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The Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on Antioxidative Properties of Bract Leaves of Globe Artichoke

Year 2023, Volume: 82 Issue: 2, 296 - 305, 21.12.2023

Doruk Akdoğan Ayşegül Peksel

https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2023.1304325

Abstract

Objective: The antioxidant-rich artichoke bracts leaves are a particularly waste of the food industry. Thus, it would be possible to utilize a cheap and natural material, which is industrial waste, instead of synthetic antioxidants. The present study aimed to extract from the bract leaves of globe artichoke by ultrasound-assisted extraction and to evaluate their antioxidant activities.

Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on antioxidative properties was studied. The extracts were obtained from the leaves of the head part of the artichoke by using UAE and evaluated for their antioxidative properties. For this purpose, antioxidant activity methods were investigated for different extraction times. The results obtained were compared with standard antioxidants.

Results: The results obtained from this study showed that the shorter extraction time resulted in higher antioxidative properties. Accordingly, in plant extracts prepared by UAE-1, the highest total phenolic content value (193.80 μg pyrocathecol equivalent/mg extract), the highest total flavonoid content value (254.13 μg catechin equivalent/mg extract), the highest total chlorophyll content value (10.68 μg/mL) and carotenoid (0.57 μg/mL) were found. Similarly, UAE-1 extracts showed the best results in terms of free radical scavenging activity. Also, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of UAE-1 (89.09%) was determined to be higher than the standard antioxidant α-Tocopherol (85.68%) and very close to another standard antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (91.98%).

Conclusion: UAE could be preferred instead of the traditional method (Soxhlet) as a shorter, eco-friendly, and low energy cost.

Keywords

Antioxidative properties Ultrasound-assisted extraction Plant extract Cynara scolymus L. Radical scavenging

