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Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 161 - 175, 18.10.2019

Ceren Aydogmus

https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.532018

Abstract

Bu
araştırma, Y Kuşağı bilgi çalışanlarının duygusal zekâları ile örgütsel
bağlılıkları ilişkisi üzerinde öz-yeterlilik düzeylerinin etkisini inceleyen
bir model sunmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Ankara ilindeki üç
üniversitede yer alan tekno-parklarda bulunan 37 teknoloji şirketinde görev
yapan 591 Y Kuşağı bilgi çalışanı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri anket
tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma değişkenlerinin ölçülmesinde
Duygusal Zekâ,  Öz-yeterlilik ve Örgütsel
Bağlılık ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerin geçerlilikleri doğrulayıcı faktör
analizi ile test edilmiştir. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için
korelasyon analizi, aracılık rolünü tespit etmek için ise yapısal eşitlik
modellemesinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular Y Kuşağı bilgi
çalışanlarının duygusal zekâlarının öz-yeterlilik ve örgütsel bağlılıklarını
olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Y Kuşağı bilgi çalışanlarının
öz-yeterlilikleri ile örgütsel bağlılıkları arasında olumlu ve anlamlı bir
ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Y Kuşağı bilgi çalışanlarının duygusal
zekâlarının örgütsel bağlılıkları üzerindeki etkisinde öz-yeterlilik
düzeylerinin tam aracılık etkisine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Duygusal Zeka Öz-yeterlilik Örgütsel Bağlılık

