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Spatial distribution and sources of BTEX and TPH contamination in freshwater sediments from Lake Iznik, NW Turkey

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 304 - 313, 02.12.2018

V. Selma Ünlü Bedri Alpar

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.450811
Cited By: 3

Abstract

Iznik Lake is an
important water supply deteriorating gradually due to anthropogenic pollution.
Concentration and distribution of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene and three xylene isomers; BTEX) were detected in the lake
sediments using a static headspace GC-MS. ∑BTEX concentrations varied between
10.6 and 272.3 µg kg-1 dry weight (dw), with an average of 88.3 µg
kg-1 dw. The light aromatic fraction of m-,p-Xylene was the most abundant compound (50.0% in average),
followed by toluene (31.2%), o-xylene (12.2%), ethylbenzene (5.3%) and benzene
(1.3%). Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that the BTEX levels and
their distributions were controlled mainly by morphological and textural
features of the sediment; anthropogenic inputs transported by the surrounding
rivers, mainly influenced by agricultural facilities; absorbance of BTEX
compounds in sediment; and biodegradation processes. Due to lack of any
national sediment quality guideline regarding BTEX, the results will establish
a significant baseline that will shed light on the administrative authorities
for formulating their rational environmental strategies.

Keywords

Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons; Contaminated Sediment; Pollution Sources Lake; Multivariate Analysis

References

  • Akkoyunlu, A.A. 2003. Evaluation of eutrophication process in Lake Iznik. Fresenius. Environmental Bulletin, 12, 801-807.
  • Arocha, M.A., Jackman, A.P., Mccoy, B.J. 1996. Adsorption kinetics of toluene on soil agglomerates: Soil as a biporous sorbent. Environmental Sciences & Technology, 30(5), 1500-1507.
  • Budakoğlu, M.2000. Hydrogeochemistry of Lake İznik and Geostatistical Evaluation. PhD Thesis, İTÜ, 120. [In Turkish].
  • Farhadian, M., Vachelard, C., Duchez, D., Larroche, C. 2008. In situ bioremediation of monoaromatic pollutants in groundwater: a review. Bioresource Technology, 99, 5296-5308.
  • Franz, S.O., Schwark, L., Bruchmann, C., Scharf, B., Klingel, R., Van Alstine, J.D., Çağatay, M.N., Ülgen, U.B. 2006. Results from a multi-disciplinary sedimentary pilot study of tectonic Lake Iznik (NW Turkey) – geochemistry and paleolimnology of the recent past. Journal of Paleo limnology, 35, 715-736.
  • Franz, S.O., Ülgen, U.B., Döner, L., Çağatay, M.N. 2007. Paleoclimatic changes during the Late Holocene recorded in sediments from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). 4th International Limnogeological Congress, ILIC2007, Limnogeology: tales of an evolving Earth, Cosmocaixa, Barcelona, Spain. Programme and abstract book: S15-O5, 85-86.
  • Gomes, A.O., Azevedo, D.A. 2003. Ali-phatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical recent sediments of Campos dos Goytacazes, R.J. Brazil. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 14, 358-368.
  • Hecky, R.E., Campbell, P.L., Hendzel, L. 1993.The stoichiometry of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in particulate matter of lakes and oceans. Limnology and Oceanography, 38(4), 709-724.
  • Meyers, P.A., Ishiwatari, R. 1993. Lacustrine organic geochemistry—an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 20:867-900.
  • Öztürk, K., Ünlü, S., Alpar, B., Vardar, D. 2007. Hydrocarbon pollution in sediments from Lake Iznik (Turkey), determined by fluorescence technique. General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union 2007, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 9, EGU2007-A-03882, HS25-1TH3P-0261.
  • Öztürk, K., Yaltirak, C., Alpar, B. 2009.The relationship between the tectonic setting of the Lake İznik Basin and the middle strand of the North Anatolian Fault. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(2), 209-224.
  • Readman, J.W., Fillmann, G., Tolosa, I., Bartocci, J., Villeneuve, J–P., Catinni, C., Mee, L.D. 2002. Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 48-62.
  • Reinhard, M., Shang, S., Kitanidis, P.K., Orwin, E., Hopkins, G.D., Lebron, C.A. 1997. In situ BTEX biotransformation under enhanced nitrate- and sulphate-reducing conditions. Environmental Sciences & Technology, 31(5), 1580-1580.
  • Roeser, P.A., Franz, S.O., Litt, T., Ülgen, U.B., Hilgers, A., Wulf, S., Wennrich, V., Akçer Ön, S., Viehberg, F.A., Çağatay, M.N., Melles, M. 2012. Lithostratigraphic and geochronological framework for the paleo environmental reconstruction of the last ∼36 ka cal BP from a sediment record from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). Quaternary International, 274:73-87.
  • Sei, A., Fathepure, B.Z. 2009. Biodegradation of BTEX at high salinity by an enrichment culture from hypersaline sediments of Rozel Point at Great Salt Lake. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 2001-2008.
  • Ünlü, S., Alpar, B. 2016. An assessment of trace element contamination in the freshwater sediments of Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). Environmental Earth. Sciences, 75, 140-154.
  • Ünlü S., Alpar B. 2017. Evaluation of sediment contamination by monoaromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal lagoons of Gulf of Saros, NE Aegean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118; 442-446.
  • Ünlü S., Alpar B., Öztürk K., Vardar, D. 2010. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surficial sediments from Lake Iznik, Turkey: Spatial distributions and source. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 85 (6), 573-580.
  • Wang, Z., Fingas, M.F. 1998. BTEX quantitation in oils by GC/MS. In: Encyclopaedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, Meyers, R.A., Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 829-852.
  • Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., Sylvestre, S. 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry. 33(4):489-515.

