Research Article
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Ecological Risk Analysis of Lake Arin Sediments (Bitlis, Türkiye)

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 40 - 47, 30.09.2023

Sümeyye Faydalgel Ahmet Evren Erginal

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1316284

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the ecological risk of Lake Arin through an analysis using comprehensive indexes. Surface sediment samples (21) and bedrock samples (5) were collected from Lake Arin. The metal concentrations were obtained from the ICP-OES analysis values. Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Toxic Risk Index (TRI), Modified ecological risk index (mER) and Modified Potential Ecological Risk Index (m-PER) were calculated from the ICP-OES data. Our results reveal that the average concentration of the Lake Arin metals is Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Co > Pb > Cd > As, in decreasing order. While moderate enrichment was determined for Ni, As and Zn, moderate contamination was detected only for Ni. It was determined there was no contamination in terms of Geoaccumulation Factor, and PER values showed low ecological risk. The second highest EF value belongs to As, which is thought to originate from the use of fossil fuels in the region. As a result of the ecological risk analysis of Lake Arin, it was determined that the metal levels were not at high levels and were not toxic.

Keywords

Sediment Heavy metals Ecological Risk Pollution Lake Arin

Supporting Institution

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Projects Unit

Project Number

SYL-2021-3802

Thanks

This research includes the results of the postgraduate thesis of the first author and was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Projects Unit, within the scope of the graduate thesis project coded SYL-2021-3802. We thank Şakir Fural for his valuable support with the ecological risk index calculations.

References

  • Abrahim, G., & Parker, R., (2008). Assessment of Heavy Metal Enrichment Factors and the Degree of Contamination in Marine Sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136,227-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2.
  • Achary, M. S., Satpathy, K. K., Panigrahi, S., Mohanty, A. K., Padhi, R. K., Biswas, S., et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in the food chain components of the nearshore coastal waters of Kalpakkam, southeast coast of India. Food Control 72:232–243.
  • Atabey, E. (2009). Arsenik ve Etkileri. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, https://www.nadirkitap.com/arsenikveetkileri-eşref-atabey-kitap22566924.html
  • Brady, J.P., Ayoko, G.A., Martens, W.N., & Goonetilleke, A. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x.
  • Çelik, M.A., Kopar, İ., Bayram, H. (2018). Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Mevsimlik Kuraklık Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(3), 1741-1761.
  • Fural, Ş. (2020). İkizcetepeler Baraj Gölü Çökellerinin (Balıkesir) Ekolojik Risk Analizi. Doktora Tezi. Balıkesir. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.https://dspace.balikesir.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12462/10968
  • Gaudette, H., Flight., W, Toner, L., and Folger, D., (1974). An Inexpensive Titration Method For The Determination Of Organic Carbon İn Recent Sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research (44), 249-253.
  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975- 1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
  • Hoşgören, M.Y. (1994). Türkiye Gölleri. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 29, 19-51.
  • Kamar, G., (2018). Palynology of Lake Arin (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey) deposits and its relation with water level change of Lake Van: Preliminary Findings.Quaternary International,486, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.05.020.
  • Kaya, H., Erginal, G., Çakır, Ç., Gazioğlu, C., & Erginal, A., (2017) Ecological Risk Evaluatıon of Sediment Core Samples, Lake Tortum (Erzurum, NE Turkey) Using Environmental İndices. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijegeo/issue/31803/348826