References

  • Abraham, R. (1999). The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover. The Journal of Psychology, 133(4), 441-455.
  • Acar, F. (2002). Duygusal Zeka ve Liderlik. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12, 53-68.
  • Agarwal, S. & Mishra, P. C. (2016). Self Efficacy as Predictor of Organizational Commitment among Revenue Personnel. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 44-57.
  • Aghdasi, S., Kiamanesh, A. R. & Ebrahim, A. N. (2011). Emotional Intelligence and organizational commitment: testing the mediatory role of occupational stress and job satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1965-1976.
  • Ayık., A., Savaş M. & Yücel, E. (2015). İlkokullarda görev yapan okul müdürlerinin genel öz yeterlik ile örgütsel bağlılık algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22, 193-218.
  • Arslan, R., Dilek, E. & Aydın, E. (2013). Duygusal Zeka Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 169-180.
  • Ashforth, B. E. & Humphrey, R. H. (1995). Emotions in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97–125.
  • Aydogmus C. (2016). How to Satisfy Generation Y? The Roles of Personality and Emotional Intelligence. International Review of Management and Business Research, 5, 1342-1358.
  • Aydogmus, C., Camgoz, S. M., Ergeneli, A. & Ekmekci, O. T. (2018). Perceptions of Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: The Roles of Personality Traits and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Management and Organization, 24(1), 81-107.
  • Baggerly, J. & Osborn, D. (2006). School Counselor’s Satisfaction and Commitment: Correlates and Predictors. Professional School Counseling, 9(3), 197-205.
  • Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety research, 1(2), 77-98.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. NY: Freeman.
  • Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On Model of Emotional- Social Intelligence. Psicothema, 18, 13-25.
  • Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
  • Bayram, L. (2005). Yönetimde Yeni Bir Paradigma: Örgütsel Bağlılık. Sayıştay Dergisi, 59, 125-139.
  • Baysal, A. C. & Paksoy (1999). Mesleğe ve Örgüte Bağlılığın Çok Yönlü İncelenmesinde Meyer-Allen Modeli. İ. Ü. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 7-15.
  • Behrstock-Sherratt, E. & Coggshall, J. (2010). Realizing the Promise of Generation Y. Educational Leadership, 67(8), 28-34.
  • Brown, E. A., Thomas, N. J. & Bosselman, R. H. (2015). Are they leaving or staying: A qualitative analysis of turnover issues for Generation Y hospitality employees with a hospitality education. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 130-137.
  • Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behaviour and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788- 813.
  • Chan, D. W. (2004). Perceived emotional intelligence and self-efficacy among Chinese secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(8), 1781-1795.
  • Chi, H., Yeh, H. & Choum, S. M. (2013). The organizational commitment, personality traits and teaching efficacy of junior high school teachers: The meditating effect of job involvement. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 9(2), 131-142.
  • Controls, J. (2010). Generation Y and the workplace annual report 2010. London: Forrester.
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  • Deloitte (2017). The 2017 Deloitte Millennial Survey–Apprehensive Millennials: seeking stability and opportunities in an uncertain world, 1-33.
  • Drucker, P. F. (1999). Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge. California Management Review, 41(2), 79-94.
  • Eisner, S. P. (2005). Managing Generation Y. Advanced Management Journal, 4-15.
  • Ergeneli, A. (2006). Örgüt ve İnsan. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Fabio, A. D. & Palazzeschi, L. (2008). Emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in a sample of Italian high school teachers. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(3), 315-326.
  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam.
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  • Güleryüz, G., Güney, S., Aydın, E. M. & Aşan, Ö. (2008). The mediating effect of job satisfaction between emotional intelligence and organisational commitment of nurses: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(11), 1625-1635.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2011). Stratejik İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminin Örgütsel Bağlılığa ve İş Tatminine Etkisi: İnsan Kaynakları Yöneticileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2), 397-418.
  • Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Heslin, P. A. & Latham, G.P. (2004). The Effect of Upward Feedback on Managerial Behavior. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(1), 23–37.
  • Iqbal, A. (2010). An empirical assessment of demographic factors, organizational ranks and organizational commitment. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(3), 16-27.
  • Irshad, E. & Naz, S. (2011). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and personality traits: A relationship study. The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 19(2), 37-60.
  • Karcıoğlu, F. & Çelik, E. (2012). Örgütsel İletişimin Etkinliği Açısından Kurumsal Bloglar ve Birkaç Kurumsal Blogun İncelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 1-17.
  • Kaufhold, J. A. & Johnson, L. R. (2005). The analysis of the emotional intelligence skills and potential problem areas of elementary educators. Education, 125(4), 615-626.
  • Keleş, S. (2014). Aile şirketlerinde Y Jenerasyonunun öz yeterlilik algısı ve işe adanmışlık ilişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 5(11), 95-109.
  • Korkmaz, T. & Arpacı, E. (2009). Relationship of organizational citizenship behavior with emotional intelligence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 2432-2435.
  • Lee, K. H. & Song, J. S. (2010). The effect of emotional intelligence on self-efficacy and job stress of nurses-mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 16(1), 17-25.
  • Lowe, D., Levitt, K. J. & Wilson, T. (2008). Solutions for retaining Generation Y employees in the workplace. Business Renaissance Quarterly, 3(3), 43-57.
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  • Martocchio, J. J. & Judge, T. A. (1997). Relationship between conscientiousness and learning in employee training: Mediating influences of self-deception and self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 764-773.
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  • Mowday, R., Steers, R. & Porter, L. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
  • Naderi A. N. (2012). Teachers: emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Journal of Workplace Learning, 24(4), 256-269.
  • Ng, E. S., Schweitzer, L. & Lyons, S. T. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 281-292.
  • Nikolaou, I. & Tsaousis, I. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), 327-342.
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Generation Y Knowledge Workers: The Role of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Commitment

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 161 - 175, 18.10.2019

Ceren Aydogmus

https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.532018

Abstract

This
study proposed a model for the impact of Generation Y knowledge workers’
self-efficacy levels on the relationship between their emotional intelligence
and organizational commitment. The model was tested on a sample of 591
Generation Y knowledge workers working in 37 Information Technology companies
in the techno-parks of three universities in Ankara. Survey methodology was
used to collect data. Emotional Intelligence, Self-Efficacy and Affective
Commitment scales were used for measuring the study variables. Confirmatory
factor analysis was used to test the validity of the scales. Correlation
analysis was used in order to measure the relationships among the study
variables and structural equation modelling was conducted to test the proposed
mediating effect. Findings reveal that Generation Y knowledge workers’
emotional intelligence positively influence their self-efficacy and
organizational commitment. There exists a positive relationship between
Generation Y knowledge workers’ self-efficacy and organizational commitment.
Consequently, Generation Y knowledge workers’ self-efficacy levels have been
found to act as a mediator between their emotional intelligence and
organizational commitment.