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 304 - 313, 02.12.2018

V. Selma Ünlü Bedri Alpar

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.450811
Cited By: 3

Abstract

References

  • Akkoyunlu, A.A. 2003. Evaluation of eutrophication process in Lake Iznik. Fresenius. Environmental Bulletin, 12, 801-807.
  • Arocha, M.A., Jackman, A.P., Mccoy, B.J. 1996. Adsorption kinetics of toluene on soil agglomerates: Soil as a biporous sorbent. Environmental Sciences & Technology, 30(5), 1500-1507.
  • Budakoğlu, M.2000. Hydrogeochemistry of Lake İznik and Geostatistical Evaluation. PhD Thesis, İTÜ, 120. [In Turkish].
  • Farhadian, M., Vachelard, C., Duchez, D., Larroche, C. 2008. In situ bioremediation of monoaromatic pollutants in groundwater: a review. Bioresource Technology, 99, 5296-5308.
  • Franz, S.O., Schwark, L., Bruchmann, C., Scharf, B., Klingel, R., Van Alstine, J.D., Çağatay, M.N., Ülgen, U.B. 2006. Results from a multi-disciplinary sedimentary pilot study of tectonic Lake Iznik (NW Turkey) – geochemistry and paleolimnology of the recent past. Journal of Paleo limnology, 35, 715-736.
  • Franz, S.O., Ülgen, U.B., Döner, L., Çağatay, M.N. 2007. Paleoclimatic changes during the Late Holocene recorded in sediments from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). 4th International Limnogeological Congress, ILIC2007, Limnogeology: tales of an evolving Earth, Cosmocaixa, Barcelona, Spain. Programme and abstract book: S15-O5, 85-86.
  • Gomes, A.O., Azevedo, D.A. 2003. Ali-phatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical recent sediments of Campos dos Goytacazes, R.J. Brazil. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 14, 358-368.
  • Hecky, R.E., Campbell, P.L., Hendzel, L. 1993.The stoichiometry of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in particulate matter of lakes and oceans. Limnology and Oceanography, 38(4), 709-724.
  • Meyers, P.A., Ishiwatari, R. 1993. Lacustrine organic geochemistry—an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 20:867-900.
  • Öztürk, K., Ünlü, S., Alpar, B., Vardar, D. 2007. Hydrocarbon pollution in sediments from Lake Iznik (Turkey), determined by fluorescence technique. General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union 2007, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 9, EGU2007-A-03882, HS25-1TH3P-0261.
  • Öztürk, K., Yaltirak, C., Alpar, B. 2009.The relationship between the tectonic setting of the Lake İznik Basin and the middle strand of the North Anatolian Fault. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(2), 209-224.
  • Readman, J.W., Fillmann, G., Tolosa, I., Bartocci, J., Villeneuve, J–P., Catinni, C., Mee, L.D. 2002. Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 48-62.
  • Reinhard, M., Shang, S., Kitanidis, P.K., Orwin, E., Hopkins, G.D., Lebron, C.A. 1997. In situ BTEX biotransformation under enhanced nitrate- and sulphate-reducing conditions. Environmental Sciences & Technology, 31(5), 1580-1580.
  • Roeser, P.A., Franz, S.O., Litt, T., Ülgen, U.B., Hilgers, A., Wulf, S., Wennrich, V., Akçer Ön, S., Viehberg, F.A., Çağatay, M.N., Melles, M. 2012. Lithostratigraphic and geochronological framework for the paleo environmental reconstruction of the last ∼36 ka cal BP from a sediment record from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). Quaternary International, 274:73-87.
  • Sei, A., Fathepure, B.Z. 2009. Biodegradation of BTEX at high salinity by an enrichment culture from hypersaline sediments of Rozel Point at Great Salt Lake. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 2001-2008.
  • Ünlü, S., Alpar, B. 2016. An assessment of trace element contamination in the freshwater sediments of Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). Environmental Earth. Sciences, 75, 140-154.
  • Ünlü S., Alpar B. 2017. Evaluation of sediment contamination by monoaromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal lagoons of Gulf of Saros, NE Aegean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118; 442-446.
  • Ünlü S., Alpar B., Öztürk K., Vardar, D. 2010. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surficial sediments from Lake Iznik, Turkey: Spatial distributions and source. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 85 (6), 573-580.
  • Wang, Z., Fingas, M.F. 1998. BTEX quantitation in oils by GC/MS. In: Encyclopaedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, Meyers, R.A., Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 829-852.
  • Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., Sylvestre, S. 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry. 33(4):489-515.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

V. Selma Ünlü 0000-0002-9156-4332

Bedri Alpar 0000-0002-9694-1395

Publication Date December 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ünlü, V. S., & Alpar, B. (2018). Spatial distribution and sources of BTEX and TPH contamination in freshwater sediments from Lake Iznik, NW Turkey. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 5(3), 304-313. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.450811

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