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A Review on Heavy Metal Levels in Sea Cucumbers

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 252 - 264, 06.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.734402

Abstract

Heavy metals can remain in the marine ecosystems for a long time, they may affect biota in the food chain as a result. Sometimes the existence of xenobiotics causes so great a alter in the ecosystem that a return to earlier, natural conditions is not viable. Human pressure on the sea’s resources is increasing, it affects the health of many organisms, leading to changes in the food chains and influencing accumulation in the tissues of biota. Sea cucumbers are being used for heavy metal pollution studies. They are preferred with their many features such as easy collection from the land, feeding with organic matter, contact with sediment, maintenance in laboratories, obtaining sufficient tissue, consuming some species. This review covers heavy metal studies with sea cucumbers in different seas. The results are compared with each other. In addition, the evaluation of the consumed sea cucumber species in terms of human health has been discussed.

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References

  • Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q.M. (2014). Abundance and Distribution of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) with Emphasis on Heavy Metals Accumulation in Organism and Its Habitat. Project: Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, (Grant No. IPFP/HRD/HEC/1688). Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q. M., & Bat, L. (2017). Assessment of heavy metals concentration in Holothurians, sediments and water samples from coastal areas of Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 5(5), 191-201.
  • Ahmed, Q., Poot-Salazar, A., Ali, Q.M., Bat, L. (2018a). Seasonal variation in the length-weight relationships and condition factor of four commercially important sea cucumbers species from Karachi coast- Northern Arabian Sea. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 3(3), 265-281.
  • Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q.M., Mazlan, N., Bat, L. (2018b). First record of a-sexual reproduction by fission in Holothuria (lessonothuria) verrucosa (Selenka, 1867) from coastal waters of Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 5(1), 29-36.
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L., & Ali, Q. M. (2018c). Analysis of mercury (Hg) in four Holothurians species (Phylum-Echinodermata) from Karachi coast-northern Arabian Sea. Aquatic Research, 1(2), 55-63.
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L., & Ali, Q. M. (2019). Determination of mercury (Hg) in two sea cucumber species Ohshimella ehrenbergii (Selenka, 1868) and Stolus buccalis (Stimpson, 1855) from the Karachi coast. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 28(1), 55-62.
  • Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q.M. (2020). Holothurians from Pakistan: New addition of Holothuria (Theelothuria) notabilis (Ludwig, 1875) and rediscovery of Actinocucumis typica (Ludwig, 1875) from the Karachi coast, northern Arabian Sea. Beche-De-Mer information bulletin, 40, 40-42.
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L. (2020). Assessment of Hg in Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) from Karachi coasts, Pakistan. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 23,(0): xxx-xxx. DOI: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.715683.
  • Al-Najjar, T., Alshabi, M., Wahsha, M., Abu-Hilal, A. (2018). Trace Metals Concentratıon of Sea Cucumber (Actınophyga bannwarthii and Holothurıa impatıens) from the Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba. Fresenıus Envıronmental Bulletın, 27(5 A), 3740-3745.
  • Anonymous (2020a). http://www.marinespecies.org/ accessed 08.04.2020
  • Anonymous (2020b). https://www.sealifebase.se accessed 08.04.2020
  • Aydın, M. (2008). The commercial sea cucumber fishery in Turkey. SPC Beche de Mer Information Bulletin Issue 28 – October 20.
  • Bat, L., Öztekin, A., Şahin, F., Arıcı, E., Özsandıkçı, U. (2018). An overview of the Black Sea pollution in Turkey. MedFAR., 1(2): 67-86.
