Abstract
Hava kalitesi yönetimi
kapsamında 2008 yılında başlayan Avrupa Birliği direktifleri ile uyum süreci
2019 yılı itibariyle sonlanacaktır. Bu süreçte illerimizde hava kalitesi izleme
istasyonları kurulmuş ve yönetmeliklerimiz AB direktiflerine uygun hale
getirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin güney sahilinde yer alan Adana,
Antalya, Hatay ve Mersin illerinde bulunan hava kalitesi izleme
istasyonlarından alınan PM10 ve SO2 verileri karşılaştırılmıştır.
Akdeniz’e komşu olan bu iller benzer coğrafi özellikler taşımaktadırlar. Bu şehirler
evsel ısınma, motorlu taşıt emisyonları, deniz tuzu ve farklı düzeylerde de
olsa çöl tozlarından etkilenmektedirler. 2008-2016 yılları arasını kapsayan
hava kalitesi veri seti kullanılarak, illerdeki mevsimsel ve gün içi değişimler
incelenmiştir. İncelenen illerdeki sonuçlara göre dört ilimizde de yıllık
ortalama PM10 konsantrasyonlarının AB direktiflerinde verilen sınır değerlerden
yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. PM10 konsantrasyonlarının kış aylarında yaz
aylarına göre istatistiksel olarak yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu durumun kış
aylarında artan evsel ısınma kaynaklı emisyonlardan kaynaklandığı ve kış
aylarında etkili olan inversiyonun PM10 konsantrasyonlarında görülen bu
yükselmede önemli bir etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Gün içi değişimler
incelendiğinde ise Adana haricindeki illerde PM10 değerlerinin trafiğin yoğun
olduğu sabah ve akşam saatlerinde yükseldiği belirlenmiştir. Adana’da ise
sadece trafiğin yoğun olduğu akşam saatlerinde PM10 konsantrasyonlarının
yükseldiği görülmüştür. Bunun Adana’daki istasyonun çevresinde bulunan
fabrikaların PM10 konsantrasyonlarına olan etkisinden kaynaklandığı
belirlenmiştir.
Keywords
References
- Ackermann, R.O., Aggarwal, S., Dixon, J.R., Fitzgerald, A.D., Hanrahan, D.C., Hughes, G.A., … Somani, A.H., 1999. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998: Toward Cleaner. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998: Toward Cleaner. World Bank Publications.
- Ashbaugh, L.L., Malm, W.C. ve Sadeh, W.Z., 1985. A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at grand Canyon National Park. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 19(8), 1263–1270.
- Atkinson, R.W., Ross Anderson, H., Sunyer, J., Ayres, J.O.N., Baccini, M., Vonk, J.M., … Katsouyanni, K., 2001. Acute Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Respiratory Admissions. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 164(10), 1860–1866.
- Bell, J.N.B., Power, S.A., Jarraud, N., Agrawal, M. ve Davies, C., 2011. The effects of air pollution on urban ecosystems and agriculture. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(3), 226–235.
- Cape, J.N., Fowler, D. ve Davison, A., 2003. Ecological effects of sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and minor air pollutants: recent trends and research needs. Environment International, 29(2–3), 201–211.
- EPA., 2012. Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. North Carolina: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- European Environment Agency., 2013. Air quality in Europe — 2013 report. EEA report.
- Fioletov, V.E., McLinden, C.A., Krotkov, N., Yang, K., Loyola, D.G., Valks, P., … Martin, R. V., 2013. Application of OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 satellite SO2 retrievals for detection of large emission sources. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(19), 11,311-399,418.
- Griffin, R.D., 2006. Principles of Air Quality Management, Second Edition (2. bs., C. 329). USA: CRC Press.
- Kawamoto, K., Hayasaka, T., Nakajima, T., Streets, D. ve Woo, J.-H., 2004. Examining the aerosol indirect effect over China using an SO2 emission inventory. Atmospheric Research, 72(1–4), 353–363.
- Lovett, G.M., Tear, T.H., Evers, D.C., Findlay, S.E.G., Cosby, B.J., Dunscomb, J.K., … Weathers, K.C., 2009. Effects of Air Pollution on Ecosystems and Biological Diversity in the Eastern United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1162(1), 99–135.
- Miller, B., 2015. Sulfur oxides formation and control. B. B. T.-F. F. E. C. T. Miller (Ed.), Fossil Fuel Emissions Control Technologies içinde (ss. 197–242). Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Muezzinoglu, A., 2000. Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolünün Esasları. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Yayınları.
- Pope, C.A. ve Dockery, D.W., 1992. Acute Health Effects of PM10 Pollution on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 145(5), 1123–1128.
- Poschl, U., 2005. Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 44(46), 7520–7540.
- Seaton, A., Godden, D., MacNee, W. ve Donaldson, K., 1995. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. The Lancet, 345(8943), 176–178.
- Seinfeld, J.H. ve Pandis, S.N., 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change (second edi.). New Jersey: Wiley.
- TÜİK., 2010a. Bölgesel Göstergeler TR61. Ankara.
- TÜİK., 2010b. Bölgesel Göstergeler TR63. Ankara.
- TÜİK., 2010c. Bölgesel Göstergeler TR62. Ankara.
- Tuncel, G., 2013. Türkiye’de Hava Kirliliği Çalışmaları - I. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(4), 103–104.
- Uria-Tellaetxe, I. ve Carslaw, D.C., 2014. Conditional bivariate probability function for source identification. Environmental Modelling & Software, 59, 1–9.