References

  • Sihem D, Samia D, Gaetano P, et al. In vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic content in crop residues of Tunisian globe artichoke. Sci Hortic. 2015;190:128-136. google scholar
  • Anwar H, Hussain G, Mustafa I. Antioxidants from natural sources. In: Shalaby E. Azzam GM. ed. Antioxidants in foods and its applications. InTech, London; 2018:1-17. google scholar
  • Petropoulos SA, Pereira C, Ntatsi G, Danalatos N, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Nutritional value and chemical composition of Greek artichoke genotypes. Food Chem. 2018;267:296–302. google scholar
  • Marques P, Marto J, Gonçalves LM, et al. Cynara scolymus L.: A promising Mediterranean extract for topical anti-aging prevention. Ind Crops Prod. 2017;109: 699–706. google scholar
  • Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;4(8):118–126. google scholar
  • Pandino G, Lombardo S, Mauromicale G, Williamson G. Profile of polyphenols and phenolic acids in bracts and receptacles of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) germplasm. J Food Compost Anal. 2011;24(2):148-153. google scholar
  • Ben Rejeb I, Dhen N, Gargouri M, Boulila A. Chemical composition, antioxidant potential and enzymes inhibitory properties of Globe artichoke by-products. Chem Biodivers. 2020;17(9): e2000073. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000073 google scholar
  • Kukić J, Popović V, Petrović S, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cynara cardunculus extracts. Food Chem. 2008;107(2):861–868. google scholar
  • Fratianni F, Pepe R, Nazzaro F. Polyphenol composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and quorum quenching activity of the “Carciofo di Montoro” (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) Global artichoke of the Campania region, Southern Italy. Food Nutr Sci. 2014;5(21): 2053-2062. google scholar
  • Shallan MA, Ali MA, Meshrf WA, Marrez DA. In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) bracts and receptacles ethanolic extract. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2020;29:101774. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101774 google scholar
  • Saleh IA, Vinatoru M, Mason TJ, Abdel-Azim NS, Aboutabl EA, Hammouda FM. A possible general mechanism for ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) suggested from the results of UAE of chlorogenic acid from Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke) leaves. Ultrason Sonochem. 2017;31:330–336. google scholar
  • Vilkhu K,Mawson R, Simons L, Bates D. Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry-A review. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2008;9(2):161–169. google scholar
  • Slinkard K, Singleton VL. Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Vitic. 1977;28:49- 55. google scholar
  • Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999;64: 555-559. google scholar
  • Bates SL,WaldrenRP,Teare I. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 1973;39:205-207. google scholar
  • Padmavati M, Sakthivel N, Thara TV, Reddy AR. Differential sensivity of rice pathogens to growth inhibition by flavonoids. Phytochemistry. 1997;46:449–502 google scholar
  • Arnon DI. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 1949;24: 1–15. google scholar
  • Bruni R, Muzzoli M, Ballero M, et al. Tocopherols, fatty acids and sterols in seeds of four Sardinian wild Euphorbia species. Fitoterapia. 2004;75:50–61. google scholar
  • Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr Diet. 1986;44:307-315. google scholar
  • Decker E, Welch B. Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. J Agric Food Chem. 1990;38:674-677. google scholar
  • Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol. 1995;28:25-30. google scholar
  • Arnao M, Cano A, Alcolea J, Acosta M. Estimation of free radical-quenching activity of leaf pigment extracts. Phytochem Anal. 2001;12(2):138-143. google scholar
  • Fogliano V, Verde V, Randazzo G, Ritieni A. Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47:1035- 1040. google scholar
  • Osawa T,Namiki M.Anovel type of antioxidant isolated from leaf wax of eucalyptus leaves. Agric Biol Chem. 1981;45(3):735-739. google scholar
  • Ben Salem M, Affes H, Athmouni K, et al. Chemicals compositions, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Cynara scolymus leaves extracts, and analysis of major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017; Article ID 4951937:1–14. doi:10.1155/2017/4951937 google scholar
  • Kollia E, Markaki P, Zoumpoulakis P, Proestos C. ntioxidant activity of Cynara scolymus L. and Cynara cardunculus L. extracts obtained by different extraction techniques. Nat Prod Res. 2016:31(10);1163–1167. google scholar
  • Stumpf B, Künne M, Ma L, et al. Optimization of the extraction procedure for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the leaves of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. Scolymus L.). J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020;177:112879. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112879 google scholar
  • Reche C, Rosselló C, Umaña MM, Eim V, Simal S. Mathematical modelling of ultrasound-assisted extraction kinetics of bioactive compounds from artichoke by-products. Foods. 2021;10:931. doi:10.3390/foods10050931 google scholar
  • Lavecchia R, Maffei G, Paccassoni F, Piga L, Zuorro A. Artichoke waste as a source of phenolic antioxidants and bioenergy. Waste Biomass Valor. 2019;10:2975–2984. google scholar
  • Pasqualone A, Punzi R, Trani A, et al. Enrichment of fresh pasta with antioxidant extracts obtained from artichoke canning byproducts by ultrasound-assisted technology and quality characterisation of the end product. Int J Food Sci Technol & Technolog. 2017;52(9);2078–2087. google scholar
  • Zuorro A, Maffei, G, Lavecchia R. Effect of solvent type and extraction conditions on the recoveryof phenolic compounds from artichoke waste. Chem Eng Trans. 2014;39: 463–468. google scholar
  • Ergezer H, Serdaroğlu M. Antioxidant potential of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts extracts in raw beef patties during refrigerated storage. J Food Meas Charact. 2018;12:982–991. google scholar
  • Mena-García A, Rodríguez-Sánchez, S, Ruiz-Matute, AI, Sanz ML. Exploitation of artichoke by products to obtain bioactive extracts enriched in inositols and caffeoylquinic acids by microwave assisted extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2020;1613:460703. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460703 google scholar
  • Shallan MA, Mohamed AA, Meshrf WA, Marrez DA. In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) bracts and receptacles ethanolic extract. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2020;29:101774. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101774 google scholar
  • Quispe MA, Valenzuela JAP, De la Cruz ARH, Silva CRE, Quiñonez GH, Cervantes GMM. Optimization of ultrasoundassisted extraction of polyphenols from globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) bracts residues using response surfacemethodology. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2021;20(3):277-290. google scholar
  • Thang NQ, Hoa VTK, Van Tan L, Tho NTM, Hieu TQ, Phuong NTK. Extraction of cynarine and chlorogenic acid from artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.) and evaluation of antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity of extract. Vietnam J Chem. 2022;60:571- 577. google scholar
  • Wioletta Biel RW, Piątkowska E, Podsiadło C. Proximate composition, minerals and antioxidant activity of artichoke leaf extracts. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;194:589-595. google scholar

