2019;15:141–151.
MLA Karlikanovaite-balıkçı, Agne and Özlem Karahan Özgün. “Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell”. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, vol. 15, no. 3, 2019, pp. 141-5.
Vancouver Karlikanovaite-balıkçı A, Karahan Özgün Ö. Generation of Electricity and Sludge Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science. 2019;15(3):141-5.

“Journal of International Environmental Application and Science”