  • Bat, L., Arıcı, E. (2018). Chapter 5. Heavy Metal Levels in Fish, Molluscs, and Crustacea From Turkish Seas and Potential Risk of Human Health. In: Holban AM, Grumezescu AM. (Eds.) Handbook of Food Bioengineering, Volume 13, Food Quality: Balancing Health and Disease (pp. 159-196), Elsevier, Academic Press.
  • Bat, L., Özkan, E. Y. (2019). Heavy Metal Levels in Sediment of the Turkish Black Sea Coast. In I. Management Association (Ed.), Oceanography and Coastal Informatics: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 86-107). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7308-1.ch004
  • Bordbar, S., Anwar, F., Saari, N. (2011). High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review. Mar. Drugs, 9, 1761-1805; doi:10.3390/md9101761.
  • Bryan, G.W. (1976). Some aspects of heavy metal tolerance in aquatic organisms. In: Lockwood (Ed.), Effects of Pollutants on Aquatic organisms (pp. 7-34) A.P.M. Cambridge University Press.
  • Conand, C., Purcell, S., Gamboa, R. (2013). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T180530A1644059. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180530A1644059.en. Downloaded on 08 April 2020.
  • Denton, G. R., Concepcion, L. P., Wood, H. R., Eflin, V. S., Pangelinan, G. T. (1999). Heavy metals, PCBs and PAHs in marine organisms from four harbor locations on Guam. Water and Environmental Research Institute of the Western Pacific, University of Guam.
  • Du, H., Bao, Z., Hou, R., Wang, S., Su, H., et al. (2012). Transcriptome Sequencing and Characterization for the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867). PLoS ONE, 7(3), e33311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033311
  • Farrington, J.W., Davis, A.C., Tripp, B.W., Phelps, D.K., Galloway, W.B. (1987). Mussel Watch-Measurements of Chemical Pollutants in Bivalves as One Indicator of Coastal Environmental Quality. T.P. Boyle, (Ed.), New Approaches to Monitoring Aquatic Ecosystems (pp. 125-139), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
  • Fretes, C. C., Kakisina, P., Rumahlatu, D. (2020). Concentration of Heavy Metal Hg, Au, and Fe in Sediments, Water, and Tissue Damage of Golden Sea Cucumber Stichopus herrmanni (Semper, 1868)(Holothuroidea; Stichopodidae) in Kayeli Bay, Indonesia. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 16(1), 113-123.
  • Gao, F., Tan, J., Sun, H., Yan, J. (2014). Bacterial diversity of gut content in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and its habitat surface sediment. Journal of Ocean University of China, 13(2), 303-310.
  • Haider, M.S., Sultana, R., Jamil, K., Lakhte, Z., Tarar, O.M., Shirin, K., et al. (2015). A study on proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid profile and some mineral contents in two species of sea cucumber. J Anim. Plant. Sci., 25(1), 168-75.
  • Hashmi, M. I., Thilakar, R., bin Syed Hussein, M. A., Hoque, Z. (2014). Determination of seven heavy metals in eight species of Sea Cucumbers. Sci Int, 26(1), 261-262.
  • Higgins, M. (2000). Sea cucumbers in a deep pickle. Environmental News Network, 30.
  • Isgören-Emiroglu, D., Günay, D. (2007). The Effect of Sea Cucumber Holothuria tubulosa(G., 1788) on Nutrient and Sediment of Aegean Sea Shores. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(4), 586-589.
  • Ismail, H., Punithamalar, A., Sakian, NIM, & Hashim, R. (2004). Heavy Metal Concentration in Body Walls of Malaysian Sea Cucumbers. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences), 2(1), 75-79.
  • Jiang, H., Tang, S., Qin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Bai, S., Mou, Z. (2015). Heavy metals in sea cucumber juveniles from coastal areas of Bohai and Yellow Seas, North China. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 94(5), 577-582.
  • Jinadasa, B. K., Samanthi, R. I., Wicramsinghe, I. (2014). Trace metal accumulation in tissue of sea cucumber species; North-Western Sea of Sri Lanka. American Journal of Public Health Research, 2(5A), 1-5.
  • Lane, D. (2008). Echinodermata. In p. 129-143, Davison, G.W.H.; Ng, P.K.L.; Ho, H.C., 2008. The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened plants and animals of Singapore. Singapore: The Nature Society, 285pp.
  • Lin, S., Xue, Y., San, E., Keong, T.C., Chen, L., Zheng, Y. (2017) Extraction and Characterization of Pepsin Soluble Collagen from the Body Wall of Sea Cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta, Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 26:5, 502-515, DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2016.1222560
