Research Article
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Assessing water quality in the Kelebek Stream branch (Gediz River Basin, West Anatolia of Turkey) using physicochemical and macroinvertebrate-based indices

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 260 - 278, 01.07.2021

Alperen Ertaş Bülent Yorulmaz

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21020

Abstract

This study was carried out in Kelebek, which is the most important stream in Gediz River Basin, Turkey, to determine water quality by using macroinvertebrate-based metrics and physicochemial variables. In addition, we also aimed to investigate the effects of anthropogenic pressure and dam construction on stream macroinvertebrates during the study period. In this study, following biotic indices are used: Saprobi Index (SI), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP), Average Score per Taxon (ASPT), Family Biotic Index (FBI), Belgian Biotic Index (BBI), as well as diversity indices: Shannon-Weaver index (SWDI), Simpsons index (SDI) and Margalef index (MDI). Collection of macroinvertebrate samples and the physicochemical measurements were carried out monthly for a year. As a result of the identification, the most dominant macroinverterate group was Insecta. Our results show the presence of 9 taxonomic group in the stream which belong to nine groups: Oligochaeta, Mollusca, Crustacea, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) indicates importance of physicochemial variables in the distribution of different macroinvertebrates groups (total variance 88%), species (total variance 86.2%) and biotic indices (total variance 88.2%). The water quality along the Kelebek Stream show variation from good class in station #1, #2 and #5, to moderate in station #3 and #4. We conclude that BMWP (Original), BMWP (Spanish), BMWP (Greek) and ASPT indices are suitable for assessing stream health by macroinvertebrates.

Keywords

Gediz River Basin Kelebek Stream Macroinvertebrates Biotic Index Water Quality

Thanks

The authors are thankful for the support and experience to Prof Dr. Hasan KALYONCU.