Year 2023, Volume: 82 Issue: 2, 296 - 305, 21.12.2023

Doruk Akdoğan Ayşegül Peksel

https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2023.1304325

Abstract

References

  • Sihem D, Samia D, Gaetano P, et al. In vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic content in crop residues of Tunisian globe artichoke. Sci Hortic. 2015;190:128-136. google scholar
  • Anwar H, Hussain G, Mustafa I. Antioxidants from natural sources. In: Shalaby E. Azzam GM. ed. Antioxidants in foods and its applications. InTech, London; 2018:1-17. google scholar
  • Petropoulos SA, Pereira C, Ntatsi G, Danalatos N, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Nutritional value and chemical composition of Greek artichoke genotypes. Food Chem. 2018;267:296–302. google scholar
  • Marques P, Marto J, Gonçalves LM, et al. Cynara scolymus L.: A promising Mediterranean extract for topical anti-aging prevention. Ind Crops Prod. 2017;109: 699–706. google scholar
  • Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;4(8):118–126. google scholar
  • Pandino G, Lombardo S, Mauromicale G, Williamson G. Profile of polyphenols and phenolic acids in bracts and receptacles of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) germplasm. J Food Compost Anal. 2011;24(2):148-153. google scholar
  • Ben Rejeb I, Dhen N, Gargouri M, Boulila A. Chemical composition, antioxidant potential and enzymes inhibitory properties of Globe artichoke by-products. Chem Biodivers. 2020;17(9): e2000073. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000073 google scholar
  • Kukić J, Popović V, Petrović S, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cynara cardunculus extracts. Food Chem. 2008;107(2):861–868. google scholar
  • Fratianni F, Pepe R, Nazzaro F. Polyphenol composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and quorum quenching activity of the “Carciofo di Montoro” (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) Global artichoke of the Campania region, Southern Italy. Food Nutr Sci. 2014;5(21): 2053-2062. google scholar
  • Shallan MA, Ali MA, Meshrf WA, Marrez DA. In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) bracts and receptacles ethanolic extract. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2020;29:101774. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101774 google scholar
  • Saleh IA, Vinatoru M, Mason TJ, Abdel-Azim NS, Aboutabl EA, Hammouda FM. A possible general mechanism for ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) suggested from the results of UAE of chlorogenic acid from Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke) leaves. Ultrason Sonochem. 2017;31:330–336. google scholar
  • Vilkhu K,Mawson R, Simons L, Bates D. Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry-A review. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2008;9(2):161–169. google scholar
  • Slinkard K, Singleton VL. Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Vitic. 1977;28:49- 55. google scholar
  • Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999;64: 555-559. google scholar
  • Bates SL,WaldrenRP,Teare I. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 1973;39:205-207. google scholar
  • Padmavati M, Sakthivel N, Thara TV, Reddy AR. Differential sensivity of rice pathogens to growth inhibition by flavonoids. Phytochemistry. 1997;46:449–502 google scholar
  • Arnon DI. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 1949;24: 1–15. google scholar
  • Bruni R, Muzzoli M, Ballero M, et al. Tocopherols, fatty acids and sterols in seeds of four Sardinian wild Euphorbia species. Fitoterapia. 2004;75:50–61. google scholar
  • Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jpn J Nutr Diet. 1986;44:307-315. google scholar
  • Decker E, Welch B. Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. J Agric Food Chem. 1990;38:674-677. google scholar
  • Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol. 1995;28:25-30. google scholar
  • Arnao M, Cano A, Alcolea J, Acosta M. Estimation of free radical-quenching activity of leaf pigment extracts. Phytochem Anal. 2001;12(2):138-143. google scholar
  • Fogliano V, Verde V, Randazzo G, Ritieni A. Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47:1035- 1040. google scholar