  • Lin, S. J., Chen, L. F., Jia, Y. B., Xiao, H. L., Xue, Y. P., Zheng, Y. G. (2018). Distribution and chemoenzymatic removal of heavy metals in sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta. Food Science and Technology Research, 24(2), 223-229.
  • Mohsen, M., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Sun, L., Lin, C., Yang, H. (2019). Heavy metals in sediment, microplastic and sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus from farms in China. Marine pollution bulletin, 143, 42-49.
  • Mohammadizadeh, M., Bastami, K. D., Ehsanpour, M., Afkhami, M., Mohammadizadeh, F., Esmaeilzadeh, M. (2016). Heavy metal accumulation in tissues of two sea cucumbers, Holothuria leucospilota and Holothuria scabra in the northern part of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. Marine pollution bulletin, 103(1-2), 354-359.
  • Ober, A.G., Gonzáles, M., Maria, I.S. (1987). Heavy Metals in Molluscan, Crustacean, and Other Commercially Important Chilean Marine Coastal Water Species. Bull. Environ. Cont. Toxicol., 38, 534-539.
  • Özer, N. P., Mol, S., Varlık, C. (2004). Effect of the handling procedures on the chemical composition of sea cucumber. Turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 4(2), 71-74.
  • Pangestuti, R., Arifin, Z. (2018). Medicinal and health benefit effects of functional sea cucumbers. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(3), 341-351.
  • Phillips, D.J.H., Rainbow, P.S. (1994). Biomonitoring of trace aquatic contaminants. Environmeantal Management Series, Chapman & Hall, London.
  • Purcell, S.W. (2010). Managing sea cucumber fisheries with an ecosystem approach to managing sea cucumber fisheries, In Lovatelli AM, Vasconcellos and Yimin Y (eds). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper (pp. 157) No.520. Rome.
  • Purcell, S.W., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. (2012). Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 6. Rome, FAO. 2012. 150 pp. 30 colour plates.
  • Purcell, S. W., Conand, C., Uthicke, S., Byrne, M. (2016). Ecological roles of exploited sea cucumbers. In Oceanography and marine biology (pp. 375-394). CRC Press.
  • Rasyid, A. (2017). Nutritional Value and Heavy Metals Contents of the Dried Sea Cucumber Stichopus Vastus From Salemo Island, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 9(2), 739-746.
  • Ridzwan, B.H. (2007). Sea Cucumbers, A Malaysian Heritage, 1st ed. Research Centre of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM): Kuala Lumpur Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.
  • Samyn, Y. (2013). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T180386A1623976. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180386A1623976.en. Downloaded on 08 April 2020.
  • Toral-Granda, V., Lovatelli, A., Vasconcellos, M. (2008). Sea Cucumbers. A Global Review on Fishery and Trade. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 516, FAO, Rome.
  • Turk Culha, S., Dereli, H., Karaduman, F. R., Culha, M. (2016). Assessment of trace metal contamination in the sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa) and sediments from the Dardanelles Strait (Turkey). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(12), 11584-11597.
  • Warnau, M., Dutrieux, S., Ledent, G., Rodriguez y Baena, A. M., Dúbois, P. (2006). Heavy metals in the sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa (Echinodermata) from the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica ecosystem: body compartment, seasonal, geographical and bathymetric variations. Environmental bioindicators, 1(4), 268-285.
  • Wen, J., Hu, C. (2010). Elemental composition of commercial sea cucumbers (holothurians). Food Additives and Contaminants, 3(4), 246-252.
  • Xing, J., Chia, F. S. (1997). Heavy metal accumulation in tissue/organs of a sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota. Hydrobiologia, 352(1-3), 17-23.
  • Zamora, L. N., Yuan, X., Carton, A. G., Slater, M. J. (2016). Role of deposit‐feeding sea cucumbers in integrated multitrophic aquaculture: progress, problems, potential and future challenges. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10(1), 57-74.
Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 252 - 264, 06.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.734402