References

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  • APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
  • Arrignon, J. (1976). Aménagement Ecologique et Piscicole des Eaux Douces, Bordas, Paris, 322 p.
  • Arslan, N., Salur, A., Kalyoncu, H., Mercan, D., Barışık, B., Odabaşı, D.A. (2016). The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Küçük Menderes River (Turkey). Biologia, 71(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0005
  • AQEM Consortium (2002). The AQEM sampling method to be applied in STAR. Chapters 7-8. http://www.eu-star.at/pdf/AqemMacroinvertebrateSamplingProtocol.pdf (accessed 16.07.2020)
  • Barbour, M., Gerritsen, J., Griffith, G., Frydenborg, R., McCarron, E., White, J., Bastian, M. (1996). A Framework for Biological Criteria for Florida Streams Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15(2), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467948.
  • Bonada, N., Rieradevall, M., Prat, N., Resh, V.H. (2006). Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and macrohabitat connectivity in Mediterranean-Climate streams of Northern California. Journal of The North American Benthological Society, 25(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[32:BMAAMC]2.0.CO;2
  • Bremond, R., Vuichard, R. (1973). Parameters de la qualite des eaux: Ministere de la Protection de la Nature et de Environnement, Documentation, Française, Paris, 179 p.
  • Brinkhurst, R., Kennedy, C. (1965). Studies on the Biology of theTubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in a Polluted Stream. Journal of Animal Ecology, 34(2), 429-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2659.
  • Bytyqi, P., Ymeri, P., Czikkely, M., Fetoshi, O., Shala-Abazi, A., Ismaili, M., Ramshaj, Q., Millaku, F. (2019). The Application of Benthic Diatoms in Water Quality Assessment in Lepenci River Basin, Kosovo. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20(11), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/113409
  • De Pauw, N., Hawkes, H.A. (1993). Biological Monitoring of River Water Quality. in: Walley, W.J., Judd, S. (Eds.), River Water Quality Monitoring and Control. Aston University, Birmingham, 87-112. ISSN: 1-85449-115-6.
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  • Kalyoncu, H., Yorulmaz, B., Barlas, M., Yıldırım, M. Z., Zeybek, M. (2008). Aksu Çayı’nın su kalitesi ve fizikokim-yasal parametrelerin makroomurgasız çeşitliliği üzerine etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 23-33.
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2009). Benthic fauna of Ağlasun and Isparta streams and determination of water quality according to physicochemical parameters and Belgium Biotic Index. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2 (1), 41-48.
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2011). An application of different biotic and diversity indices for assessing water quality: A case study in the Rivers Çukurca and Isparta (Turkey). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(1), 19-27.
  • Kantzaris, V., Iliopoulou- Georgudaki, J., Katharios, P., Kaspiris, P. (2002). A Comparison of Several Biotic Indices Used For Water Quality Assessment at The Greek Rivers. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 11(11), 1000-1007.
  • Kazancı, N., Dügel, M. (2000). An evulation of water quality of Yuvarlakçay stream in the Köycegiz-Dalyan protected area South- Western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24, 69-80.
  • Kazancı, N., Ekingen, P., Türkmen, G., Ertunç, Ö., Dügel, M., Gültutan, Y. (2010). Assesment of ecological quality of Aksu Stream (Giresun, Turkey) in Eastern Black Sea Region by using Water Framework Directive (WFD) methods based on benthic macroinvertebrates. Review of Hydrobiology, 3(2), 165-184.
  • Kazi, T.G., Arain, M.B., Jamali, M.K., Jalbani, N., Afridi, H.I., Sarfraz, R.A., Baig, J.A., Shah, A.Q. (2009). Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(2), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.024.
  • Klee, O. (1991). Angewandte Hydrobiologie.- G. Theieme Verlag, 2. neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, 272, Stuttgart-New York.
  • Kolkwitz, R., Marsson, M. (1902). Grundsätze für die biologische Beurteilung des Wassers nach seiner Flora und Fauna. Mitt. Prüfungsanst. Wasserversorgung. Abwasserreing. 1, 33-72.
  • Korycińska, M., Królak, E. (2006). The use of various biotic indices for evaluationof water quality in the Lowland rivers of Poland (Exemplified by the Liwiec river). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(3), 419-428.
  • Lenat, D. (1993). Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 12, 220-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467358
  • Merritt, R., Cummins, K., Berg, M. (1978). An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 1st ed.; Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company: Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A.
  • Meyer, D. (1987). Makroskopisch- Biologische Feldmethoden zur Wassergütebeurteilung von Fliegewässern, 3. Auflage, A.L.G., 6, 3000, Hannover, 140p.
  • Moisan, J., Pelletier, L. (2008). Guide de surveillance biologique basée sur les macroinvertébrés benthiques d’eau douce du Québec-cours d’eau peu profonde à substrat grossier. Direction de Suivi de l’Etat de l’Environnement, Ministère du Développement Durable de l’Environnement et des Parcs.
  • Moss, D., Furse, M.T., Wright, J.F., Armitage, P.D. (1987). The prediction of the macro-invertebrate fauna of unpol- luted running-water sites in Great Britain using environ- mental data. Freshwater Biology, 17, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01027.x
  • Nikolsky, G.V. (1963). The Ecology of Fishes (Translated by L. Birkett), Academic Press, London and New York, 352 p.
  • Ode, P.R., Rehn, A.C., May, J.T. (2005). A quantitative tool for assessing the integrity of southern coastal California streams. Environmental Management, 35, 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0035-8.
  • Ogleni, N., Topal, B. (2011). Water quality assessment of the Mudurnu river (Turkey), using biotic indices. Water Resources Managemant, 25, 2487-2508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9822-1
  • Öz, N., Sengörür, B. (2004). the determining of water quality with biotic indices in the Melen river and its tributaries. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 13(1), 69-70.
  • Rashid, R., Pandit, A. K., (2014). Macroinvertebrates (Oligochaetes) as indicators of pollution: A review. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 6(4), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2014.0443
  • Skriver, J., Friberg, N., Kirkegaard, J. (2001). Biological assessment of watercourse quality in Denmark: Introduction of the Danish Stream Fauna Index (DSFI) as the official biomonitoring method. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 27, 1822-1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901556
  • Somerfield, P.J. (2008). Identification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index: Comment on Yoshioka (2008). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 372, 303-306. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07841.
  • Svobodá, Z., Lloyd, R., Máchová, J., Vykusová, B. (1993). Water quality and fish health, FAO, EIFAC technical paper, No:54.
  • Tanyolac, J. (2004). Limnology (3rd edition) (in Turkish), Ankara: Hatipoğlu Press. ISBN: 975-752-746-6
  • Ter Braak, C.J.F. (1995). Ordination. In: Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, Van Tongeren OFR, editors. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91-173. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525575.007
  • Uslu, O., Türkman, A. (1987). Su kirliliği ve kontrolü. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları 398s.
  • Ünlü, A., Çoban, F., Tunç, S. (2008). Investigation of Lake Hazar Water Quality According to physical and inorganic chemical parameters (in Turkish with English abstract). Journal of The Faculty of Engineeering and Architecture of Gazi University, 23(1), 119-127.
  • Wetzel, R.G. (2001). Limnology Lake and Reservoir Ecosystems. Academic Press, San Diego. Third Edition. Academic Press, San Diego. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-02112-6
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Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 260 - 278, 01.07.2021

