Research Article
Nudging Time-Scale Sensitivity of a Simplified Black Sea CIL Forcing with a Three-Dimensional Idealized Bosphorus Hydrodynamic Model
Abstract
Hydrodynamics of the Bosphorus Strait is examined under idealized
conditions with a three-dimensional numerical model. In particular, penetration
of a simplified Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL) of the Black Sea into the Strait
specifıed at the boundary is simulated with the aim of testing the sensitivity
of the idealized model with respect to nudging strength. Successful penetration of a CIL-like
stratification can only be achieved by inflowing nudging time-scales less than
or equal to one day, while the outflowing nudging strength is found to be
insignificant. However, numerical instabilities at the boundary are observed
for strong nudging cases with tnudg ≤ 0.01 day suggesting
that a careful selection of the nudging time-scale is important to achieve
successful simulations of the CIL even in this highly idealized setup of the
Bosphorus strait. The presence of CIL altering the temperature distribution
within the northern section of the idealized channel has a significant impact
on the exchange through the strait. CIL reduces the density difference across
the strait resulting in decreased layer fluxes and velocities, while a
two-layer sense hydraulic control still holds at the sill.
References
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Ocean Science 14, 999-1019.Beşiktepe, Ş., Özsoy, E., Latif M.A. & Oğuz T. (2000). Marmara Denizi'nin hidrografisi ve Dolaşımı, (Hydrography and Circulation of the Marmara Sea). Marmara Sea 2000 Symposium, İstanbul, Nov. 11-12, 2000, 14 pp. (in Turkish).Beşiktepe, Ş., Özsoy, E. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1993). Filling of the Marmara Sea by the Dardanelles lower layer inflow. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40(9), 1815-1838.Beşiktepe, Ş.T., Sur, H.İ., Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Oǧuz, T. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1994). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 34(4), 285-334.Dalziel, S.B. (1991). Two-layer hydraulics: a functional approach. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 223(1), 135-163.Defant, A. (1961). Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, London, 1961. Vol. 1, pp. xvi + 729; Vol. 2, pp. Viii + 598.Durski, S.M., Glenn, S.M. & Haidvogel, D.B. (2004). Vertical mixing schemes in the coastal ocean: Comparison of the level 2.5 Mellor‐Yamada scheme with an enhanced version of the K profile parameterization. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C1).Farmer, D.M. & Armi, L. (1986). Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction with barotropic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 164, 53-76.Garrett, C. & Gerdes, F. (2003). Hydraulic control of homogeneous shear flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 475, 163-172.Gregg, M.C. & Özsoy, E. (1999). Mixing on the Black Sea shelf north of the Bosphorus. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(13), 1869-1872Gregg, M.C. & Özsoy, E. (2002). Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 107(C3).Gregg, M.C., Özsoy, E. & Latif, M.A. (1999). Quasi-steady exchange flow in the Bosphorus, Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 83–86.Haidvogel, D.B., Arango, H.G., Hedström, K., Beckmann, A., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. & Shchepetkin, A.F. (2000). Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 32(3), 239-281.Hedström, K.S. (2009). DRAFT Technical Manual for a Coupled Sea-Ice. Ocean Circulation Model (Version 3), US Department of the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Anchorage, Alaska, Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Contract M07PC13368.Helfrich, K.R. (1995). Time-dependent two-layer hydraulic exchange flows. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25(3), 359-373.Hogg, A.M., Ivey, G.N. & Winters, K.B. (2001). Hydraulics and mixing in controlled exchange flows. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978-2012), 106(C1), 959-972.Jarosz, E., Teague, W.J., Book, J.W. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (2011a). 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(1991). Observations of the Mediterranean inflow into the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 38, 711-723.Marchesiello, P., McWilliams, J.C. & Shchepetkin, A. (2001). Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models. Ocean modelling, 3(1-2), 1-20.Mellor, G.L. & Yamada, T. (1982). Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Reviews of Geophysics, 20(4), 851-875.Oğuz, T. (2005). Hydraulic adjustments of the Bosphorus exchange flow. Geophysical research letters, 32(6).Oğuz, T., Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Sur, H.İ. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1990). Modeling of hydraulically controlled exchange flow in the Bosphorus Strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20(7), 945-965.Orlanski, I. (1976). A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows. Journal of computational physics, 21(3), 251-269.Ovchinnikov, I.M. & Popov, Yu.I. (1991). Evolution of the Cold Intermediate Layer in the Black Sea. Oceanology, 27, 555-560.Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Sur, H.İ, & Goryachkin, Y. (1996). A review of the exchange flow regime and mixing in the Bosphorus strait. Bulletin-Institut Oceanographique Monaco-Numero Special, 187-204.Özsoy, E. & Ünlülata, Ü. (1997). Oceanography of the Black Sea: a review of some recent results. Earth-Science Reviews, 42(4), 231-272.Özsoy, E., & Ünlüata, Ü. (1998). The Black Sea, in: A. R. Robinson and K. Brink (editors), The Sea: The Global Coastal Ocean: Regional Studies and Synteses, 11, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 889-914. Özsoy, E. (1999). Sensitivity to Global Change in Temperate Euro-Asian Seas (the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Caspian Sea): A Review, in P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and V. N. Eremeev, (editors), The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems, NATO Science Series 2, Environmental Security, 51, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 281-300.Özsoy, E., Di Iorio, D., Gregg, M.C. & Backhaus, J.O. (2001). Mixing in the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea continental shelf: observations and a model of the dense water outflow. Journal of marine systems, 31(1), 99-135.Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Beşiktepe, S., Çetin, N., Gregg, M.C., Belokopytov Goryachkin, Y. & Diaconu, V. (1998). The Bosphorus Strait: Exchange Fluxes, Currents and Sea-Level Changes. NATO Science Series 2 Environmental Security, 47(2), 1-28.Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Tuğrul, S. & Ünlülata, Ü. (1995). Exchanges with the Mediterranean, fuxes, and boundary mixing processes in the Black Sea. Bulletin de l'Institut ocèanographique, Monaco, Special Number 15, CIESM Science Series No. 1, Monaco 1-25.Özsoy, E., Oğuz, T., Latif, M.A, Ünlüata, Ü., Sur, H.İ. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (1988). Oceanography of the Turkish Straits - Second Annual Report, Volume I. Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, İçel.Özsoy, E., Oğuz, T., Latif, M.A. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1986). 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Üç boyutlu idealize bir İstanbul Boğazı hidrodinamik Modelinde Karadeniz Soğuk Ara Tabakası Zorlamasının Zaman Ölçeği Hassasiyeti
Abstract
İstanbul
Boğazı’nın hidrodinamiği üç boyutlu bir sayısal model marifetiyle idealize
koşullar altında incelenmiş, Karadeniz’in soğuk ara tabakasının (SAT) basitleştirilmiş
bir halinin idealize modelin kuzey sınırından penetrasyonu simule edilerek modelin
açık sınır koşullarıyla gerçekleştirilen sıcaklık profili zorlamasının zaman
ölçeğine (tnudg) hassasiyeti
araştırılmıştır. SAT benzeri bir tabakanın boğaza pentrasyonu ancak bir günden
küçük tnudg (sınırdan içeri) değerleri ile mümkün olmuş ve sınır-dışarı tnudg
değerinin kuvvetinin önemsiz olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte güçlü
zorlama değerleri altında (tnudg ≤ 0.01) kuzey açık sınırında sayısal düzensizlikler meydan gelmiştir, bu da
oldukça idealize edilmiş bir Boğaz modeli için bile SAT’ın başarılı
simülasyonlarını için zorlama zaman ölçeğinin dikkatlice seçilmesi gerektiğini
göstermektedir. İdealleştirilmiş kanalın kuzeyindeki sıcaklık dağılımını
değiştiren SAT’ın varlığı, iki tabakalı değişim akımı üzerinde önemli bir
etkiye sahiptir. Boğaz’ın kuzey kısmındaki stratifikasyonun değişimi ile
kanalın iki ucu arasındaki yoğunluk farkı, ve buna istinaden alt ve üst tabaka
akıları ve hızları azalmış olmakla birlikte, iki tabakalı yaklaşıma dayanan
kuzey eşiğindeki hidrolik kontrol kaybolmamıştır.