Abstract

Project Number

No

References

  • Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q.M. (2014). Abundance and Distribution of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) with Emphasis on Heavy Metals Accumulation in Organism and Its Habitat. Project: Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, (Grant No. IPFP/HRD/HEC/1688). Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q. M., & Bat, L. (2017). Assessment of heavy metals concentration in Holothurians, sediments and water samples from coastal areas of Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 5(5), 191-201.
  • Ahmed, Q., Poot-Salazar, A., Ali, Q.M., Bat, L. (2018a). Seasonal variation in the length-weight relationships and condition factor of four commercially important sea cucumbers species from Karachi coast- Northern Arabian Sea. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 3(3), 265-281.
  • Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q.M., Mazlan, N., Bat, L. (2018b). First record of a-sexual reproduction by fission in Holothuria (lessonothuria) verrucosa (Selenka, 1867) from coastal waters of Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 5(1), 29-36.
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L., & Ali, Q. M. (2018c). Analysis of mercury (Hg) in four Holothurians species (Phylum-Echinodermata) from Karachi coast-northern Arabian Sea. Aquatic Research, 1(2), 55-63.
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L., & Ali, Q. M. (2019). Determination of mercury (Hg) in two sea cucumber species Ohshimella ehrenbergii (Selenka, 1868) and Stolus buccalis (Stimpson, 1855) from the Karachi coast. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 28(1), 55-62.
  • Ahmed, Q., Ali, Q.M. (2020). Holothurians from Pakistan: New addition of Holothuria (Theelothuria) notabilis (Ludwig, 1875) and rediscovery of Actinocucumis typica (Ludwig, 1875) from the Karachi coast, northern Arabian Sea. Beche-De-Mer information bulletin, 40, 40-42.
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L. (2020). Assessment of Hg in Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) from Karachi coasts, Pakistan. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 23,(0): xxx-xxx. DOI: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.715683.
  • Al-Najjar, T., Alshabi, M., Wahsha, M., Abu-Hilal, A. (2018). Trace Metals Concentratıon of Sea Cucumber (Actınophyga bannwarthii and Holothurıa impatıens) from the Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba. Fresenıus Envıronmental Bulletın, 27(5 A), 3740-3745.
  • Anonymous (2020a). http://www.marinespecies.org/ accessed 08.04.2020
  • Anonymous (2020b). https://www.sealifebase.se accessed 08.04.2020
  • Aydın, M. (2008). The commercial sea cucumber fishery in Turkey. SPC Beche de Mer Information Bulletin Issue 28 – October 20.
  • Bat, L., Öztekin, A., Şahin, F., Arıcı, E., Özsandıkçı, U. (2018). An overview of the Black Sea pollution in Turkey. MedFAR., 1(2): 67-86.
  • Bat, L., Arıcı, E. (2018). Chapter 5. Heavy Metal Levels in Fish, Molluscs, and Crustacea From Turkish Seas and Potential Risk of Human Health. In: Holban AM, Grumezescu AM. (Eds.) Handbook of Food Bioengineering, Volume 13, Food Quality: Balancing Health and Disease (pp. 159-196), Elsevier, Academic Press.
  • Bat, L., Özkan, E. Y. (2019). Heavy Metal Levels in Sediment of the Turkish Black Sea Coast. In I. Management Association (Ed.), Oceanography and Coastal Informatics: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 86-107). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7308-1.ch004
  • Bordbar, S., Anwar, F., Saari, N. (2011). High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review. Mar. Drugs, 9, 1761-1805; doi:10.3390/md9101761.
  • Bryan, G.W. (1976). Some aspects of heavy metal tolerance in aquatic organisms. In: Lockwood (Ed.), Effects of Pollutants on Aquatic organisms (pp. 7-34) A.P.M. Cambridge University Press.
  • Conand, C., Purcell, S., Gamboa, R. (2013). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T180530A1644059. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180530A1644059.en. Downloaded on 08 April 2020.