Keywords

Emotional Intelligence Self-Efficacy Organizational Commitment

References

  • Abraham, R. (1999). The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover. The Journal of Psychology, 133(4), 441-455.
  • Acar, F. (2002). Duygusal Zeka ve Liderlik. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12, 53-68.
  • Agarwal, S. & Mishra, P. C. (2016). Self Efficacy as Predictor of Organizational Commitment among Revenue Personnel. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 44-57.
  • Aghdasi, S., Kiamanesh, A. R. & Ebrahim, A. N. (2011). Emotional Intelligence and organizational commitment: testing the mediatory role of occupational stress and job satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1965-1976.
  • Ayık., A., Savaş M. & Yücel, E. (2015). İlkokullarda görev yapan okul müdürlerinin genel öz yeterlik ile örgütsel bağlılık algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22, 193-218.
  • Arslan, R., Dilek, E. & Aydın, E. (2013). Duygusal Zeka Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 169-180.
  • Ashforth, B. E. & Humphrey, R. H. (1995). Emotions in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97–125.
  • Aydogmus C. (2016). How to Satisfy Generation Y? The Roles of Personality and Emotional Intelligence. International Review of Management and Business Research, 5, 1342-1358.
  • Aydogmus, C., Camgoz, S. M., Ergeneli, A. & Ekmekci, O. T. (2018). Perceptions of Transformational Leadership and Job Satisfaction: The Roles of Personality Traits and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Management and Organization, 24(1), 81-107.
  • Baggerly, J. & Osborn, D. (2006). School Counselor’s Satisfaction and Commitment: Correlates and Predictors. Professional School Counseling, 9(3), 197-205.
  • Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety research, 1(2), 77-98.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. NY: Freeman.
  • Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On Model of Emotional- Social Intelligence. Psicothema, 18, 13-25.
  • Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
  • Bayram, L. (2005). Yönetimde Yeni Bir Paradigma: Örgütsel Bağlılık. Sayıştay Dergisi, 59, 125-139.
  • Baysal, A. C. & Paksoy (1999). Mesleğe ve Örgüte Bağlılığın Çok Yönlü İncelenmesinde Meyer-Allen Modeli. İ. Ü. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 7-15.
  • Behrstock-Sherratt, E. & Coggshall, J. (2010). Realizing the Promise of Generation Y. Educational Leadership, 67(8), 28-34.
  • Brown, E. A., Thomas, N. J. & Bosselman, R. H. (2015). Are they leaving or staying: A qualitative analysis of turnover issues for Generation Y hospitality employees with a hospitality education. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 130-137.
  • Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behaviour and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788- 813.
  • Chan, D. W. (2004). Perceived emotional intelligence and self-efficacy among Chinese secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(8), 1781-1795.
  • Chi, H., Yeh, H. & Choum, S. M. (2013). The organizational commitment, personality traits and teaching efficacy of junior high school teachers: The meditating effect of job involvement. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 9(2), 131-142.
  • Controls, J. (2010). Generation Y and the workplace annual report 2010. London: Forrester.
  • Cooper, R.K. & Sawaf, A. (1997). Executive EQ: Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Organizations. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group.
  • Deloitte (2017). The 2017 Deloitte Millennial Survey–Apprehensive Millennials: seeking stability and opportunities in an uncertain world, 1-33.
  • Drucker, P. F. (1999). Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge. California Management Review, 41(2), 79-94.
  • Eisner, S. P. (2005). Managing Generation Y. Advanced Management Journal, 4-15.
  • Ergeneli, A. (2006). Örgüt ve İnsan. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Fabio, A. D. & Palazzeschi, L. (2008). Emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in a sample of Italian high school teachers. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(3), 315-326.
  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam.
  • Goleman, D. (2014). Duygusal Zeka (Neden IQ’dan Daha Önemlidir?) (38.Baskı). İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
  • Güleryüz, G., Güney, S., Aydın, E. M. & Aşan, Ö. (2008). The mediating effect of job satisfaction between emotional intelligence and organisational commitment of nurses: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(11), 1625-1635.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2011). Stratejik İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminin Örgütsel Bağlılığa ve İş Tatminine Etkisi: İnsan Kaynakları Yöneticileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(2), 397-418.
  • Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Heslin, P. A. & Latham, G.P. (2004). The Effect of Upward Feedback on Managerial Behavior. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(1), 23–37.
