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Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 10, 06.03.2022

İlterişhan Çağrı Kolçak Oktay Çetin Murat Saka

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.957262
Cited By: 2

Abstract

References

  • ACIA (2004). Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • AMAP (2017). Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • AMAP. (2019). AMAP Climate Change Update 2019: An Update to Key Findings of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • Arctic Council, (2009). Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Report. Retrieved (01.04.2021) from https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/54
  • Arctic Council (2017). Regional Waste Management Strategies for Arctic Shipping; Regional Reception Facilities Plan (RRFP).
  • Arctic Council, (2021). Retrieved (15.04.2021) from https://arctic-council.org/en/about/working-groups/
  • Arctic Council, (2021). Retrieved (15.04.2021) from https://arctic-council.org/en/about/states/
  • Australian Antarctic Program, (2019). Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol). Retrieved (20.06.2021) from https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/the-madrid-protocol/
  • Ballini, F., & Bozzo, R., (2015). Air pollution from ships in ports: The socio-economic benefit of cold-ironing technology. Transportation Business & Management, 17, 92-98.
  • Bayırhan, İ., & Gazioğlu, C., (2021). New Maritime Trade Routes in the Arctic Region: one of the Strongest Alternative to the Suez Canal. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(3), 397-401.
  • Biresselioğlu, M.E., Demir, M.H., Solak, B., Kayacan, A., Altıncı, Ş., 2020. Investigating the trends in Arctic research: The increasing role of social sciences and humanities. Science of The Total Environment, 729, 139027
  • Björk, G., Stranne, C., & Borenäs, K. (2013). The sensitivity of the Arctic Ocean sea ice thickness and its dependence on the surface albedo parameterization. Journal of climate, 26(4), 1355-1370.
  • Butt, N., 2007. The impact of cruise ship generated waste on home ports and ports of call: A study of Southampton. Marine Policy, 31 (5), 591-598
  • Bystrowska, M., & Dawson, J. (2017). Making places: The role of Arctic cruise operators in creating tourism destinations. Polar Geography, 40(3), 208-226.
  • Ćelić, J., Valčić, S., & Bistrović, M. (2014, September). Air pollution from cruise ships. In Proceedings Elmar-2014 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Coccia, M. (2018). The Fishbone diagram to identify, systematize and analyze the sources of general purpose Technologies. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(4), 291-303.
  • Comer, B., (2019), Transitioning away from heavy fuel oil in Arctic shipping. International Council on Clean Transportation working paper, 2019-03.
  • Commoy, J., Polytika, C., Nadel, R., Bulkley, J.W., (2005). The environmental impact of cruise ships. Proceedings of the World Water Congress: Impacts of Global Climate Change.
  • Condino, D. (2015). Ship generated waste in the Arctic: marine debris, MARPOL & the Polar Code.
  • Copeland, C. (2008). Cruise ship pollution: Background, laws and regulations, and key issues. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Cruise Industry News, (2020). 2020 Expedition Market Report. Retrieved (05.04.2021) from https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/store/product/digital-reports/2020-expedition-market-report/
  • CLIA, (2019). Cruise Trends & Industry Outlook. Retrieved (01.04.2021) from https://cruising.org/-/media/eu-resources/pdfs/CLIA%202019-Cruise-Trends--Industry-Outlook
  • CLIA, (2020). 2019 Global Market Report. Retrieved (21.06.2021) from https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/2019-year-end/updated/2019-global-market-report.ashx
  • CLIA, (2021). 2020 Global Market Report. Retrieved (21.06.2021) from https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/clia-one-resource-passenger-reports/clia-global-passenger-report--2020.ashx
  • Çetin, O., & Büyüksağnak, Y. B. (2021). Turkey's Interest in the Arctic Region: the Possible Effects of being a Party to the Svalbard Treaty. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(3), 350-358.
  • da Silva, A. L. R. (2021). An overview about the impact of COVID-19 in the cruise industry and some considerations about its impact in florida. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 100391.
  • Dawson, J., Johnston, M., Stewart, E., 2014. Governance of Arctic expedition cruise ships in a time of rapid environmental and economic change. Ocean & Coastal Management, 89, 88-99.
  • Dawson, J., Johnston, M., Stewart, E., 2017. The unintended consequences of regulatory complexity: The case of cruise tourism in Arctic Canada. Marine Policy, 76, 71
  • Dragović, B., Tzannatos, E., Tselentis, V., Meštrović, R., & Škurić, M. (2018). Ship emissions and their externalities in cruise ports. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 289-300.
  • Eckhardt, S., Hermansen, O., Grythe, H., Fiebig, M., Stebel, K., Cassiani, M., Baecklund, A., and Stohl, A., (2013) The influence of cruise ship emissions on air pollution in Svalbard – a harbinger of a more polluted Arctic?. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 8401–8409
  • Economics (2021). Say’s Law, Retrieved (16th May 2021) from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/says-law/
