Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 180 - 186, 15.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1300605

Abstract

References

  • Aspelund, A., Mølnvik, M. J., De Koeijer, G. (2006). Ship Transport of CO2. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 84(9), 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1205/cherd.5147
  • Atmaca, Ç., Sevimoğlu, O. (2020). Determination of City-Based Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Case Study of Kocaeli Province. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 1616–1627. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.669651
  • Bayırhan, İ., Mersin, K., Tokuşlu, A., Gazioğlu, C. (2019). Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 6(3), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.641397
  • Bilgili, L., Celebi, U. B. (2016). Emission Routing in Maritime Transportation (pp. 837–849). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30127-3_62
  • Chen, Z. S., Lam, J. S. L. (2022). Life cycle assessment of diesel and hydrogen power systems in tugboats. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 103, 103192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103192
  • Chu Van, T., Ramirez, J., Rainey, T., Ristovski, Z., Brown, R. J. (2019). Global impacts of recent IMO regulations on marine fuel oil refining processes and ship emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 70, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.04.001
  • Corbett, J. J., Winebrake, J. J., Green, E. H., Kasibhatla, P., Eyring, V., Lauer, A. (2007). Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(24), 8512–8518. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071686z
  • Deniz, C., Zincir, B. (2016). Environmental and economical assessment of alternative marine fuels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.089
  • Ekmekçioğlu, A., Kuzu, S. L., Ünlügençoğlu, K., Çelebi, U. B. (2020). Assessment of shipping emission factors through monitoring and modelling studies. The Science of the Total Environment, 743, 140742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140742
  • Entec UK. (2010). Entec UK Ship Emissions Inventory Final Report.
  • Equasis-Electronic Ship Qualty Shipping İnformation System. (2020). The World Merchant Fleet In 2020. European Commission. (2017a). Study on Differentiated Port Infrastructure Charges to Promote
  • Environmentally Friendly Maritime Transport Activities and Sustainable Transportation; Final Report. European Commission. (2017b). Study on Differentiated Port Infrastructure Charges to Promote
  • Environmentally Friendly Maritime Transport Activities and Sustainable Transportation. International Maritime Organization -IMO. (2020). How significant is the reduction in sulphur oxides emissions?
  • IMO. (2019, October). IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions.
  • IMO. (2020). Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020.
  • IPCC. (1996). the Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. WMO/UNEP. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • KEGM. (2016). İzmit VTS Service
  • Kiliç, A., Deniz, C. (2009). Inventory of shipping emissions in Izmit Gulf, Turkey. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 29(2), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10365
  • Kocaeli Liman Başkanlığı. (2022). İzmit Körfezi Liman İstatistikleri. https://kocaeliliman.uab.gov.tr
  • Kumar, B. A., Chandrasekar, M., Chelliah, T. R., Ramesh, U. S. (2018). Fuel Minimization in Diesel-Electric Tugboat Considering Flywheel Energy Storage System. 2018, IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC-AP.2018.8433279
  • Lebedevas, S., Norkevičius, L., Zhou, P. (2021). Investigation of effect on environmental performance of using lng as fuel for engines in seaport tugboats. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020123
  • Marinetraffic.com. (2021). Ship density map.
  • Mersin, K. (2020). Review of total emission of transit Ships in the Dardanelle which including possible CO2 emission of 1915 Canakkale Bridge. Thermal Science, 24(Suppl. 1), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI20S1391M
  • Mersin, K., Yıldırım, M. (2021). A New Formula for Calculation of Optimum Displacement and Its Effects. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 9(3):021-000. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.972152
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA. (2022). Fuel Regulation Reduced Air Pollution from Shipping.
  • Sofiev, M., Winebrake, J. J., Johansson, L., Carr, E. W., Prank, M., Soares, J., Vira, J., Kouznetsov, R., Jalkanen, J.-P., Corbett, J. J. (2018). Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs. Nature Communications, 9(1), 406. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9
  • ISO 8217 Bunker Standart, (2017). www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:8217:ed-6:v1:en
  • Tokuşlu, A. (2019). İstanbul Boğazın’da Gemi Kaynaklı Egzoz Emisyonlarının Modellenmesi.
  • Türk Loydu. (2023). Türk Loydu Newsletter. www.turkloydu.org
  • UAB- Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2022). 2021 Yılı Türk Boğazları Geçiş İstatistikleri. Limanlar Yönetmeliği, Port Tug Requirement List. The Official Gazette. (2012).
  • Ülker, D., Bayırhan, İ., Mersin, K., Gazioğlu, C. (2021). A comparative CO2 emissions analysis and mitigation strategies of short-sea shipping and road transport in the Marmara Region. Carbon Management, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1852853
  • UNCTAD. (2020). Challenges for international trade logistics United Nationals. (2023). Kyoto Protocol. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf United Nations. (1992). United Nations Framework
  • Wang, C., Corbett, J. J. (2007). The costs and benefits of reducing SO2 emissions from ships in the US West Coastal waters. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(8), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2007.08.003
  • Yılmaz, Ö. Bayram, O. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi döneminde Türkiye’de e-ticaret ve e-ihracat. Kayseri Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.51177/kayusosder.777097.