Alperen Ertaş Bülent Yorulmaz

https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21020

Abstract

References

  • Akay, E., Dalkıran, N., Dere, Ş. (2008). Akarsuların Biyolojik Su Kalitesinin Belirlenmesinde Bentik Makroomurgasızların Kullanımı, İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, 3(1), 60-67.
  • APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
  • Arrignon, J. (1976). Aménagement Ecologique et Piscicole des Eaux Douces, Bordas, Paris, 322 p.
  • Arslan, N., Salur, A., Kalyoncu, H., Mercan, D., Barışık, B., Odabaşı, D.A. (2016). The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Küçük Menderes River (Turkey). Biologia, 71(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0005
  • AQEM Consortium (2002). The AQEM sampling method to be applied in STAR. Chapters 7-8. http://www.eu-star.at/pdf/AqemMacroinvertebrateSamplingProtocol.pdf (accessed 16.07.2020)
  • Barbour, M., Gerritsen, J., Griffith, G., Frydenborg, R., McCarron, E., White, J., Bastian, M. (1996). A Framework for Biological Criteria for Florida Streams Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15(2), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467948.
  • Bonada, N., Rieradevall, M., Prat, N., Resh, V.H. (2006). Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and macrohabitat connectivity in Mediterranean-Climate streams of Northern California. Journal of The North American Benthological Society, 25(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[32:BMAAMC]2.0.CO;2
  • Bremond, R., Vuichard, R. (1973). Parameters de la qualite des eaux: Ministere de la Protection de la Nature et de Environnement, Documentation, Française, Paris, 179 p.
  • Brinkhurst, R., Kennedy, C. (1965). Studies on the Biology of theTubificidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in a Polluted Stream. Journal of Animal Ecology, 34(2), 429-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2659.
  • Bytyqi, P., Ymeri, P., Czikkely, M., Fetoshi, O., Shala-Abazi, A., Ismaili, M., Ramshaj, Q., Millaku, F. (2019). The Application of Benthic Diatoms in Water Quality Assessment in Lepenci River Basin, Kosovo. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20(11), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/113409
  • De Pauw, N., Hawkes, H.A. (1993). Biological Monitoring of River Water Quality. in: Walley, W.J., Judd, S. (Eds.), River Water Quality Monitoring and Control. Aston University, Birmingham, 87-112. ISSN: 1-85449-115-6.
  • De Pauw, N., Heylen, S. (2001). Biotic index for sediment quality assessment of watercourses in Flanders, Belgium. Aquatic Ecology, 35, 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011478427152.
  • EC (European Communities) (2006). EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 6 September 2006 on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life. Directive 2006/44. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:264:0020:0031:EN:PDF
  • Egemen, Ö., Sunlu, U. (1996). Water Quality (Second Edition) (in Turkish). İzmir: Ege University Press. ISBN: 975-7572-60-8
  • Etemi, F. Z., Bytyqi, P., Ismaili, M., Fetoshi, O., Ymeri, P., Shala-Abazi, A., Muja-Bajraktari, N., Czikkely, M. (2020). The use of macroinvertebrate based biotic indices and diversity indices to evaluate the water quality of Lepenci river basin in Kosovo. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 55(6), 748-758. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2020.1738172
  • EU Directive 2000/60/EC 2004–2006 (2005). Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Guidance on the Intercalibration Process 2004–2006; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 2005, Vol. 1; p. 31.
  • Girgin, S., Akyürek, Z., Usul, N. (2004). Türkiye için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Tabanlı Su kalitesi Veri Analiz Sistemi Geliştirilmesi, 3.Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Bilişim Günleri, 231-247.
  • Hilsenhoff, W.L. (1988). Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family-level biotic index. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 7(1), 65-68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467832
  • Hynes, H. (1994). Historical Perspective and Future Direction of Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems. In: Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems; Loeb, S. L., Spacie, A., Eds.; Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, p. 11-22.
  • Kalyoncu, H., Yorulmaz, B., Barlas, M., Yıldırım, M. Z., Zeybek, M. (2008). Aksu Çayı’nın su kalitesi ve fizikokim-yasal parametrelerin makroomurgasız çeşitliliği üzerine etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 23-33.
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2009). Benthic fauna of Ağlasun and Isparta streams and determination of water quality according to physicochemical parameters and Belgium Biotic Index. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2 (1), 41-48.
  • Kalyoncu, H., Zeybek, M. (2011). An application of different biotic and diversity indices for assessing water quality: A case study in the Rivers Çukurca and Isparta (Turkey). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(1), 19-27.
  • Kantzaris, V., Iliopoulou- Georgudaki, J., Katharios, P., Kaspiris, P. (2002). A Comparison of Several Biotic Indices Used For Water Quality Assessment at The Greek Rivers. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 11(11), 1000-1007.
  • Kazancı, N., Dügel, M. (2000). An evulation of water quality of Yuvarlakçay stream in the Köycegiz-Dalyan protected area South- Western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24, 69-80.