References
- Altıok, H., Sur, H.İ. & Yüce, H. (2012). Variation of the cold intermediate water in the Black Sea exit of the Strait of İstanbul (Bosphorus) and its transfer through the strait. Oceanologia, 54(2), 233.Altıok, Η. & Kayışoğlu, M. (2015). Seasonal and interannual variability of water exchange in the Strait of Istanbul. Mediterranean Marine Science, 16(3), 644-655.Andersen, J.J.E.C. & Carmack, E.C. (1984). Observations of Chemical and Physical Fine-structure in a Strong Pycnoline, Sea of Marmara. Deep-Sea Res., 2, 877-886.Armi, L. (1986). The hydraulics of two flowing layers with different densities. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 163(1), 27-58.Armi, L. & Farmer, D.M. (1986). Maximal two-layer exchange through a contraction with barotropic netflow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 164, 27-51.Aydoğdu, A., Pinardi, N., Özsoy, E., Danabasoglu, G., Gürses, Ö. & Karspeck, A. (2018). Circulation of the Turkish Straits System under interannual atmospheric forcing. Ocean Science 14, 999-1019.Beşiktepe, Ş., Özsoy, E., Latif M.A. & Oğuz T. (2000). Marmara Denizi'nin hidrografisi ve Dolaşımı, (Hydrography and Circulation of the Marmara Sea). Marmara Sea 2000 Symposium, İstanbul, Nov. 11-12, 2000, 14 pp. (in Turkish).Beşiktepe, Ş., Özsoy, E. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1993). Filling of the Marmara Sea by the Dardanelles lower layer inflow. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40(9), 1815-1838.Beşiktepe, Ş.T., Sur, H.İ., Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Oǧuz, T. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1994). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 34(4), 285-334.Dalziel, S.B. (1991). Two-layer hydraulics: a functional approach. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 223(1), 135-163.Defant, A. (1961). Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, London, 1961. Vol. 1, pp. xvi + 729; Vol. 2, pp. Viii + 598.Durski, S.M., Glenn, S.M. & Haidvogel, D.B. (2004). Vertical mixing schemes in the coastal ocean: Comparison of the level 2.5 Mellor‐Yamada scheme with an enhanced version of the K profile parameterization. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C1).Farmer, D.M. & Armi, L. (1986). Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction with barotropic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 164, 53-76.Garrett, C. & Gerdes, F. (2003). Hydraulic control of homogeneous shear flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 475, 163-172.Gregg, M.C. & Özsoy, E. (1999). Mixing on the Black Sea shelf north of the Bosphorus. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(13), 1869-1872Gregg, M.C. & Özsoy, E. (2002). Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 107(C3).Gregg, M.C., Özsoy, E. & Latif, M.A. (1999). Quasi-steady exchange flow in the Bosphorus, Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 83–86.Haidvogel, D.B., Arango, H.G., Hedström, K., Beckmann, A., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. & Shchepetkin, A.F. (2000). Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 32(3), 239-281.Hedström, K.S. (2009). DRAFT Technical Manual for a Coupled Sea-Ice. Ocean Circulation Model (Version 3), US Department of the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Anchorage, Alaska, Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Contract M07PC13368.Helfrich, K.R. (1995). Time-dependent two-layer hydraulic exchange flows. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25(3), 359-373.Hogg, A.M., Ivey, G.N. & Winters, K.B. (2001). Hydraulics and mixing in controlled exchange flows. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978-2012), 106(C1), 959-972.Jarosz, E., Teague, W.J., Book, J.W. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (2011a). Observed volume fluxes in the Bosphorus Strait. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(21).Jarosz, E., Teague, W.J., Book, J.W. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (2011b). On flow variability in the Bosphorus Strait. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08038, doi:10.1029/2010JC006861.Jordà, G., Von Schuckmann, K., Josey, S.A., Caniaux, G., García-Lafuente, J., Sammartino, S., Özsoy, E., Polcher, J., Notarstefano, G., Poulain, P-M., Adloff, F., Salat, J., Naranjo, C., Schroeder, K., Chiggiato, J., Sannino, G. & Macías, D. (2016). The Mediterranean Sea heat and mass budgets: Estimates, uncertainties and perspectives. Progress in Oceanography, 156, 174-208.Lane-Serff, G.F., Smeed, D.A. & Postlethwaite, C.R. (2000). Multi-layer hydraulic exchange flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 416, 269-296.Large, W.G., McWilliams, J.C. & Doney, S.C. (1994). Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics, 32(4), 363-403.Latif, M.A., Özsoy, E., Oğuz, T. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1991). Observations of the Mediterranean inflow into the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 38, 711-723.Marchesiello, P., McWilliams, J.C. & Shchepetkin, A. (2001). Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models. Ocean modelling, 3(1-2), 1-20.Mellor, G.L. & Yamada, T. (1982). Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Reviews of Geophysics, 20(4), 851-875.Oğuz, T. (2005). Hydraulic adjustments of the Bosphorus exchange flow. Geophysical research letters, 32(6).Oğuz, T., Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Sur, H.İ. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1990). Modeling of hydraulically controlled exchange flow in the Bosphorus Strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20(7), 945-965.Orlanski, I. (1976). A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows. Journal of computational physics, 21(3), 251-269.Ovchinnikov, I.M. & Popov, Yu.I. (1991). Evolution of the Cold Intermediate Layer in the Black Sea. Oceanology, 27, 555-560.Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Sur, H.İ, & Goryachkin, Y. (1996). A review of the exchange flow regime and mixing in the Bosphorus strait. Bulletin-Institut Oceanographique Monaco-Numero Special, 187-204.Özsoy, E. & Ünlülata, Ü. (1997). Oceanography of the Black Sea: a review of some recent results. Earth-Science Reviews, 42(4), 231-272.Özsoy, E., & Ünlüata, Ü. (1998). The Black Sea, in: A. R. Robinson and K. Brink (editors), The Sea: The Global Coastal Ocean: Regional Studies and Synteses, 11, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 889-914. Özsoy, E. (1999). Sensitivity to Global Change in Temperate Euro-Asian Seas (the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Caspian Sea): A Review, in P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and V. N. Eremeev, (editors), The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems, NATO Science Series 2, Environmental Security, 51, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 281-300.Özsoy, E., Di Iorio, D., Gregg, M.C. & Backhaus, J.O. (2001). Mixing in the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea continental shelf: observations and a model of the dense water outflow. Journal of marine systems, 31(1), 99-135.Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Beşiktepe, S., Çetin, N., Gregg, M.C., Belokopytov Goryachkin, Y. & Diaconu, V. (1998). The Bosphorus Strait: Exchange Fluxes, Currents and Sea-Level Changes. NATO Science Series 2 Environmental Security, 47(2), 1-28.Özsoy, E., Latif, M.A., Tuğrul, S. & Ünlülata, Ü. (1995). Exchanges with the Mediterranean, fuxes, and boundary mixing processes in the Black Sea. Bulletin de l'Institut ocèanographique, Monaco, Special Number 15, CIESM Science Series No. 1, Monaco 1-25.Özsoy, E., Oğuz, T., Latif, M.A, Ünlüata, Ü., Sur, H.İ. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (1988). Oceanography of the Turkish Straits - Second Annual Report, Volume I. Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, İçel.Özsoy, E., Oğuz, T., Latif, M.A. & Ünlüata, Ü. (1986). Oceanography of the Turkish Straits - First Annual Report, Volume I, Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, İçel, Turkey, 223pp.Öztürk, M., Ayat, B., Aydoğan, B., & Yüksel, Y. (2012). 3D Numerical modeling of stratified flows: case study of the Bosphorus Strait. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 138(5), 406-419.Pinardi, N. (2009). Misurare il mare: Luigi Ferdinando Marsili nell'Egeo e nel Bosforo, Bononia University Press, 1679-1680.Pratt, L.J. (1986). Hydraulic control of sill flow with bottom friction. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16(11), 1970-1980.Pratt, L.J. (2008). Critical conditions and composite Froude numbers for layered flow with transverse variations in velocity. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 605, 281-291.Raymond, W.H. & Kuo, H.L. (1984). A radiation boundary condition for multi‐dimensional flows. 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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | August 31, 2019 |
| Submission Date | May 31, 2019 |
| Acceptance Date | August 9, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 |
JAES/AAS-Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences/Anatolian Academic Sciences&Anadolu Çevre ve Hayvancılık Dergisi/Anadolu Akademik Bilimler-AÇEH/AAB