  • Howitt, O. J., Revol, V. G., Smith, I. J., & Rodger, C. J. (2010). Carbon emissions from international cruise ship passengers’ travel to and from New Zealand. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2552-2560.
  • IMO, (2002). Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-covered Waters. Retrieved (09.04.2021) from https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/gcil_1056-MEPC-Circ399.pdf
  • IMO, (2005). Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas. Retrieved (10.04.2021) from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf
  • IMO, (2007). Guidelines on Voyage Planning for Passenger Ships Operating in Remote Areas. Retrieved (09.04.2021) from https://imorules.com/IMORES_A999.25.html
  • IMO, (2017). The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), Retrieved (10.04.2021) from https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx
  • IMO, (2019). Shipping in polar waters. Retrieved (10.04.2021) from https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx International Maritime Rescue Federation, (2019). General Guidance on Remote Areas and other special cases. Retrieved (16.04.2021) from https://www.international-maritime-rescue.org/chapter-12-general-guidance-on-remote-areas-and-other-special-cases
  • Ishikawa, K. (1990). Introduction to quality control. Productivity Press.
  • Johnson, L. S. (2008). US Environmental Protection Agency Cruise Ship Discharge Assessment Report (No. EPA842-R-07-005).
  • Kankaanpää, P., & Young, O.R., (2012). The effectiveness of the Arctic Council. Polar Research, 31 (1), 17176.
  • Kolçak, İ. Ç., & Solmaz, M. S. (2018). Review of cruise tourism in the world and in Turkey, global trends and local factors affecting cruise tourism in Turkey. Uluslararası Turizm, Ekonomi ve İşletme Bilimleri Dergisi (IJTEBS) E-ISSN: 2602-4411, 2(2), 113-121.
  • Meng, Q., Zhang, Y., Xu, M., 2016. Viability of transarctic shipping routes: a literature review from the navigational and commercial perspectives. Maritime Policy Management, 44 (1), 1–26.
  • Morgan, P., & Power, L. (2011). 20 Cruise Tourism and the Cruise Industry. Research Themes for Tourism, 276.
  • Murena, F., Mocerino, L., Quaranta, F., & Toscano, D. (2018). Impact on air quality of cruise ship emissions in Naples, Italy. Atmospheric Environment, 187, 70-83.
  • Nikel, D., (2019). As Arctic Cruise Tourism Booms, Are The Risks Worth It?. Retrieved (04.04.2021) from https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnikel/2019/06/30/as-arctic-cruise-tourism-booms-are-the-risks-worth-it/
  • Nilsson, A. E. (2012). Knowing the Arctic: The Arctic Council as a cognitive forerunner.
  • Nyman, E., Galvao, C. B., Mileski, J., & Tiller, R. (2020). The Svalbard archipelago: an exploratory analysis of port investment in the context of the new arctic routes. Maritime Studies, 19(1), 1-13.
  • PAME, (2020). Heavy Fuel Oil Use by Ships in the Arctic 2019. Retrieved (07.04.2021) from https://pame.is/projects/arctic-marine-shipping/arctic-shipping-status-reports/749-arctic-shipping-report-2-heavy-fuel-oil-hfo-use-by-ships-in-the-arctic-2019/file
  • Peručić, D. (2020, April). Analysis of the world cruise industry. In DIEM: Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 89-100). Sveučilište u Dubrovniku.
  • Poplawski, K., Setton, E., McEwen, B., Hrebenyk, D., Graham, M., & Keller, P. (2011). Impact of cruise ship emissions in Victoria, BC, Canada. Atmospheric Environment, 45 (4), 824-833.
  • Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, (2021). The Antarctic Treaty System. Retrieved (22.06.2021) from https://www.scar.org/policy/antarctic-treaty-system/
  • Simonsen, M., Gössling, S., Walnum, H.J., (2019). Cruise ship emissions in Norwegian water: A geographical analysis. Transport Geography, 78, 87-97.
  • Statista, (2020). Estimated passenger capacity of expedition cruise ships worldwide from 2018 to 2027. Retrieved (07.04.2021) from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1119442/expedition-cruise-market-global-capacity/
  • Sydnes, A. K., Sydnes, M., & Antonsen, Y. (2017). International cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic. Arctic Review, 8.
  • The Research Council of Norway (RCN) (2019). Ny-Ålesund Research Station Research Strategy.
  • Theocharis, D., Pettit, S., Rodrigues, V.S., Haider, J., 2018. Arctic shipping: A systematic literature review of comparative studies. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 112-128
  • Transport & Environment, (2018). Cost analysis of Arctic HFO ban for cruise shipping. Retrieved (01.05.2021) from https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2018_10_Cost_analysis_Arctic_HFO_ban_Cruise_shipping_final.pdf
  • Transport & Environment, (2019). Luxury cruise giant emits 10 times more air pollution than all of Europe’s cars. Retrieved (01.05.2021) from https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/luxury-cruise-giant-emits-10-times-more-air-pollution-sox-all-europe’s-cars-–-study
  • Travelmarket, (2020). Expedition Cruise Outlook. Retrieved (05.04.2021) from https://www.travelmarketreport.com/library/tmr/TMRExpeditionOutlook2020/index.html?page=1
  • UNCTAD, (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020. Retrieved (20.06.2021) from https://unctad.org/webflyer/review-maritime-transport-2020 US Department of Transporattion, (2017). Summary of Cruise Ship Waste Streams. Retrieved (04.05.2021) from https://www.bts.dot.gov/bts/bts/archive/publications/maritime_trade_and_transportation/2002/environmental_issues_table_01