  • Kazancı, N., Ekingen, P., Türkmen, G., Ertunç, Ö., Dügel, M., Gültutan, Y. (2010). Assesment of ecological quality of Aksu Stream (Giresun, Turkey) in Eastern Black Sea Region by using Water Framework Directive (WFD) methods based on benthic macroinvertebrates. Review of Hydrobiology, 3(2), 165-184.
  • Kazi, T.G., Arain, M.B., Jamali, M.K., Jalbani, N., Afridi, H.I., Sarfraz, R.A., Baig, J.A., Shah, A.Q. (2009). Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72(2), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.024.
  • Klee, O. (1991). Angewandte Hydrobiologie.- G. Theieme Verlag, 2. neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, 272, Stuttgart-New York.
  • Kolkwitz, R., Marsson, M. (1902). Grundsätze für die biologische Beurteilung des Wassers nach seiner Flora und Fauna. Mitt. Prüfungsanst. Wasserversorgung. Abwasserreing. 1, 33-72.
  • Korycińska, M., Królak, E. (2006). The use of various biotic indices for evaluationof water quality in the Lowland rivers of Poland (Exemplified by the Liwiec river). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(3), 419-428.
  • Lenat, D. (1993). Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 12, 220-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467358
  • Merritt, R., Cummins, K., Berg, M. (1978). An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 1st ed.; Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company: Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A.
  • Meyer, D. (1987). Makroskopisch- Biologische Feldmethoden zur Wassergütebeurteilung von Fliegewässern, 3. Auflage, A.L.G., 6, 3000, Hannover, 140p.
  • Moisan, J., Pelletier, L. (2008). Guide de surveillance biologique basée sur les macroinvertébrés benthiques d’eau douce du Québec-cours d’eau peu profonde à substrat grossier. Direction de Suivi de l’Etat de l’Environnement, Ministère du Développement Durable de l’Environnement et des Parcs.
  • Moss, D., Furse, M.T., Wright, J.F., Armitage, P.D. (1987). The prediction of the macro-invertebrate fauna of unpol- luted running-water sites in Great Britain using environ- mental data. Freshwater Biology, 17, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01027.x
  • Nikolsky, G.V. (1963). The Ecology of Fishes (Translated by L. Birkett), Academic Press, London and New York, 352 p.
  • Ode, P.R., Rehn, A.C., May, J.T. (2005). A quantitative tool for assessing the integrity of southern coastal California streams. Environmental Management, 35, 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0035-8.
  • Ogleni, N., Topal, B. (2011). Water quality assessment of the Mudurnu river (Turkey), using biotic indices. Water Resources Managemant, 25, 2487-2508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9822-1
  • Öz, N., Sengörür, B. (2004). the determining of water quality with biotic indices in the Melen river and its tributaries. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 13(1), 69-70.
  • Rashid, R., Pandit, A. K., (2014). Macroinvertebrates (Oligochaetes) as indicators of pollution: A review. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 6(4), 140-144. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2014.0443
  • Skriver, J., Friberg, N., Kirkegaard, J. (2001). Biological assessment of watercourse quality in Denmark: Introduction of the Danish Stream Fauna Index (DSFI) as the official biomonitoring method. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 27, 1822-1830. https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901556
  • Somerfield, P.J. (2008). Identification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index: Comment on Yoshioka (2008). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 372, 303-306. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07841.
  • Svobodá, Z., Lloyd, R., Máchová, J., Vykusová, B. (1993). Water quality and fish health, FAO, EIFAC technical paper, No:54.
  • Tanyolac, J. (2004). Limnology (3rd edition) (in Turkish), Ankara: Hatipoğlu Press. ISBN: 975-752-746-6
  • Ter Braak, C.J.F. (1995). Ordination. In: Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, Van Tongeren OFR, editors. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91-173. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525575.007
  • Uslu, O., Türkman, A. (1987). Su kirliliği ve kontrolü. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları 398s.
  • Ünlü, A., Çoban, F., Tunç, S. (2008). Investigation of Lake Hazar Water Quality According to physical and inorganic chemical parameters (in Turkish with English abstract). Journal of The Faculty of Engineeering and Architecture of Gazi University, 23(1), 119-127.
  • Wetzel, R.G. (2001). Limnology Lake and Reservoir Ecosystems. Academic Press, San Diego. Third Edition. Academic Press, San Diego. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-02112-6
  • WHO (World Heath Organization) (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Heath Organization Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, NLM classification: WA 675. ISBN: 978 92 4 154815 1
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Alperen Ertaş 0000-0001-8510-6100

Bülent Yorulmaz 0000-0003-1654-8874

Publication Date July 1, 2021
Submission Date September 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ertaş, A., & Yorulmaz, B. (2021). Assessing water quality in the Kelebek Stream branch (Gediz River Basin, West Anatolia of Turkey) using physicochemical and macroinvertebrate-based indices. Aquatic Research, 4(3), 260-278. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21020
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