Role of Port Tugs in Ship-Borne Emissions: An Analysis in Izmit Bay-TURKIYE

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 180 - 186, 15.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1300605

Abstract

Thanks to the awareness created by the concrete effects of global warming and climatic irregularities, concepts such as carbon emissions, polluting gases, internal combustion engines, energy efficiency are gaining more and more importance in our lives globally. In this context, the maritime sector, which provides the transfer of 90% of global trade, has become the center of attention with its ships boasting huge machinery and has also been a subject of exhaust emission studies. The fact that approximately 70% of ship emissions occur in coastal areas requires more scrutiny of ships operating in these areas. Providing docking and departing services for ports, having small hull sizes compared to other ships but featuring big machinery in terms of power output (kW), port tugboats are a serious source of emissions. As a first in this literature, the present study aimed to make a 3-month emission inventory of port tugs in Izmit Bay, where Turkey’s largest shipping activities take place, and to compare it with emission studies for other ships. In the study period, port tugs’ emissions of CO2, NOX, SOX, VOC, PM, CO were calculated to be 7,398.88 tonnes, 121.09 tonnes, 66.43 tonnes, 2.13 tonnes, 4.27 tonnes, and 5.77 tonnes, respectively. This suggests that port tugs have a significant place among ship types in terms of producing exhaust emissions.