  • Iqbal, A. (2010). An empirical assessment of demographic factors, organizational ranks and organizational commitment. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(3), 16-27.
  • Irshad, E. & Naz, S. (2011). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and personality traits: A relationship study. The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 19(2), 37-60.
  • Karcıoğlu, F. & Çelik, E. (2012). Örgütsel İletişimin Etkinliği Açısından Kurumsal Bloglar ve Birkaç Kurumsal Blogun İncelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 1-17.
  • Kaufhold, J. A. & Johnson, L. R. (2005). The analysis of the emotional intelligence skills and potential problem areas of elementary educators. Education, 125(4), 615-626.
  • Keleş, S. (2014). Aile şirketlerinde Y Jenerasyonunun öz yeterlilik algısı ve işe adanmışlık ilişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 5(11), 95-109.
  • Korkmaz, T. & Arpacı, E. (2009). Relationship of organizational citizenship behavior with emotional intelligence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 2432-2435.
  • Lee, K. H. & Song, J. S. (2010). The effect of emotional intelligence on self-efficacy and job stress of nurses-mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 16(1), 17-25.
  • Lowe, D., Levitt, K. J. & Wilson, T. (2008). Solutions for retaining Generation Y employees in the workplace. Business Renaissance Quarterly, 3(3), 43-57.
  • Lower, J. (2008). Brace Yourself Here Comes Generation Y. Critical Care Nurse, 28(5), 80-84.
  • Martocchio, J. J. & Judge, T. A. (1997). Relationship between conscientiousness and learning in employee training: Mediating influences of self-deception and self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 764-773.
  • Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R. & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8, 1-11.
  • Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resources Management Review, 1, 61-89.
  • Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L. & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52.
  • Mowday, R., Steers, R. & Porter, L. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
  • Naderi A. N. (2012). Teachers: emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Journal of Workplace Learning, 24(4), 256-269.
  • Ng, E. S., Schweitzer, L. & Lyons, S. T. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 281-292.
  • Nikolaou, I. & Tsaousis, I. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), 327-342.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978) Psychometric Theory, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Paglis, L. L. & Green, S. G. (2002). Leadership Self-Efficacy and Managers' Motivation for Leading Change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 215–235.
  • Patalano, C. (2008). A study of the relationship between generational group identification and organizational commitment: Generation X vs. Generation Y. Nova Southeastern University.
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There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ceren Aydogmus 0000-0002-2982-2011

Publication Date October 18, 2019
Submission Date February 25, 2019
Acceptance Date June 24, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aydogmus, C. (2019). Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü. İş Ve İnsan Dergisi, 6(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.532018
AMA Aydogmus C. Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi. October 2019;6(2):161-175. doi:10.18394/iid.532018
Chicago Aydogmus, Ceren. “Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka Ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü”. İş Ve İnsan Dergisi 6, no. 2 (October 2019): 161-75. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.532018.
EndNote Aydogmus C (October 1, 2019) Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi 6 2 161–175.
IEEE C. Aydogmus, “Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü”, İş ve İnsan Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 161–175, 2019, doi: 10.18394/iid.532018.
ISNAD Aydogmus, Ceren. “Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka Ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü”. İş ve İnsan Dergisi 6/2 (October 2019), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.532018.
JAMA Aydogmus C. Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi. 2019;6:161–175.
MLA Aydogmus, Ceren. “Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka Ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü”. İş Ve İnsan Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, 2019, pp. 161-75, doi:10.18394/iid.532018.
Vancouver Aydogmus C. Y Kuşağı Bilgi Çalışanları: Duygusal Zeka ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi Üzerinde Öz-Yeterliliğin Rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi. 2019;6(2):161-75.

 

 

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