  • Osawa T,Namiki M.Anovel type of antioxidant isolated from leaf wax of eucalyptus leaves. Agric Biol Chem. 1981;45(3):735-739. google scholar
  • Ben Salem M, Affes H, Athmouni K, et al. Chemicals compositions, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Cynara scolymus leaves extracts, and analysis of major bioactive polyphenols by HPLC. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017; Article ID 4951937:1–14. doi:10.1155/2017/4951937 google scholar
  • Kollia E, Markaki P, Zoumpoulakis P, Proestos C. ntioxidant activity of Cynara scolymus L. and Cynara cardunculus L. extracts obtained by different extraction techniques. Nat Prod Res. 2016:31(10);1163–1167. google scholar
  • Stumpf B, Künne M, Ma L, et al. Optimization of the extraction procedure for the determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the leaves of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. Scolymus L.). J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020;177:112879. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112879 google scholar
  • Reche C, Rosselló C, Umaña MM, Eim V, Simal S. Mathematical modelling of ultrasound-assisted extraction kinetics of bioactive compounds from artichoke by-products. Foods. 2021;10:931. doi:10.3390/foods10050931 google scholar
  • Lavecchia R, Maffei G, Paccassoni F, Piga L, Zuorro A. Artichoke waste as a source of phenolic antioxidants and bioenergy. Waste Biomass Valor. 2019;10:2975–2984. google scholar
  • Pasqualone A, Punzi R, Trani A, et al. Enrichment of fresh pasta with antioxidant extracts obtained from artichoke canning byproducts by ultrasound-assisted technology and quality characterisation of the end product. Int J Food Sci Technol & Technolog. 2017;52(9);2078–2087. google scholar
  • Zuorro A, Maffei, G, Lavecchia R. Effect of solvent type and extraction conditions on the recoveryof phenolic compounds from artichoke waste. Chem Eng Trans. 2014;39: 463–468. google scholar
  • Ergezer H, Serdaroğlu M. Antioxidant potential of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts extracts in raw beef patties during refrigerated storage. J Food Meas Charact. 2018;12:982–991. google scholar
  • Mena-García A, Rodríguez-Sánchez, S, Ruiz-Matute, AI, Sanz ML. Exploitation of artichoke by products to obtain bioactive extracts enriched in inositols and caffeoylquinic acids by microwave assisted extraction. J Chromatogr A. 2020;1613:460703. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460703 google scholar
  • Shallan MA, Mohamed AA, Meshrf WA, Marrez DA. In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) bracts and receptacles ethanolic extract. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2020;29:101774. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101774 google scholar
  • Quispe MA, Valenzuela JAP, De la Cruz ARH, Silva CRE, Quiñonez GH, Cervantes GMM. Optimization of ultrasoundassisted extraction of polyphenols from globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) bracts residues using response surfacemethodology. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2021;20(3):277-290. google scholar
  • Thang NQ, Hoa VTK, Van Tan L, Tho NTM, Hieu TQ, Phuong NTK. Extraction of cynarine and chlorogenic acid from artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.) and evaluation of antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity of extract. Vietnam J Chem. 2022;60:571- 577. google scholar
  • Wioletta Biel RW, Piątkowska E, Podsiadło C. Proximate composition, minerals and antioxidant activity of artichoke leaf extracts. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;194:589-595. google scholar
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Themed Articles - Research Articles
Authors

Doruk Akdoğan 0000-0002-3113-9756

Ayşegül Peksel 0000-0003-3881-8513

Publication Date December 21, 2023
Submission Date May 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 82 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Akdoğan D, Peksel A. The Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on Antioxidative Properties of Bract Leaves of Globe Artichoke. Eur J Biol. December 2023;82(2):296-305. doi:10.26650/EurJBiol.2023.1304325
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