  • Denton, G. R., Concepcion, L. P., Wood, H. R., Eflin, V. S., Pangelinan, G. T. (1999). Heavy metals, PCBs and PAHs in marine organisms from four harbor locations on Guam. Water and Environmental Research Institute of the Western Pacific, University of Guam.
  • Du, H., Bao, Z., Hou, R., Wang, S., Su, H., et al. (2012). Transcriptome Sequencing and Characterization for the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867). PLoS ONE, 7(3), e33311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033311
  • Farrington, J.W., Davis, A.C., Tripp, B.W., Phelps, D.K., Galloway, W.B. (1987). Mussel Watch-Measurements of Chemical Pollutants in Bivalves as One Indicator of Coastal Environmental Quality. T.P. Boyle, (Ed.), New Approaches to Monitoring Aquatic Ecosystems (pp. 125-139), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
  • Fretes, C. C., Kakisina, P., Rumahlatu, D. (2020). Concentration of Heavy Metal Hg, Au, and Fe in Sediments, Water, and Tissue Damage of Golden Sea Cucumber Stichopus herrmanni (Semper, 1868)(Holothuroidea; Stichopodidae) in Kayeli Bay, Indonesia. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 16(1), 113-123.
  • Gao, F., Tan, J., Sun, H., Yan, J. (2014). Bacterial diversity of gut content in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and its habitat surface sediment. Journal of Ocean University of China, 13(2), 303-310.
  • Haider, M.S., Sultana, R., Jamil, K., Lakhte, Z., Tarar, O.M., Shirin, K., et al. (2015). A study on proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid profile and some mineral contents in two species of sea cucumber. J Anim. Plant. Sci., 25(1), 168-75.
  • Hashmi, M. I., Thilakar, R., bin Syed Hussein, M. A., Hoque, Z. (2014). Determination of seven heavy metals in eight species of Sea Cucumbers. Sci Int, 26(1), 261-262.
  • Higgins, M. (2000). Sea cucumbers in a deep pickle. Environmental News Network, 30.
  • Isgören-Emiroglu, D., Günay, D. (2007). The Effect of Sea Cucumber Holothuria tubulosa(G., 1788) on Nutrient and Sediment of Aegean Sea Shores. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(4), 586-589.
  • Ismail, H., Punithamalar, A., Sakian, NIM, & Hashim, R. (2004). Heavy Metal Concentration in Body Walls of Malaysian Sea Cucumbers. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences), 2(1), 75-79.
  • Jiang, H., Tang, S., Qin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Bai, S., Mou, Z. (2015). Heavy metals in sea cucumber juveniles from coastal areas of Bohai and Yellow Seas, North China. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 94(5), 577-582.
  • Jinadasa, B. K., Samanthi, R. I., Wicramsinghe, I. (2014). Trace metal accumulation in tissue of sea cucumber species; North-Western Sea of Sri Lanka. American Journal of Public Health Research, 2(5A), 1-5.
  • Lane, D. (2008). Echinodermata. In p. 129-143, Davison, G.W.H.; Ng, P.K.L.; Ho, H.C., 2008. The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened plants and animals of Singapore. Singapore: The Nature Society, 285pp.
  • Lin, S., Xue, Y., San, E., Keong, T.C., Chen, L., Zheng, Y. (2017) Extraction and Characterization of Pepsin Soluble Collagen from the Body Wall of Sea Cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta, Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 26:5, 502-515, DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2016.1222560
  • Lin, S. J., Chen, L. F., Jia, Y. B., Xiao, H. L., Xue, Y. P., Zheng, Y. G. (2018). Distribution and chemoenzymatic removal of heavy metals in sea cucumber Acaudina leucoprocta. Food Science and Technology Research, 24(2), 223-229.
  • Mohsen, M., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Sun, L., Lin, C., Yang, H. (2019). Heavy metals in sediment, microplastic and sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus from farms in China. Marine pollution bulletin, 143, 42-49.