Environmental Impact of Cruise Shipping in Arctic Region

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 10, 06.03.2022

İlterişhan Çağrı Kolçak Oktay Çetin Murat Saka

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.957262
Cited By: 2

Abstract

The Arctic region has been gaining importance rapidly in recent years. Many parties and industries started to benefit from the region in different aspects. Gradually melting of glaciers and ice sheets due to global warming facilitated the growth of cruise tourism to be one of these aspects. The number of cruise ships and passengers in the Arctic has been increasing in the last decade, like growth in cruise industry globally. On the other hand, as the activities in the region increased, the possibility of environmental pollution that could occur in the region increased. The fact that the region has a sensitive and yet not fully explored ecosystem makes this environmental pollution potential even more important. In this paper, the impact of cruise tourism on environmental pollution in the Arctic region has been studied. Several factors were identified by reviewing the literature, reports, statistics, and legislation. These factors were clustered under main categories and possible impacts of each factor were discussed. Use of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) by cruise ships, amount of energy to operate cruise ships, waste generated onboard cruise ships and lack of infrastructure in the Arctic region were found as factors that have a crucial impact on the Arctic ecosystem.

Keywords

Arctic Region Environmental Pollution Cruise Ships Cruise Tourism Maritime Management

References

  • ACIA (2004). Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • AMAP (2017). Snow, Water, Ice, and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • AMAP. (2019). AMAP Climate Change Update 2019: An Update to Key Findings of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo, Norway, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
  • Arctic Council, (2009). Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Report. Retrieved (01.04.2021) from https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/54
  • Arctic Council (2017). Regional Waste Management Strategies for Arctic Shipping; Regional Reception Facilities Plan (RRFP).
  • Arctic Council, (2021). Retrieved (15.04.2021) from https://arctic-council.org/en/about/working-groups/
  • Arctic Council, (2021). Retrieved (15.04.2021) from https://arctic-council.org/en/about/states/
  • Australian Antarctic Program, (2019). Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol). Retrieved (20.06.2021) from https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/the-madrid-protocol/
  • Ballini, F., & Bozzo, R., (2015). Air pollution from ships in ports: The socio-economic benefit of cold-ironing technology. Transportation Business & Management, 17, 92-98.
  • Bayırhan, İ., & Gazioğlu, C., (2021). New Maritime Trade Routes in the Arctic Region: one of the Strongest Alternative to the Suez Canal. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(3), 397-401.
  • Biresselioğlu, M.E., Demir, M.H., Solak, B., Kayacan, A., Altıncı, Ş., 2020. Investigating the trends in Arctic research: The increasing role of social sciences and humanities. Science of The Total Environment, 729, 139027
  • Björk, G., Stranne, C., & Borenäs, K. (2013). The sensitivity of the Arctic Ocean sea ice thickness and its dependence on the surface albedo parameterization. Journal of climate, 26(4), 1355-1370.
  • Butt, N., 2007. The impact of cruise ship generated waste on home ports and ports of call: A study of Southampton. Marine Policy, 31 (5), 591-598
  • Bystrowska, M., & Dawson, J. (2017). Making places: The role of Arctic cruise operators in creating tourism destinations. Polar Geography, 40(3), 208-226.
  • Ćelić, J., Valčić, S., & Bistrović, M. (2014, September). Air pollution from cruise ships. In Proceedings Elmar-2014 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Coccia, M. (2018). The Fishbone diagram to identify, systematize and analyze the sources of general purpose Technologies. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(4), 291-303.
  • Comer, B., (2019), Transitioning away from heavy fuel oil in Arctic shipping. International Council on Clean Transportation working paper, 2019-03.
