Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Arap Baharı ve Yemen'de Uzun Süreli Ulusal Bütünleşme: Eleştirel Bir Tartışma

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 216 - 227, 17.05.2024

Ehteshamul Haque Tariquil Islam Md Mostafa Faisal

https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1196698

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Arap Baharı'nın Yemen'deki ulusal entegrasyonu nasıl etkilediğini incelemektedir. Arap Baharı'nın Tunus ve Mısır'daki kapsayıcı demo-kratik seçimler yoluyla somut demokratik geçişler getirmesine rağmen, Yemen'de ulusal entegrasyon olasılığını azaltarak ön önceki zamandan daha fazla sosyal ve politik bir bölünme yarattı. Bazı bilimsel tartışmalar, Arap baharını Yemen'in ulusal entegrasyon için gecikmesine bağlıyor. Ancak diğerleri, Yemen'in diğer bazı KİK ülkeleri gibi daimi otoriter veya otokratik bir yönetimden geçmesi, uzun bir bölgesel ve ideolojik bölünme ve çeşitli güç arayışları nedeniyle sürdürülebilir bir ulusal entegrasyonu asla gerçekleştiremeyeceği görüşünde. Arap Baharı, kalan parçalanmayı daha da şiddetlendirdi. Bu çalışma, ikinci değerlendirme üzerinde durmakta ve ilk olarak, Yemen'deki Arap baharı öncesi bölgesel ve siyasi bölünmeyi tartışmaktadır. Ardından, Arap Baharı sırasında ve sonrasında Yemen'de siyasi parçalanma ve istikrarsızlığı tetikleyen gerçekleri incelemektedir. Ondan sonra, Arap Baharı sırasında ve sonrasında Yemen'de siyasi parçalanma ve istikrarsızlığı tetikleyen gerçekler incelenerek, ülkenin yakın gelecekte başarılı bir ulusal entegrasyona adım atması için çok az umut bırakmaktadır. Bu makalenin temel amacı, bölgesel veya küresel bir olayın, yolsuzluk ve devlet kontrolündeki sivil toplum ile birlikte sosyal, politik ve ideolojik olarak büyük ölçüde bölünmüş bir ülkenin potansiyel ulusal entegrasyonunu nasıl etkilediğini göstermektir.