  • Kırmızıgül, O. (2013). Gökçekaya Baraj Gölü Dip Sedimentinin Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. https://avesis.gazi.edu.tr/yonetilen-tez/589f30da-02b1-43ec-b654-68ad146e8c3e/
  • Kükrer, S. (2016). Tortum Gölü yüzey sedimentlerindeki metal birikiminin ekolojik indeksler yolu ile kapsamlı risk değerlendirmesi. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi, 4(12), 1185-1191. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311953621
  • Kükrer, S., Erginal, A. E., Şeker, S., & Karabıyıkoğlu, M., (2015). Distribution and environmental risk evaluation of heavy metal in core sediments from Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4685-1.
  • Kükrer, S., (2017). Pollution Source, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Elements İn Surface Sediments of Lake Aktaş, NE Turkey. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 7, 1629-1644.https:// doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1332953.
  • Kükrer, S., (2018). Vertical and Horizontal Distribution, Source İdentification, Ecological and Toxic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals İn Sediments of Lake Aygır, Kars, Turkey. Environmental Forensics, (19), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2018.1448905.
  • Kükrer, S., Çakır, Ç. Kaya, H., & Erginal, E. A., (2019). Historical Record of Metals in Lake Küçükçekmece and Lake Terkos (Istanbul, Turkey) Based on Anthropogenic İmpacts and Ecological Risk Assessment. Environmental Forensics, 4, 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1 080/15275922.2019.1657985.
  • Kükrer, S., Erginal A.E., Kılıç, Ş., Bay, Ö., Akarsu, T., Öztura, E., (2020). Ecological Risk Assessment of Surface Sediment of Çardak Lagoon Along a Human Disturbance Gradient. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192 (3599 https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10661-020-08336-9
  • Lahn, E., 1951. Bazı Türkiye Gölleri’nin Jeolojisi ve Jeomorfolojisi. MTA Dergisi. 41,71-83. Ankara. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-fire/43983
  • Meng, X., and Li, S., (1985) Study on Background Value of Soil Environment of The Jilin Province. Environ Science. (40), 70-91.
  • MacDonald. DD., Carr, RS., Calder, FD., Long, ER., Ingersoll, CG., (1996) Development and Evaluation of Sediment Quality Guidelines For Florida Coastal Waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253-278.
  • Müller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geochem, J., 2,108 -118.
  • Öztura, E. (2021), Trakya Bölgesindeki Seçilmiş Göllerde Antropojenik Kaynaklı Sediment Kirliliğinin Ekolojik Riskler Açısından Araştırılması (Küçük Çekmece Gölü, Durusu/Terkos Gölü, Gala Gölü, Mert Gölü), Doktora Tezi. Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü. https://avesis.comu.edu.tr/proje/b396078e-fd7e-4a6e-a3fa-eaed4ff7dd4d
  • Schlicting, E., &Blume, E., (1966). Bodenkundliches Practicum. Editor: Parey, VP Hamburg, 94.
  • Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed Sediment-associated Trace Metals in Urban Stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39, 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050473.
  • Şener, Ş. Ve Şener, E. (2015). Kovada Gölü (Isparta) Dip Sedimanlarında Ağır Metal Dağılımı ve Kirliliğin Değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 19 (2), 86-96. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sdufenbed/issue/20807/222299
  • Vrhovnik, P., Šmuc, N. R., Dolenec, T., Serafimovski, T., Dolenec, M. (2013). An evaluation of trace metal distribution and environmental risk in sediments from the Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia). Environmental Earth Sciences, 70,(2), 761–775. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12665-012-2166-1.
  • Zhang, G., Bai, J., Zhao, Q. (2016). Heavy Metals in Wetland Soils Along a Wetland-forming Chronose Quence in the Yellow River Delta of China: Levels, Sources and Toxic Risks. Ecological Indicators.
  • Zhang, X., Shyy, W., and Sastry, AM., (2007). Numerical Simulation of İntercalation- İnduced Stress İn Li-on Battery Electrote Particles. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 154(10),A910

