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Bacillus subtilis ve Lactobacillus plantarum Probiyotik Bakterilerinin Bazı Balık Patojenleri Üzerine in vitro Antagonistik Etkisi

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 278 - 284, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.592933

Abstract

Supporting Institution

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi

Project Number

FBA-2016-779

Thanks

Bu çalışma Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından FBA-2016-779 no’lu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca proje süresince laboratuar çalışmalarında bizden yardımlarını esirgemeyen Samet ALKAN ve Çağatay BAYİZİT'e teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.

References

  • Acar, Ü. (2018). Effects of diet supplemented with ethanolic extract of propolis on growth performance, hematological and serum biochemical parameters and disease resistance of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) against Streptococcus iniae. Aquaculture, 495, 339-344.
  • Arığ, N., Suzer, C., Gökvardar, A., Başaran, F., Çoban, D., Yıldırım, Ş., ... & Saka, Ş. (2013). Effects of probiotic (Bacillus sp.) supplementation during larval development of Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.). Turk J Fish Aquat Sci, 13(3), 407-414.
  • Balcázar, J. L., Blas, I. D., Ruiz–Zarzuela, I., Cunningham, D., Vendrell, D. & Múzquiz, J. L. (2006). The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Vet Microbiol, 114, 173–186.
  • Balcázar, J.L. & Rojas–Luna, T. (2007). Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Curr Microbiol, 55, 409–412.
  • Büyükdeveci, M. E., Balcázar, J. L., Demirkale, İ. & Dikel, S. (2018). Effects of garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 486, 170-174.
  • Capkin, E. & Altinok, I. (2009). Effects of dietary probiotic supplementations on prevention/treatment of yersiniosis disease. J Appl Microbiol, 106(4), 1147-1153.
  • Cerezuela, R., Meseguer, J. & Esteban, M. A. (2011). Current knowledge in synbiotic use for fish aquaculture: a review. J Aquaculture Res Dev, S1, 008.
  • Chelossi, E., Vezzulli, L., Milano, A., Branzoni, M., Fabiano, M., Riccardi, G. & Banat I.M. (2003). Antibiotic resistance of benthic bacteria in fish–farm and control sediments of the Western Mediterranean. Aquaculture, 219, 83–97.
  • CLSI, (2005). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated From Aquatic Animals; Proposed
  • Guideline. CLSI document M42–P [ISBN 1–56238–576–3]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087–1898 USA, 2005.
  • Çelik, E. Ş., Ergün, S. & Yılmaz, S. (2018). The effects of dietary probiotic and antibiotic supplementations on health characteristics of rainbow trout. TURJAF, 6(9), 1184-1190.
  • Dikel, S. (2015). The use of garlic (Allium sativum) as a growth promoter in aquaculture. TURJAF, 3(7), 529-536.
  • Diler, O., Gormez, O., Diler, I. & Metin, S. (2017). Effect of oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil on growth, lysozyme and antioxidant activity and resistance against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutr, 23(4), 844-851.
  • Ekici, S., Diler, Ö., Didinen, B. I. & Kubilay, A. (2011). Antibacterial activity of essential oils from medicinal plants against bacterial fish pathogens. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(Supplement A), 47-54.
  • Gormez, O. & Diler, O. (2014). In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils from Tymbra, Origanum, Satureja species and some pure compounds on the fish pathogenic fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica. Aquaculture Res, 45(7), 1196-1201.
  • Gümüş, E., Kubilay, A., Guney, Ş., Guzel‐Seydim, Z., Kok‐Tas, T., Metin, S. & Ulukoy, G. (2017). Effect of dietary kefir on the growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acid profile of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Nutr, 23(5), 964-972.
  • Kesbiç, O. S. (2019). Effects of juniper berry oil on growth performance and blood parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture Research, 50(1), 342-349.
  • Khouiti, Z. & Simon, J.P. (1997). Detection and partial characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium piscicola 213. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 19, 28–33.
  • Koca, S. B. & Cevikbas, M. (2015). Antifungal effect of Origanum onites essential oil as an alternative to formalin in the artificial incubation of narrow‐clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823). Aquaculture Res, 46(9), 2204-2210.
  • Kongnum, K. & Hongpattarakere T., (2012). Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from digestive tract of wild shrimp on growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish and Shellfish Immun, 32, 170–177.
  • Martinez, J.L. (2008). Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Science, 321, 365–367.
  • Metin, S., Diler, O., Didinen, B. I., Terzioglu, S. & Gormez, O. (2015). In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Satureja cuneifolia ten essential oil on Saprolegnia parasitica strains isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) eggs. Aquaculture Res, 46(6), 1396-1402.
  • Miller, R.A., Walker, R.D., Baya, A., Clemens, K., Coles, M., Hawke, J.P. & Reimschuessel, R. (2003). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aquatic bacteria: quality control disk diffusion ranges for Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658 at 22 and 28 ºC. J Clin Microbiol 41, 4318–4323.
  • Nakayama, T., Lu, H. & Nomura, N. (2009). Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp. Lett Appl Microbiol, 49, 679–684.
  • Nimrat, S., Suksawat, S., Maleeweach, P. & Vuthiphandchai, V. (2008). Effect of different shrimp pond bottom soil treatments on the change of physical characteristics and pathogenic bacteria in pond bottom soil. Aquaculture, 285, 123–129.
  • Schoster, A., Kokotovic, B., Permin, A., Pedersen, P.D., Dal Bello, F. & Guardabassi, L. (2013). In vitro inhibition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains. Anaerobe, 20, 36–41.
  • Suzer, C., Çoban, D., Kamaci, H. O., Saka, Ş., Firat, K., Otgucuoğlu, Ö. & Küçüksari, H. (2008). Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 280,140-145.Touraki, M., Karamanlidou, G., Karavida, P. & Karamanoli, C. (2012). Evaluation of the probiotics Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum bioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii against vibriosis in European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax , L.). World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 28, 2425–2433.
  • Tseng, D. Y., Ho, P. L., Huang, S. Y., Cheng, S. C., Shiu, Y. L., Chiu, C. S. & Liu, C. H. (2009). Enhancement of immunity and disease resistance in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20. Fish Shellfish Immun, 26(2), 339-344.
  • Uluköy, G., Metin, S., Kubilay, A., Güney, Ş., Yıldırım, P., Güzel‐Seydim, Z., ... & Gümüş, E. (2017). The effect of kefir as a dietary supplement on nonspecific immune response and disease resistance in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792). J World Aquaculture Soc, 48(2), 248-256.
  • Utiswannakul, P., Sangchai, S. & Rengpipat, S. (2011). Enhanced growth of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon by dietary supplementation with Bacillus (BP11) as a probiotic. J Aquaculture Res Dev, S1, 006.
  • Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., Phan Van, Q., Parisi, G. & Dam Sao, M. (2019). Anti-parasitic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) juice against crustacean parasite, Lernantropus kroyeri, found on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Ital J Anim Sci, 18(1), 833-837.
  • Yılmaz, S., Ergun, S., Şanver Çelik, E., Yigit, M. & Bayizit, C. (Baskıda). Dietary trans‐cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): II. Effect on antioxidant status, digestive enzyme, blood biochemistry and liver antioxidant gene expression responses. Aquaculture Nutr, https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12935.
  • Yilmaz, S. (2019a). Effects of dietary blackberry syrup supplement on growth performance, antioxidant, and immunological responses, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus to Plesiomonas shigelloides. Fish Shellfish Immun, 84, 1125-1133.
  • Yilmaz, S. (2019b). Effects of dietary caffeic acid supplement on antioxidant, immunological and liver gene expression responses, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas veronii. Fish Shellfish Immun, 86, 384-392.
  • Yılmaz, S. & Ergün, S. (2018). Trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): I. Effects on haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses. Fish Shellfish Immun, 78, 140-157.
  • Yilmaz, S., Ergün, S. & Yıgıt, M. (2018). Effects of dietary FARMARIN® XP supplement on immunological responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 496, 211-220.
  • Yılmaz, S., Ergun, S., Çelik, E. Ş. & Yigit, M. (2018). Effects of dietary humic acid on growth performance, haemato‐immunological and physiological responses and resistance of Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to Yersinia ruckeri. Aquaculture Res, 49(10), 3338-3349.
  • Yılmaz, S., Ergün, S. & Çelik, E. Ş. (2018). The effect of dietary carob (Ceratonia siliqua) syrup on growth performance, haematological, serum biochemical and immunological parameters in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). TURJAF, 6(12), 1820-1826.