Keywords

Arap Baharı Ulusal Entegrasyon Bölmek Yemen Güç Arayanlar

References

  • ABOUZZOHOUR, Y. (2021). Heavy lies the crown: The survival of Arab monarchies, 10 years after the Arab Spring. Brookings Institution, Order from Chaos.
  • AHMED, A. (2019, December 24). Prospects bleak for ceasefire deal in Yemen. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/prospects-bleak-for-ceasefire-deal-in-yemen/1682432. Accessed: October 10, 2023.
  • AKIN, M. (2019). A Self-Defeating War: Regional Powers and Local Actors in Yemen. Retrieved from https://researchcentre.trtworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/LocalActorsYemen.pdf
  • ALLEY, A. L. (2013). Assessing (in) security after the Arab Spring: the case of Yemen. PS: Political Science & Politics, 46(4), 721-726.
  • AL-MUGHALLES, H. (2013). The State and Social Integration in Yemen: Opportunities and Challenges. Omran For social sciences, 1(4), 105-134.
  • ARIMATSU, L. and CHOUDHURY, M. (March 2014). The legal classification of the armed conflicts in Syria, Yemen and Libya. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/home/chatham/public_html/sites/default/files/20140300ClassificationConflictsArimatsuChoudhury1.pdf, p-21
  • AYDIN, A. (2013). Hereditary Oil Monarchies: Why Arab Spring Fails in GCC Arabian States?. SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Journal of Social Sciences, 30, 123-138.
  • BREHONY, N. (2011). Yemen divided: The story of a failed state in South Arabia. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • BROOKS, R. A. (2017). Military defection and the Arab Spring. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
  • CHATHAM HOUSE. (2015). Yemen: Key Players and Prospects for Peace. Retrived from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/events/2015-11-07-yemen-key-players-prospects-peace-meeting-summary_4.pdf
  • CIGAR, N. (1985). South Yemen and the USSR: Prospects for the Relationship. Middle East Journal, 39(4), 775–795. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4327184
  • Corruption Perception Index 2011 of Transparency International.https://files.transparencycdn.org/images/2011_CPI_EN_200407_133824.pdf.February 24,2023
  • Corruption Perception Index 2022 of Transparency International.https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/Report_CPI2022_English.pdf. Accessed: February 24,2023
  • DRAKE, C. (1980). National integration and public policies in Indonesia. Studies in Comparative International Development, 15(4), 59-84.
  • DUNBAR, C. (1992). The unification of Yemen: process, politics, and prospects. Middle East Journal, 46(3), 456-476.
  • DURAC, V. (2011). The joint meeting parties and the politics of opposition in Yemen. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 38(3), p-349
  • ELAYAH, M., & VERKOREN, W. (2020). Civil society during war: the case of Yemen. Peacebuilding, 8(4), 476-498.
  • FINN, T. (2011, March 18). 45 protesters killed in Yemen. The Guardian. Retrived from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/18/yemen-police-massacre-45-protesters
  • GHOBARI, M. (2012). Yemen restructures army, limits Saleh son's powers. Retrived from https://www.reuters.com/article/yemen-army/yemen-restructures-army-limits-saleh-sons-powers-idUSL6E8J72QN20120807
  • GLEDHILL, J. (2013). Conclusion: Managing (In) security in Post-Arab Spring Transitions. PS: Political Science & Politics, 46(4), 736-739.
  • GREEN, D. (2019, September 19). Defeating al-Qaeda's Shadow Government in Yemen:The Need for Local Governance Reform. Retrived from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/defeating-al-qaedas-shadow-government-in-yemen-the-need-for-local-governanc
  • HAMIDI, H. (2015). A comparative analysis of the post-Arab Spring national dialogues in Tunisia and Yemen. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 15(3), 11-35.
  • INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP (2012). Yemen: Enduring Conflicts, Threatened Transition. Retrived from https://icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/125-yemen-enduring-conflicts-threatened-transition.pdf
  • INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP (2017). Yemen’s al-Qaeda: Expanding the Base.Retrived from https://icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/174-yemen-s-al-qaeda-expanding-the-base.pdf)
  • ISSAEV, L., KHOKHLOVA, A., & KOROTAYEV, A. (2022). The Arab Spring in Yemen. In Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century (pp. 685-705). Springer, Cham.
  • JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION (2011). The Tribes of Yemen: A Threat to Stability or Asset to Unification? Part One. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d26cfa92.html)
  • JUNEAU, T. (2013). Yemen and the Arab Spring: Elite struggles, state collapse and regional security. Orbis, 57(3), 408-423.
  • JUNEAU, T. (2014). Yemen and the Arab Spring. Beyond the Arab Spring. The Evolving Ruling. Bargain in the Middle East, 376-397.
  • KARAKIR, İ. A. (2018). Ongoing conflict in Yemen: A proxy war?. Tesam Akademi Dergisi, 5(2), 121-149.
  • KASINOF, L. & SHANE, S. (2011, March 21). Key Supporters Are Forsaking Yemen Leader. The New York Times. Retrived from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/world/middleeast/22yemen.html. Accessed: September 5, 2021.
  • KNIGHTS, M. (2013). The military role in Yemen's protests: civil-military relations in the tribal republic. Journal of Strategic Studies, 36(2), 261-288.
  • LONDONO, E. (2011). Yemen’s president injured in attack on palace, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemens-presidential-palace-struck-as-fighting-intensifies/2011/06/03/AG5hlyHH_story.html. Accessed: December 4, 2021.
  • MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE (1963). Supplement to the Chronology: Basic Chronology for a History of the Yemen, Middle East Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1/2 (Winter - Spring, 1963), pp. 144-153
  • NAJJAR, F. & AL-KARIMI, K. (2017, August 23). Saudi Arabia's war in Yemen 'a strategic failure. Retrived from https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/23/saudi-arabias-war-in-yemen-a-strategic-failure. Accessed: November 23, 2021.
  • NOUEIHED, L., & WARREN, A. (2012). The battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, counter-revolution and the making of a new era. Yale University Press.
  • OTTAWAY, M. (2014). Egypt and Tunisia: Democratic transitions and the problem of power. Wilson Center's Middle East Program.
  • POMEPS. (2012). Arab Uprisings: Yemen’s Stalemate. Retrieved from http://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/POMEPS_BriefBooklet8_Yemen_Web.pdf
  • POMEPS. (2018). Politics, Governance, and Reconstruction in Yemen. Retrived from https://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/POMEPS_Studies_29_Yemen_Web-REV.pdf
  • RAGHAVAN, S. and DEYOUNG, K. (September 24, 2011). Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh makes unexpected return from Saudi Arabia, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/yemeni-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-returns-from-saudi-arabia/2011/09/23/gIQAdfrhpK_story.html. Accessed: July 02, 2022.
  • SALISBURY, P. (2011). Yemen's Economy: Oil, Imports and Elites. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/1011pp_yemeneconomy.pdf
  • SHAKER, N. (2019, November 14). Riyadh Agreement divides Yemenis in Sanaa. Retrived from https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/11/yemen-agreement-saudi-arabia-hadi-separatists-houthis-sanaa.html. Accessed: February 02, 2022.
  • SHARQIEH, I. (2011). Yemen: The Search for Stability and Development, Brookings Institution Press.p-221-22
  • SIYECH, M. S. (2016). A Comparative Analysis of ‘Islamic State’& Al Qaeda in Yemen. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 8(8), 12-16.
  • STEVENSON, T. B., & ALAUG, A. K. (1997). Football in Yemen: Rituals of resistance, integration and identity. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32(3), 251-265. Supplement to the Chronology: Basic Chronology for a History of the Yemen. (1963). Middle East Journal, 17(1/2), 144–153. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4323558
  • WEINER, M. (1965). Political integration and political development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 358(1), 52-64.
  • WILLIS, J. M. (2009). Making Yemen Indian: rewriting the boundaries of imperial Arabia. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41(1), 23-38.
  • WINTER, L. (2012). Yemen’s Huthi movement in the wake of the Arab Spring. CTC Sentinel, 5(8), 13-17.
  • XIA, L. (2010). Regional Factors in Yemen’s integration reunification. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 4(4), 102-120.
  • YACCOB, A. R. (2012, January). Yemeni opposition to Ottoman rule: an overview. In Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (pp. 411-419). Archaeopress.
  • YEMEN PRESIDENT SURVIVES (June 3, 2011). NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43265101. Accessed: October 12, 2021.
  • YEMEN RISK REPORT (November 4, 2020). https://ganintegrity.com/country-profiles/yemen/ Accessed: March 04, 2023.