- Grange, S.K., Lewis, A.C. ve Carslaw, D.C., 2016. Source apportionment advances using polar plots of bivariate correlation and regression statistics. Atmospheric Environment, 145, 128-134.
- Zhou, H., Hopke, P.K., Zhou, C. ve Holsen, T. M., 2019. Ambient mercury source identification at a New York State urban site: Rochester, NY. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 1327-1337.
Abstract
Adaptation period of Turkey, which has been started in
2008, in the scope of air quality management with the EU directives will be
completed within 2019. In this period,
air quality monitoring stations have been established in our provinces and our
regulations have been adapted to EU directives. In this study, PM10 and SO2
concentrations of Adana, Antalya, Hatay and Mersin that are located along the
Mediterranean Coast of Turkey were analyzed. These provinces, which are
adjacent to the Mediterranean, have similar geographical features. Cities are
affected by domestic heating, motor vehicle emissions, sea salt and desert dust
at different levels. Seasonal and diurnal changes in the provinces were
examined by using the air quality data set covering the period of 2008-2016. When
the results are examined, it is determined that the annual average PM10
concentrations of all four cities were higher than the limit values given in
the EU directives. PM10 concentrations were significantly higher in winter than
in summer months. It was observed that this situation was caused by increasing
domestic heating emissions in winter and inversion which is observed in winter
has a significant effect on this increase seen in PM10 concentrations. When the
diurnal changes are examined, it is determined that in all cities except Adana,
PM10 values increase in the morning and evening hours when traffic is intense.
In Adana, PM10 concentrations increased only in the evening when traffic was
heavy. It was determined that this was because of the effect on the PM10
concentrations of the factories around the station in Adana.
Keywords
References
- Ackermann, R.O., Aggarwal, S., Dixon, J.R., Fitzgerald, A.D., Hanrahan, D.C., Hughes, G.A., … Somani, A.H., 1999. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998: Toward Cleaner. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998: Toward Cleaner. World Bank Publications.
- Ashbaugh, L.L., Malm, W.C. ve Sadeh, W.Z., 1985. A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at grand Canyon National Park. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 19(8), 1263–1270.
- Atkinson, R.W., Ross Anderson, H., Sunyer, J., Ayres, J.O.N., Baccini, M., Vonk, J.M., … Katsouyanni, K., 2001. Acute Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Respiratory Admissions. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 164(10), 1860–1866.
- Bell, J.N.B., Power, S.A., Jarraud, N., Agrawal, M. ve Davies, C., 2011. The effects of air pollution on urban ecosystems and agriculture. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(3), 226–235.
- Cape, J.N., Fowler, D. ve Davison, A., 2003. Ecological effects of sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and minor air pollutants: recent trends and research needs. Environment International, 29(2–3), 201–211.
- EPA., 2012. Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. North Carolina: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- European Environment Agency., 2013. Air quality in Europe — 2013 report. EEA report.
- Fioletov, V.E., McLinden, C.A., Krotkov, N., Yang, K., Loyola, D.G., Valks, P., … Martin, R. V., 2013. Application of OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 satellite SO2 retrievals for detection of large emission sources. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(19), 11,311-399,418.
- Griffin, R.D., 2006. Principles of Air Quality Management, Second Edition (2. bs., C. 329). USA: CRC Press.
- Kawamoto, K., Hayasaka, T., Nakajima, T., Streets, D. ve Woo, J.-H., 2004. Examining the aerosol indirect effect over China using an SO2 emission inventory. Atmospheric Research, 72(1–4), 353–363.
- Lovett, G.M., Tear, T.H., Evers, D.C., Findlay, S.E.G., Cosby, B.J., Dunscomb, J.K., … Weathers, K.C., 2009. Effects of Air Pollution on Ecosystems and Biological Diversity in the Eastern United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1162(1), 99–135.
- Miller, B., 2015. Sulfur oxides formation and control. B. B. T.-F. F. E. C. T. Miller (Ed.), Fossil Fuel Emissions Control Technologies içinde (ss. 197–242). Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Muezzinoglu, A., 2000. Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolünün Esasları. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Yayınları.
- Pope, C.A. ve Dockery, D.W., 1992. Acute Health Effects of PM10 Pollution on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 145(5), 1123–1128.
- Poschl, U., 2005. Atmospheric aerosols: Composition, transformation, climate and health effects. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 44(46), 7520–7540.
- Seaton, A., Godden, D., MacNee, W. ve Donaldson, K., 1995. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. The Lancet, 345(8943), 176–178.
- Seinfeld, J.H. ve Pandis, S.N., 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change (second edi.). New Jersey: Wiley.
- TÜİK., 2010a. Bölgesel Göstergeler TR61. Ankara.
- TÜİK., 2010b. Bölgesel Göstergeler TR63. Ankara.
- TÜİK., 2010c. Bölgesel Göstergeler TR62. Ankara.
- Tuncel, G., 2013. Türkiye’de Hava Kirliliği Çalışmaları - I. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(4), 103–104.
- Uria-Tellaetxe, I. ve Carslaw, D.C., 2014. Conditional bivariate probability function for source identification. Environmental Modelling & Software, 59, 1–9.
- Grange, S.K., Lewis, A.C. ve Carslaw, D.C., 2016. Source apportionment advances using polar plots of bivariate correlation and regression statistics. Atmospheric Environment, 145, 128-134.
- Zhou, H., Hopke, P.K., Zhou, C. ve Holsen, T. M., 2019. Ambient mercury source identification at a New York State urban site: Rochester, NY. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 1327-1337.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Environmental Engineering |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Articlessi \ Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 15, 2019 |
| Submission Date | March 4, 2019 |
| Acceptance Date | April 4, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 |