  • Commoy, J., Polytika, C., Nadel, R., Bulkley, J.W., (2005). The environmental impact of cruise ships. Proceedings of the World Water Congress: Impacts of Global Climate Change.
  • Condino, D. (2015). Ship generated waste in the Arctic: marine debris, MARPOL & the Polar Code.
  • Copeland, C. (2008). Cruise ship pollution: Background, laws and regulations, and key issues. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Cruise Industry News, (2020). 2020 Expedition Market Report. Retrieved (05.04.2021) from https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/store/product/digital-reports/2020-expedition-market-report/
  • CLIA, (2019). Cruise Trends & Industry Outlook. Retrieved (01.04.2021) from https://cruising.org/-/media/eu-resources/pdfs/CLIA%202019-Cruise-Trends--Industry-Outlook
  • CLIA, (2020). 2019 Global Market Report. Retrieved (21.06.2021) from https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/2019-year-end/updated/2019-global-market-report.ashx
  • CLIA, (2021). 2020 Global Market Report. Retrieved (21.06.2021) from https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/clia-one-resource-passenger-reports/clia-global-passenger-report--2020.ashx
  • Çetin, O., & Büyüksağnak, Y. B. (2021). Turkey's Interest in the Arctic Region: the Possible Effects of being a Party to the Svalbard Treaty. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(3), 350-358.
  • da Silva, A. L. R. (2021). An overview about the impact of COVID-19 in the cruise industry and some considerations about its impact in florida. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 100391.
  • Dawson, J., Johnston, M., Stewart, E., 2014. Governance of Arctic expedition cruise ships in a time of rapid environmental and economic change. Ocean & Coastal Management, 89, 88-99.
  • Dawson, J., Johnston, M., Stewart, E., 2017. The unintended consequences of regulatory complexity: The case of cruise tourism in Arctic Canada. Marine Policy, 76, 71
  • Dragović, B., Tzannatos, E., Tselentis, V., Meštrović, R., & Škurić, M. (2018). Ship emissions and their externalities in cruise ports. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 289-300.
  • Eckhardt, S., Hermansen, O., Grythe, H., Fiebig, M., Stebel, K., Cassiani, M., Baecklund, A., and Stohl, A., (2013) The influence of cruise ship emissions on air pollution in Svalbard – a harbinger of a more polluted Arctic?. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 8401–8409
  • Economics (2021). Say’s Law, Retrieved (16th May 2021) from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/says-law/
  • Howitt, O. J., Revol, V. G., Smith, I. J., & Rodger, C. J. (2010). Carbon emissions from international cruise ship passengers’ travel to and from New Zealand. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2552-2560.
  • IMO, (2002). Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-covered Waters. Retrieved (09.04.2021) from https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/gcil_1056-MEPC-Circ399.pdf
  • IMO, (2005). Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas. Retrieved (10.04.2021) from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/A24-Res.982.pdf
  • IMO, (2007). Guidelines on Voyage Planning for Passenger Ships Operating in Remote Areas. Retrieved (09.04.2021) from https://imorules.com/IMORES_A999.25.html
  • IMO, (2017). The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), Retrieved (10.04.2021) from https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx
  • IMO, (2019). Shipping in polar waters. Retrieved (10.04.2021) from https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Polar-default.aspx International Maritime Rescue Federation, (2019). General Guidance on Remote Areas and other special cases. Retrieved (16.04.2021) from https://www.international-maritime-rescue.org/chapter-12-general-guidance-on-remote-areas-and-other-special-cases
  • Ishikawa, K. (1990). Introduction to quality control. Productivity Press.
  • Johnson, L. S. (2008). US Environmental Protection Agency Cruise Ship Discharge Assessment Report (No. EPA842-R-07-005).
  • Kankaanpää, P., & Young, O.R., (2012). The effectiveness of the Arctic Council. Polar Research, 31 (1), 17176.
  • Kolçak, İ. Ç., & Solmaz, M. S. (2018). Review of cruise tourism in the world and in Turkey, global trends and local factors affecting cruise tourism in Turkey. Uluslararası Turizm, Ekonomi ve İşletme Bilimleri Dergisi (IJTEBS) E-ISSN: 2602-4411, 2(2), 113-121.