The Arab Spring and the Prolonged National Integration in Yemen; a Critical Discussion

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 216 - 227, 17.05.2024

Ehteshamul Haque Tariquil Islam Md Mostafa Faisal

https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1196698

Abstract

This study examines how the Arab Spring affects the national integration in Yemen. Despite the Arab Spring’s bringing forth tangible democratic transitions through inclusive democratic elections in Tunisia and Egypt, it created a social and political divide more than the previous time through diminishing the likelihood of national integration in Yemen. Some scholarly debates ascribe Arab Spring to Yemen’s lagging for national integration. However, others are on the opinion that Yemen never could realize a sustainable national integration due to its going through a perennial authoritarian or autocratic rule like some other Gulf Cooperation Council countries, and a long territorial and ideological division, as well as manifold power-seeking sections. The Arab Spring just exacerbated the remaining disintegration. This study holds on to the latter consideration and firstly, discusses the pre-Arab Spring territorial and political schism in Yemen. Then, it examines facts that triggered political fragmentation and instability in Yemen during and in the aftermath of the Arab Spring leaving little hope for the country to step into a successful national integration in near future. The main aim of this paper is to illustrate how a regional or global event impact potential national integration of a country that is heavily divided socially, politically, and ideologically along with corruption and state controlled civil society.