References

  • Aspelund, A., Mølnvik, M. J., De Koeijer, G. (2006). Ship Transport of CO2. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 84(9), 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1205/cherd.5147
  • Atmaca, Ç., Sevimoğlu, O. (2020). Determination of City-Based Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Case Study of Kocaeli Province. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 1616–1627. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.669651
  • Bayırhan, İ., Mersin, K., Tokuşlu, A., Gazioğlu, C. (2019). Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 6(3), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.641397
  • Bilgili, L., Celebi, U. B. (2016). Emission Routing in Maritime Transportation (pp. 837–849). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30127-3_62
  • Chen, Z. S., Lam, J. S. L. (2022). Life cycle assessment of diesel and hydrogen power systems in tugboats. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 103, 103192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103192
  • Chu Van, T., Ramirez, J., Rainey, T., Ristovski, Z., Brown, R. J. (2019). Global impacts of recent IMO regulations on marine fuel oil refining processes and ship emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 70, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.04.001
  • Corbett, J. J., Winebrake, J. J., Green, E. H., Kasibhatla, P., Eyring, V., Lauer, A. (2007). Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(24), 8512–8518. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071686z
  • Deniz, C., Zincir, B. (2016). Environmental and economical assessment of alternative marine fuels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.089
  • Ekmekçioğlu, A., Kuzu, S. L., Ünlügençoğlu, K., Çelebi, U. B. (2020). Assessment of shipping emission factors through monitoring and modelling studies. The Science of the Total Environment, 743, 140742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140742
  • Entec UK. (2010). Entec UK Ship Emissions Inventory Final Report.
  • Equasis-Electronic Ship Qualty Shipping İnformation System. (2020). The World Merchant Fleet In 2020. European Commission. (2017a). Study on Differentiated Port Infrastructure Charges to Promote
  • Environmentally Friendly Maritime Transport Activities and Sustainable Transportation; Final Report. European Commission. (2017b). Study on Differentiated Port Infrastructure Charges to Promote
  • Environmentally Friendly Maritime Transport Activities and Sustainable Transportation. International Maritime Organization -IMO. (2020). How significant is the reduction in sulphur oxides emissions?
  • IMO. (2019, October). IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions.
  • IMO. (2020). Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020.
  • IPCC. (1996). the Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. WMO/UNEP. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • KEGM. (2016). İzmit VTS Service
  • Kiliç, A., Deniz, C. (2009). Inventory of shipping emissions in Izmit Gulf, Turkey. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 29(2), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10365
  • Kocaeli Liman Başkanlığı. (2022). İzmit Körfezi Liman İstatistikleri. https://kocaeliliman.uab.gov.tr
  • Kumar, B. A., Chandrasekar, M., Chelliah, T. R., Ramesh, U. S. (2018). Fuel Minimization in Diesel-Electric Tugboat Considering Flywheel Energy Storage System. 2018, IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC-AP.2018.8433279
  • Lebedevas, S., Norkevičius, L., Zhou, P. (2021). Investigation of effect on environmental performance of using lng as fuel for engines in seaport tugboats. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020123
  • Marinetraffic.com. (2021). Ship density map.
  • Mersin, K. (2020). Review of total emission of transit Ships in the Dardanelle which including possible CO2 emission of 1915 Canakkale Bridge. Thermal Science, 24(Suppl. 1), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI20S1391M
  • Mersin, K., Yıldırım, M. (2021). A New Formula for Calculation of Optimum Displacement and Its Effects. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 9(3):021-000. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.972152
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA. (2022). Fuel Regulation Reduced Air Pollution from Shipping.
  • Sofiev, M., Winebrake, J. J., Johansson, L., Carr, E. W., Prank, M., Soares, J., Vira, J., Kouznetsov, R., Jalkanen, J.-P., Corbett, J. J. (2018). Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs. Nature Communications, 9(1), 406. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9
  • ISO 8217 Bunker Standart, (2017). www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:8217:ed-6:v1:en
  • Tokuşlu, A. (2019). İstanbul Boğazın’da Gemi Kaynaklı Egzoz Emisyonlarının Modellenmesi.
  • Türk Loydu. (2023). Türk Loydu Newsletter. www.turkloydu.org
  • UAB- Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2022). 2021 Yılı Türk Boğazları Geçiş İstatistikleri. Limanlar Yönetmeliği, Port Tug Requirement List. The Official Gazette. (2012).
  • Ülker, D., Bayırhan, İ., Mersin, K., Gazioğlu, C. (2021). A comparative CO2 emissions analysis and mitigation strategies of short-sea shipping and road transport in the Marmara Region. Carbon Management, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1852853
  • UNCTAD. (2020). Challenges for international trade logistics United Nationals. (2023). Kyoto Protocol. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf United Nations. (1992). United Nations Framework
  • Wang, C., Corbett, J. J. (2007). The costs and benefits of reducing SO2 emissions from ships in the US West Coastal waters. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(8), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2007.08.003
  • Yılmaz, Ö. Bayram, O. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemi döneminde Türkiye’de e-ticaret ve e-ihracat. Kayseri Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.51177/kayusosder.777097.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Sciences, Engineering, Oceanography
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Orhan Ergüven 0009-0005-4018-4638

İrşad Bayırhan 0000-0001-9404-399X

Cengiz Deniz 0000-0001-9702-4583

Cem Gazioğlu 0000-0002-2083-4008

Publication Date June 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ergüven, O., Bayırhan, İ., Deniz, C., Gazioğlu, C. (2023). Role of Port Tugs in Ship-Borne Emissions: An Analysis in Izmit Bay-TURKIYE. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(2), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1300605