In vitro Antagonistic activity of Probiotic Bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum on Fish Pathogens

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 278 - 284, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.592933

Abstract

Bu çalışmada iki
potansiyel probiyotik bakteri Bacillus
subtilis
ve Lactobacillus plantarum
un bazı balık patojenlerine karşı antagonistik etkisi araştırılarak, su
ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılabilirlikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu
amaçla Aeromonas sobria, Citrobacter sp., Lactococcus garvieae, Listonella
anguillarum
, Edwardsiella tarda, ve
Yersinia ruckeri patojenleri üzerine
probiyotiklerin ürettikleri antibakteriyel maddelerin etkisi sıvı kültür
inhibisyon testi ile in vitro olarak
değerlendirilerek antagonistik etkinin varlığı araştırılmıştır. Sıvı kültür inhibisyon
testi iki probiyotik türünün üst fazının 36 saatlik kültür sonucunda bazı balık
patojenlerinin çoğalmasını inhibe edebildiğini göstermiştir. Test sonuçları B. subtilis'in A. sobria, E. tarda ve L. garviae'nin inhibisyonunda etkili
olduğunu göstermiştir. L. plantarum
probiyotiğinin A. sobria, L. garviae, L. anguillarum ve Y. ruckeri'nin
büyümesini engellediği tespit edilmiştir. İleriki çalışmalarda Bacillus subtilis ve Lactobacillus plantarum probiyotik
bakterilerinin balık yemlerine ilave edilerek besleme çalışmalarının
yapılmasına ve bu çalışmada test edilen patojenlere karşı balıkların direnç
kazanımlarının araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır.