Keywords

Arab Spring National Integration Divide Yemen Power Seekers

References

  • ABOUZZOHOUR, Y. (2021). Heavy lies the crown: The survival of Arab monarchies, 10 years after the Arab Spring. Brookings Institution, Order from Chaos.
  • AHMED, A. (2019, December 24). Prospects bleak for ceasefire deal in Yemen. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/prospects-bleak-for-ceasefire-deal-in-yemen/1682432. Accessed: October 10, 2023.
  • AKIN, M. (2019). A Self-Defeating War: Regional Powers and Local Actors in Yemen. Retrieved from https://researchcentre.trtworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/LocalActorsYemen.pdf
  • ALLEY, A. L. (2013). Assessing (in) security after the Arab Spring: the case of Yemen. PS: Political Science & Politics, 46(4), 721-726.
  • AL-MUGHALLES, H. (2013). The State and Social Integration in Yemen: Opportunities and Challenges. Omran For social sciences, 1(4), 105-134.
  • ARIMATSU, L. and CHOUDHURY, M. (March 2014). The legal classification of the armed conflicts in Syria, Yemen and Libya. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/home/chatham/public_html/sites/default/files/20140300ClassificationConflictsArimatsuChoudhury1.pdf, p-21
  • AYDIN, A. (2013). Hereditary Oil Monarchies: Why Arab Spring Fails in GCC Arabian States?. SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Journal of Social Sciences, 30, 123-138.
  • BREHONY, N. (2011). Yemen divided: The story of a failed state in South Arabia. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • BROOKS, R. A. (2017). Military defection and the Arab Spring. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
  • CHATHAM HOUSE. (2015). Yemen: Key Players and Prospects for Peace. Retrived from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/events/2015-11-07-yemen-key-players-prospects-peace-meeting-summary_4.pdf
  • CIGAR, N. (1985). South Yemen and the USSR: Prospects for the Relationship. Middle East Journal, 39(4), 775–795. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4327184
  • Corruption Perception Index 2011 of Transparency International.https://files.transparencycdn.org/images/2011_CPI_EN_200407_133824.pdf.February 24,2023
  • Corruption Perception Index 2022 of Transparency International.https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/Report_CPI2022_English.pdf. Accessed: February 24,2023
  • DRAKE, C. (1980). National integration and public policies in Indonesia. Studies in Comparative International Development, 15(4), 59-84.
  • DUNBAR, C. (1992). The unification of Yemen: process, politics, and prospects. Middle East Journal, 46(3), 456-476.
  • DURAC, V. (2011). The joint meeting parties and the politics of opposition in Yemen. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 38(3), p-349
  • ELAYAH, M., & VERKOREN, W. (2020). Civil society during war: the case of Yemen. Peacebuilding, 8(4), 476-498.
  • FINN, T. (2011, March 18). 45 protesters killed in Yemen. The Guardian. Retrived from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/18/yemen-police-massacre-45-protesters
  • GHOBARI, M. (2012). Yemen restructures army, limits Saleh son's powers. Retrived from https://www.reuters.com/article/yemen-army/yemen-restructures-army-limits-saleh-sons-powers-idUSL6E8J72QN20120807
  • GLEDHILL, J. (2013). Conclusion: Managing (In) security in Post-Arab Spring Transitions. PS: Political Science & Politics, 46(4), 736-739.
  • GREEN, D. (2019, September 19). Defeating al-Qaeda's Shadow Government in Yemen:The Need for Local Governance Reform. Retrived from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/defeating-al-qaedas-shadow-government-in-yemen-the-need-for-local-governanc
  • HAMIDI, H. (2015). A comparative analysis of the post-Arab Spring national dialogues in Tunisia and Yemen. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 15(3), 11-35.
  • INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP (2012). Yemen: Enduring Conflicts, Threatened Transition. Retrived from https://icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/125-yemen-enduring-conflicts-threatened-transition.pdf
  • INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP (2017). Yemen’s al-Qaeda: Expanding the Base.Retrived from https://icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/174-yemen-s-al-qaeda-expanding-the-base.pdf)
  • ISSAEV, L., KHOKHLOVA, A., & KOROTAYEV, A. (2022). The Arab Spring in Yemen. In Handbook of Revolutions in the 21st Century (pp. 685-705). Springer, Cham.
  • JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION (2011). The Tribes of Yemen: A Threat to Stability or Asset to Unification? Part One. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d26cfa92.html)
  • JUNEAU, T. (2013). Yemen and the Arab Spring: Elite struggles, state collapse and regional security. Orbis, 57(3), 408-423.
  • JUNEAU, T. (2014). Yemen and the Arab Spring. Beyond the Arab Spring. The Evolving Ruling. Bargain in the Middle East, 376-397.