  • Meng, Q., Zhang, Y., Xu, M., 2016. Viability of transarctic shipping routes: a literature review from the navigational and commercial perspectives. Maritime Policy Management, 44 (1), 1–26.
  • Morgan, P., & Power, L. (2011). 20 Cruise Tourism and the Cruise Industry. Research Themes for Tourism, 276.
  • Murena, F., Mocerino, L., Quaranta, F., & Toscano, D. (2018). Impact on air quality of cruise ship emissions in Naples, Italy. Atmospheric Environment, 187, 70-83.
  • Nikel, D., (2019). As Arctic Cruise Tourism Booms, Are The Risks Worth It?. Retrieved (04.04.2021) from https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnikel/2019/06/30/as-arctic-cruise-tourism-booms-are-the-risks-worth-it/
  • Nilsson, A. E. (2012). Knowing the Arctic: The Arctic Council as a cognitive forerunner.
  • Nyman, E., Galvao, C. B., Mileski, J., & Tiller, R. (2020). The Svalbard archipelago: an exploratory analysis of port investment in the context of the new arctic routes. Maritime Studies, 19(1), 1-13.
  • PAME, (2020). Heavy Fuel Oil Use by Ships in the Arctic 2019. Retrieved (07.04.2021) from https://pame.is/projects/arctic-marine-shipping/arctic-shipping-status-reports/749-arctic-shipping-report-2-heavy-fuel-oil-hfo-use-by-ships-in-the-arctic-2019/file
  • Peručić, D. (2020, April). Analysis of the world cruise industry. In DIEM: Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 89-100). Sveučilište u Dubrovniku.
  • Poplawski, K., Setton, E., McEwen, B., Hrebenyk, D., Graham, M., & Keller, P. (2011). Impact of cruise ship emissions in Victoria, BC, Canada. Atmospheric Environment, 45 (4), 824-833.
  • Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, (2021). The Antarctic Treaty System. Retrieved (22.06.2021) from https://www.scar.org/policy/antarctic-treaty-system/
  • Simonsen, M., Gössling, S., Walnum, H.J., (2019). Cruise ship emissions in Norwegian water: A geographical analysis. Transport Geography, 78, 87-97.
  • Statista, (2020). Estimated passenger capacity of expedition cruise ships worldwide from 2018 to 2027. Retrieved (07.04.2021) from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1119442/expedition-cruise-market-global-capacity/
  • Sydnes, A. K., Sydnes, M., & Antonsen, Y. (2017). International cooperation on search and rescue in the Arctic. Arctic Review, 8.
  • The Research Council of Norway (RCN) (2019). Ny-Ålesund Research Station Research Strategy.
  • Theocharis, D., Pettit, S., Rodrigues, V.S., Haider, J., 2018. Arctic shipping: A systematic literature review of comparative studies. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 112-128
  • Transport & Environment, (2018). Cost analysis of Arctic HFO ban for cruise shipping. Retrieved (01.05.2021) from https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2018_10_Cost_analysis_Arctic_HFO_ban_Cruise_shipping_final.pdf
  • Transport & Environment, (2019). Luxury cruise giant emits 10 times more air pollution than all of Europe’s cars. Retrieved (01.05.2021) from https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/luxury-cruise-giant-emits-10-times-more-air-pollution-sox-all-europe’s-cars-–-study
  • Travelmarket, (2020). Expedition Cruise Outlook. Retrieved (05.04.2021) from https://www.travelmarketreport.com/library/tmr/TMRExpeditionOutlook2020/index.html?page=1
  • UNCTAD, (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020. Retrieved (20.06.2021) from https://unctad.org/webflyer/review-maritime-transport-2020 US Department of Transporattion, (2017). Summary of Cruise Ship Waste Streams. Retrieved (04.05.2021) from https://www.bts.dot.gov/bts/bts/archive/publications/maritime_trade_and_transportation/2002/environmental_issues_table_01
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Sciences, Oceanography
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İlterişhan Çağrı Kolçak 0000-0002-1686-3068

Oktay Çetin 0000-0002-5899-8921

Murat Saka 0000-0002-8637-0736

Publication Date March 6, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kolçak, İ. Ç., Çetin, O., & Saka, M. (2022). Environmental Impact of Cruise Shipping in Arctic Region. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.957262

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https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101902

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