Project Number

FBA-2016-779

References

  • Acar, Ü. (2018). Effects of diet supplemented with ethanolic extract of propolis on growth performance, hematological and serum biochemical parameters and disease resistance of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) against Streptococcus iniae. Aquaculture, 495, 339-344.
  • Arığ, N., Suzer, C., Gökvardar, A., Başaran, F., Çoban, D., Yıldırım, Ş., ... & Saka, Ş. (2013). Effects of probiotic (Bacillus sp.) supplementation during larval development of Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.). Turk J Fish Aquat Sci, 13(3), 407-414.
  • Balcázar, J. L., Blas, I. D., Ruiz–Zarzuela, I., Cunningham, D., Vendrell, D. & Múzquiz, J. L. (2006). The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Vet Microbiol, 114, 173–186.
  • Balcázar, J.L. & Rojas–Luna, T. (2007). Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Curr Microbiol, 55, 409–412.
  • Büyükdeveci, M. E., Balcázar, J. L., Demirkale, İ. & Dikel, S. (2018). Effects of garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 486, 170-174.
  • Capkin, E. & Altinok, I. (2009). Effects of dietary probiotic supplementations on prevention/treatment of yersiniosis disease. J Appl Microbiol, 106(4), 1147-1153.
  • Cerezuela, R., Meseguer, J. & Esteban, M. A. (2011). Current knowledge in synbiotic use for fish aquaculture: a review. J Aquaculture Res Dev, S1, 008.
  • Chelossi, E., Vezzulli, L., Milano, A., Branzoni, M., Fabiano, M., Riccardi, G. & Banat I.M. (2003). Antibiotic resistance of benthic bacteria in fish–farm and control sediments of the Western Mediterranean. Aquaculture, 219, 83–97.
  • CLSI, (2005). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated From Aquatic Animals; Proposed
  • Guideline. CLSI document M42–P [ISBN 1–56238–576–3]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087–1898 USA, 2005.
  • Çelik, E. Ş., Ergün, S. & Yılmaz, S. (2018). The effects of dietary probiotic and antibiotic supplementations on health characteristics of rainbow trout. TURJAF, 6(9), 1184-1190.
  • Dikel, S. (2015). The use of garlic (Allium sativum) as a growth promoter in aquaculture. TURJAF, 3(7), 529-536.
  • Diler, O., Gormez, O., Diler, I. & Metin, S. (2017). Effect of oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil on growth, lysozyme and antioxidant activity and resistance against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutr, 23(4), 844-851.
  • Ekici, S., Diler, Ö., Didinen, B. I. & Kubilay, A. (2011). Antibacterial activity of essential oils from medicinal plants against bacterial fish pathogens. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(Supplement A), 47-54.
  • Gormez, O. & Diler, O. (2014). In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils from Tymbra, Origanum, Satureja species and some pure compounds on the fish pathogenic fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica. Aquaculture Res, 45(7), 1196-1201.
  • Gümüş, E., Kubilay, A., Guney, Ş., Guzel‐Seydim, Z., Kok‐Tas, T., Metin, S. & Ulukoy, G. (2017). Effect of dietary kefir on the growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acid profile of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Nutr, 23(5), 964-972.
  • Kesbiç, O. S. (2019). Effects of juniper berry oil on growth performance and blood parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture Research, 50(1), 342-349.
  • Khouiti, Z. & Simon, J.P. (1997). Detection and partial characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Carnobacterium piscicola 213. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 19, 28–33.
  • Koca, S. B. & Cevikbas, M. (2015). Antifungal effect of Origanum onites essential oil as an alternative to formalin in the artificial incubation of narrow‐clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823). Aquaculture Res, 46(9), 2204-2210.
  • Kongnum, K. & Hongpattarakere T., (2012). Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from digestive tract of wild shrimp on growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish and Shellfish Immun, 32, 170–177.
  • Martinez, J.L. (2008). Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Science, 321, 365–367.
  • Metin, S., Diler, O., Didinen, B. I., Terzioglu, S. & Gormez, O. (2015). In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Satureja cuneifolia ten essential oil on Saprolegnia parasitica strains isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) eggs. Aquaculture Res, 46(6), 1396-1402.
  • Miller, R.A., Walker, R.D., Baya, A., Clemens, K., Coles, M., Hawke, J.P. & Reimschuessel, R. (2003). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aquatic bacteria: quality control disk diffusion ranges for Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 33658 at 22 and 28 ºC. J Clin Microbiol 41, 4318–4323.