  • KARAKIR, İ. A. (2018). Ongoing conflict in Yemen: A proxy war?. Tesam Akademi Dergisi, 5(2), 121-149.
  • KASINOF, L. & SHANE, S. (2011, March 21). Key Supporters Are Forsaking Yemen Leader. The New York Times. Retrived from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/world/middleeast/22yemen.html. Accessed: September 5, 2021.
  • KNIGHTS, M. (2013). The military role in Yemen's protests: civil-military relations in the tribal republic. Journal of Strategic Studies, 36(2), 261-288.
  • LONDONO, E. (2011). Yemen’s president injured in attack on palace, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemens-presidential-palace-struck-as-fighting-intensifies/2011/06/03/AG5hlyHH_story.html. Accessed: December 4, 2021.
  • MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE (1963). Supplement to the Chronology: Basic Chronology for a History of the Yemen, Middle East Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1/2 (Winter - Spring, 1963), pp. 144-153
  • NAJJAR, F. & AL-KARIMI, K. (2017, August 23). Saudi Arabia's war in Yemen 'a strategic failure. Retrived from https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/23/saudi-arabias-war-in-yemen-a-strategic-failure. Accessed: November 23, 2021.
  • NOUEIHED, L., & WARREN, A. (2012). The battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, counter-revolution and the making of a new era. Yale University Press.
  • OTTAWAY, M. (2014). Egypt and Tunisia: Democratic transitions and the problem of power. Wilson Center's Middle East Program.
  • POMEPS. (2012). Arab Uprisings: Yemen’s Stalemate. Retrieved from http://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/POMEPS_BriefBooklet8_Yemen_Web.pdf
  • POMEPS. (2018). Politics, Governance, and Reconstruction in Yemen. Retrived from https://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/POMEPS_Studies_29_Yemen_Web-REV.pdf
  • RAGHAVAN, S. and DEYOUNG, K. (September 24, 2011). Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh makes unexpected return from Saudi Arabia, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/yemeni-president-ali-abdullah-saleh-returns-from-saudi-arabia/2011/09/23/gIQAdfrhpK_story.html. Accessed: July 02, 2022.
  • SALISBURY, P. (2011). Yemen's Economy: Oil, Imports and Elites. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/1011pp_yemeneconomy.pdf
  • SHAKER, N. (2019, November 14). Riyadh Agreement divides Yemenis in Sanaa. Retrived from https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/11/yemen-agreement-saudi-arabia-hadi-separatists-houthis-sanaa.html. Accessed: February 02, 2022.
  • SHARQIEH, I. (2011). Yemen: The Search for Stability and Development, Brookings Institution Press.p-221-22
  • SIYECH, M. S. (2016). A Comparative Analysis of ‘Islamic State’& Al Qaeda in Yemen. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 8(8), 12-16.
  • STEVENSON, T. B., & ALAUG, A. K. (1997). Football in Yemen: Rituals of resistance, integration and identity. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32(3), 251-265. Supplement to the Chronology: Basic Chronology for a History of the Yemen. (1963). Middle East Journal, 17(1/2), 144–153. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4323558
  • WEINER, M. (1965). Political integration and political development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 358(1), 52-64.
  • WILLIS, J. M. (2009). Making Yemen Indian: rewriting the boundaries of imperial Arabia. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41(1), 23-38.
  • WINTER, L. (2012). Yemen’s Huthi movement in the wake of the Arab Spring. CTC Sentinel, 5(8), 13-17.
  • XIA, L. (2010). Regional Factors in Yemen’s integration reunification. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 4(4), 102-120.
  • YACCOB, A. R. (2012, January). Yemeni opposition to Ottoman rule: an overview. In Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (pp. 411-419). Archaeopress.
  • YEMEN PRESIDENT SURVIVES (June 3, 2011). NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43265101. Accessed: October 12, 2021.
  • YEMEN RISK REPORT (November 4, 2020). https://ganintegrity.com/country-profiles/yemen/ Accessed: March 04, 2023.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Middle East Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ehteshamul Haque 0000-0001-8945-6239

Tariquil Islam 0000-0003-4711-9829

Md Mostafa Faisal 0000-0002-0066-6721

Early Pub Date May 16, 2024
Publication Date May 17, 2024
Acceptance Date March 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Haque, E., Islam, T., & Faisal, M. M. (2024). The Arab Spring and the Prolonged National Integration in Yemen; a Critical Discussion. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 216-227. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1196698
 Download Cover Image

 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)