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 40 - 47, 30.09.2023

Sümeyye Faydalgel Ahmet Evren Erginal

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1316284

Abstract

Project Number

SYL-2021-3802

References

  • Abrahim, G., & Parker, R., (2008). Assessment of Heavy Metal Enrichment Factors and the Degree of Contamination in Marine Sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136,227-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2.
  • Achary, M. S., Satpathy, K. K., Panigrahi, S., Mohanty, A. K., Padhi, R. K., Biswas, S., et al. 2017. Concentration of heavy metals in the food chain components of the nearshore coastal waters of Kalpakkam, southeast coast of India. Food Control 72:232–243.
  • Atabey, E. (2009). Arsenik ve Etkileri. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, https://www.nadirkitap.com/arsenikveetkileri-eşref-atabey-kitap22566924.html
  • Brady, J.P., Ayoko, G.A., Martens, W.N., & Goonetilleke, A. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x.
  • Çelik, M.A., Kopar, İ., Bayram, H. (2018). Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Mevsimlik Kuraklık Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(3), 1741-1761.
  • Fural, Ş. (2020). İkizcetepeler Baraj Gölü Çökellerinin (Balıkesir) Ekolojik Risk Analizi. Doktora Tezi. Balıkesir. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.https://dspace.balikesir.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12462/10968
  • Gaudette, H., Flight., W, Toner, L., and Folger, D., (1974). An Inexpensive Titration Method For The Determination Of Organic Carbon İn Recent Sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research (44), 249-253.
  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975- 1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
  • Hoşgören, M.Y. (1994). Türkiye Gölleri. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 29, 19-51.
  • Kamar, G., (2018). Palynology of Lake Arin (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey) deposits and its relation with water level change of Lake Van: Preliminary Findings.Quaternary International,486, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.05.020.
  • Kaya, H., Erginal, G., Çakır, Ç., Gazioğlu, C., & Erginal, A., (2017) Ecological Risk Evaluatıon of Sediment Core Samples, Lake Tortum (Erzurum, NE Turkey) Using Environmental İndices. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijegeo/issue/31803/348826
  • Kırmızıgül, O. (2013). Gökçekaya Baraj Gölü Dip Sedimentinin Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. https://avesis.gazi.edu.tr/yonetilen-tez/589f30da-02b1-43ec-b654-68ad146e8c3e/
  • Kükrer, S. (2016). Tortum Gölü yüzey sedimentlerindeki metal birikiminin ekolojik indeksler yolu ile kapsamlı risk değerlendirmesi. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji dergisi, 4(12), 1185-1191. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311953621
  • Kükrer, S., Erginal, A. E., Şeker, S., & Karabıyıkoğlu, M., (2015). Distribution and environmental risk evaluation of heavy metal in core sediments from Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4685-1.
  • Kükrer, S., (2017). Pollution Source, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Elements İn Surface Sediments of Lake Aktaş, NE Turkey. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 7, 1629-1644.https:// doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2017.1332953.
  • Kükrer, S., (2018). Vertical and Horizontal Distribution, Source İdentification, Ecological and Toxic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals İn Sediments of Lake Aygır, Kars, Turkey. Environmental Forensics, (19), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2018.1448905.
  • Kükrer, S., Çakır, Ç. Kaya, H., & Erginal, E. A., (2019). Historical Record of Metals in Lake Küçükçekmece and Lake Terkos (Istanbul, Turkey) Based on Anthropogenic İmpacts and Ecological Risk Assessment. Environmental Forensics, 4, 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1 080/15275922.2019.1657985.
  • Kükrer, S., Erginal A.E., Kılıç, Ş., Bay, Ö., Akarsu, T., Öztura, E., (2020). Ecological Risk Assessment of Surface Sediment of Çardak Lagoon Along a Human Disturbance Gradient. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192 (3599 https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10661-020-08336-9
  • Lahn, E., 1951. Bazı Türkiye Gölleri’nin Jeolojisi ve Jeomorfolojisi. MTA Dergisi. 41,71-83. Ankara. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-fire/43983
  • Meng, X., and Li, S., (1985) Study on Background Value of Soil Environment of The Jilin Province. Environ Science. (40), 70-91.
  • MacDonald. DD., Carr, RS., Calder, FD., Long, ER., Ingersoll, CG., (1996) Development and Evaluation of Sediment Quality Guidelines For Florida Coastal Waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253-278.
  • Müller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geochem, J., 2,108 -118.
  • Öztura, E. (2021), Trakya Bölgesindeki Seçilmiş Göllerde Antropojenik Kaynaklı Sediment Kirliliğinin Ekolojik Riskler Açısından Araştırılması (Küçük Çekmece Gölü, Durusu/Terkos Gölü, Gala Gölü, Mert Gölü), Doktora Tezi. Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü. https://avesis.comu.edu.tr/proje/b396078e-fd7e-4a6e-a3fa-eaed4ff7dd4d
  • Schlicting, E., &Blume, E., (1966). Bodenkundliches Practicum. Editor: Parey, VP Hamburg, 94.
  • Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed Sediment-associated Trace Metals in Urban Stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39, 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050473.
  • Şener, Ş. Ve Şener, E. (2015). Kovada Gölü (Isparta) Dip Sedimanlarında Ağır Metal Dağılımı ve Kirliliğin Değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 19 (2), 86-96. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sdufenbed/issue/20807/222299
  • Vrhovnik, P., Šmuc, N. R., Dolenec, T., Serafimovski, T., Dolenec, M. (2013). An evaluation of trace metal distribution and environmental risk in sediments from the Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia). Environmental Earth Sciences, 70,(2), 761–775. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12665-012-2166-1.
  • Zhang, G., Bai, J., Zhao, Q. (2016). Heavy Metals in Wetland Soils Along a Wetland-forming Chronose Quence in the Yellow River Delta of China: Levels, Sources and Toxic Risks. Ecological Indicators.
  • Zhang, X., Shyy, W., and Sastry, AM., (2007). Numerical Simulation of İntercalation- İnduced Stress İn Li-on Battery Electrote Particles. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 154(10),A910
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Glaciology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sümeyye Faydalgel 0000-0002-9292-2058

Ahmet Evren Erginal 0000-0002-3112-5258

Project Number SYL-2021-3802
Early Pub Date September 6, 2023
Publication Date September 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Faydalgel, S., & Erginal, A. E. (2023). Ecological Risk Analysis of Lake Arin Sediments (Bitlis, Türkiye). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(3), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1316284

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