  • Nakayama, T., Lu, H. & Nomura, N. (2009). Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp. Lett Appl Microbiol, 49, 679–684.
  • Nimrat, S., Suksawat, S., Maleeweach, P. & Vuthiphandchai, V. (2008). Effect of different shrimp pond bottom soil treatments on the change of physical characteristics and pathogenic bacteria in pond bottom soil. Aquaculture, 285, 123–129.
  • Schoster, A., Kokotovic, B., Permin, A., Pedersen, P.D., Dal Bello, F. & Guardabassi, L. (2013). In vitro inhibition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains. Anaerobe, 20, 36–41.
  • Suzer, C., Çoban, D., Kamaci, H. O., Saka, Ş., Firat, K., Otgucuoğlu, Ö. & Küçüksari, H. (2008). Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 280,140-145.Touraki, M., Karamanlidou, G., Karavida, P. & Karamanoli, C. (2012). Evaluation of the probiotics Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum bioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii against vibriosis in European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax , L.). World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 28, 2425–2433.
  • Tseng, D. Y., Ho, P. L., Huang, S. Y., Cheng, S. C., Shiu, Y. L., Chiu, C. S. & Liu, C. H. (2009). Enhancement of immunity and disease resistance in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20. Fish Shellfish Immun, 26(2), 339-344.
  • Uluköy, G., Metin, S., Kubilay, A., Güney, Ş., Yıldırım, P., Güzel‐Seydim, Z., ... & Gümüş, E. (2017). The effect of kefir as a dietary supplement on nonspecific immune response and disease resistance in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792). J World Aquaculture Soc, 48(2), 248-256.
  • Utiswannakul, P., Sangchai, S. & Rengpipat, S. (2011). Enhanced growth of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon by dietary supplementation with Bacillus (BP11) as a probiotic. J Aquaculture Res Dev, S1, 006.
  • Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., Phan Van, Q., Parisi, G. & Dam Sao, M. (2019). Anti-parasitic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) juice against crustacean parasite, Lernantropus kroyeri, found on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Ital J Anim Sci, 18(1), 833-837.
  • Yılmaz, S., Ergun, S., Şanver Çelik, E., Yigit, M. & Bayizit, C. (Baskıda). Dietary trans‐cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): II. Effect on antioxidant status, digestive enzyme, blood biochemistry and liver antioxidant gene expression responses. Aquaculture Nutr, https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12935.
  • Yilmaz, S. (2019a). Effects of dietary blackberry syrup supplement on growth performance, antioxidant, and immunological responses, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus to Plesiomonas shigelloides. Fish Shellfish Immun, 84, 1125-1133.
  • Yilmaz, S. (2019b). Effects of dietary caffeic acid supplement on antioxidant, immunological and liver gene expression responses, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas veronii. Fish Shellfish Immun, 86, 384-392.
  • Yılmaz, S. & Ergün, S. (2018). Trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): I. Effects on haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses. Fish Shellfish Immun, 78, 140-157.
  • Yilmaz, S., Ergün, S. & Yıgıt, M. (2018). Effects of dietary FARMARIN® XP supplement on immunological responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 496, 211-220.
  • Yılmaz, S., Ergun, S., Çelik, E. Ş. & Yigit, M. (2018). Effects of dietary humic acid on growth performance, haemato‐immunological and physiological responses and resistance of Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss to Yersinia ruckeri. Aquaculture Res, 49(10), 3338-3349.
  • Yılmaz, S., Ergün, S. & Çelik, E. Ş. (2018). The effect of dietary carob (Ceratonia siliqua) syrup on growth performance, haematological, serum biochemical and immunological parameters in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). TURJAF, 6(12), 1820-1826.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ekrem Şanver Çelik 0000-0003-4514-457X

Sebahattin Ergün 0000-0002-9077-9438

Sevdan Yılmaz 0000-0002-4809-5809

Project Number FBA-2016-779
Publication Date August 31, 2019
Submission Date July 17, 2019
Acceptance Date August 10, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çelik, E. Ş., Ergün, S., & Yılmaz, S. (2019). Bacillus subtilis ve Lactobacillus plantarum Probiyotik Bakterilerinin Bazı Balık Patojenleri Üzerine in vitro Antagonistik Etkisi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(2), 278-284. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.592933


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