  • Mohammadizadeh, M., Bastami, K. D., Ehsanpour, M., Afkhami, M., Mohammadizadeh, F., Esmaeilzadeh, M. (2016). Heavy metal accumulation in tissues of two sea cucumbers, Holothuria leucospilota and Holothuria scabra in the northern part of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. Marine pollution bulletin, 103(1-2), 354-359.
  • Ober, A.G., Gonzáles, M., Maria, I.S. (1987). Heavy Metals in Molluscan, Crustacean, and Other Commercially Important Chilean Marine Coastal Water Species. Bull. Environ. Cont. Toxicol., 38, 534-539.
  • Özer, N. P., Mol, S., Varlık, C. (2004). Effect of the handling procedures on the chemical composition of sea cucumber. Turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 4(2), 71-74.
  • Pangestuti, R., Arifin, Z. (2018). Medicinal and health benefit effects of functional sea cucumbers. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(3), 341-351.
  • Phillips, D.J.H., Rainbow, P.S. (1994). Biomonitoring of trace aquatic contaminants. Environmeantal Management Series, Chapman & Hall, London.
  • Purcell, S.W. (2010). Managing sea cucumber fisheries with an ecosystem approach to managing sea cucumber fisheries, In Lovatelli AM, Vasconcellos and Yimin Y (eds). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper (pp. 157) No.520. Rome.
  • Purcell, S.W., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. (2012). Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 6. Rome, FAO. 2012. 150 pp. 30 colour plates.
  • Purcell, S. W., Conand, C., Uthicke, S., Byrne, M. (2016). Ecological roles of exploited sea cucumbers. In Oceanography and marine biology (pp. 375-394). CRC Press.
  • Rasyid, A. (2017). Nutritional Value and Heavy Metals Contents of the Dried Sea Cucumber Stichopus Vastus From Salemo Island, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 9(2), 739-746.
  • Ridzwan, B.H. (2007). Sea Cucumbers, A Malaysian Heritage, 1st ed. Research Centre of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM): Kuala Lumpur Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.
  • Samyn, Y. (2013). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T180386A1623976. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180386A1623976.en. Downloaded on 08 April 2020.
  • Toral-Granda, V., Lovatelli, A., Vasconcellos, M. (2008). Sea Cucumbers. A Global Review on Fishery and Trade. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 516, FAO, Rome.
  • Turk Culha, S., Dereli, H., Karaduman, F. R., Culha, M. (2016). Assessment of trace metal contamination in the sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa) and sediments from the Dardanelles Strait (Turkey). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(12), 11584-11597.
  • Warnau, M., Dutrieux, S., Ledent, G., Rodriguez y Baena, A. M., Dúbois, P. (2006). Heavy metals in the sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa (Echinodermata) from the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica ecosystem: body compartment, seasonal, geographical and bathymetric variations. Environmental bioindicators, 1(4), 268-285.
  • Wen, J., Hu, C. (2010). Elemental composition of commercial sea cucumbers (holothurians). Food Additives and Contaminants, 3(4), 246-252.
  • Xing, J., Chia, F. S. (1997). Heavy metal accumulation in tissue/organs of a sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota. Hydrobiologia, 352(1-3), 17-23.
  • Zamora, L. N., Yuan, X., Carton, A. G., Slater, M. J. (2016). Role of deposit‐feeding sea cucumbers in integrated multitrophic aquaculture: progress, problems, potential and future challenges. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10(1), 57-74.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Levent Bat 0000-0002-2289-6691

Quratulan Ahmed 0000-0002-7597-2483

Ayşah Öztekin 0000-0002-3726-7134

Elif Arıcı 0000-0001-6359-9194

Project Number No
Publication Date December 6, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Bat, L., Ahmed, Q., Öztekin, A., Arıcı, E. (2020). A Review on Heavy Metal Levels in Sea Cucumbers. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 7(3), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.734402