Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Influences of Fluency and Familiarity Misattribution on Autobiographical Memory Judgments

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 18 - 29, 10.02.2022

Abstract

Familiarity caused by fluent processing may be misattributed to past experiences if the source of fluency cannot be determined. This explanation has been presented as the misattribution hypothesis of familiarity to explain the effects of fluency and familiarity in studies using recognition tests on episodic memory. In this study repetition priming was used for autobiographical memory to test the familiarity misattribution hypothesis, which states that familiarity caused by fluent processing can be misattributed to past experience if the source of fluency cannot be identified. The participants’ awareness of the source of fluency was manipulated by presenting either a subliminal or a supraliminal prime before they responded to a Life Event Inventory (LEI) item. The prime was either the same as the verb of the LEI sentence, or a different verb. Participants gave higher confidence ratings if subliminal primes were identical to, rather than different from, the verb of the sentence. Consistent with the hypothesis, if the participants were aware of seeing the primes, this difference disappeared. The results of the experiment showed that manipulating fluency, that is, the ease of processing, could affect confidence ratings about whether an event occurred in the respondents’ past.

References

  • Bernstein, D. M., Godfrey, R. D., Davison, A. & Loftus E. (2004). Conditions affecting the revelation effect for autobiographical memory. Memory and Cognition, 32, 455-462.
  • Bernstein, D. M., Whittlesea, B. W. & Loftus, E. F. (2002). Increasing Confidence in remote autobiographical memory and general knowledge: Extensions of revelation effect. Memory and Cognition, 30, 432-438.
  • Bernstein D.A, Rudd M.E, Erdfelder E, Godfrey, R, Loftus E.F (2009). The revelation effect for autobiographical memory: A mixture-model analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 463-468.
  • Brown, A.S., & Marsh, E.J. (2008). Evoking false beliefs about autobiographical experience. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 186–190.
  • Brown, A.S., & Marsh, E.J. (2009). Creating Illusions of Past Encounter Through Brief Exposure. Psychological Science, 20(5), 534-538.
  • Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language,53(4), 594–628.
  • Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C.W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261–288.
  • Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208–214.
  • Heaps, C., Nash, M. (1999). Individual differences in imagination inflation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 313–318.
  • Jacoby L. L, Dallas M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual-learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 110(3), 306-340.
  • Jacoby L. L., Whitehouse K (1989). An illusion of memory - False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 118(2), 126-135.
  • Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., & Dywan, J. (1989). Memory attributions. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 391-422). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Jacoby, L.L., 1991. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
  • Kelley C.M., Rhodes M.G., (2002). Making sense and nonsense of experience: attributions in memory and judgment. Psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory, 41, 293-320.
  • Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., & Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.
  • Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
  • Loftus, E.F. (2003). Make-believe memories. American Psychologist, 58, 864–873.
  • Mendelsohn A., Furman O., Navon I., Dudai, Y. (2009). Subjective vs. documented reality: A case study of long-term real-life autobiographical memory. Learning and Memory, 16(2),142-146.
  • Oppenheimer D.M. (2008). The secret life of fluency. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12 (6), 237-241.
  • Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition, 21, 89-102.
  • Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G., Kirsch, I., & Relyea, M. (2004). Plausibility and belief in autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 791-807.
  • Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G., Kirsch, I., & Jimenez, S. (2006). The effects of prevalence and script information on plausibility, belief, and memory of autobiographical events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 1049-1064.
  • Sharman, S.J., Garry, M. & Beuke, C. J. (2004). Imagination or exposure causes imagination inflation. American Journal of Psychology, 117(2), 157-168.
  • Sharman S.J., Barnier A.J. (2008). Imagining nice and nasty events in childhood or adulthood: Recent positive events show the most imagination inflation. Acta Psychologica, 129(2), 228-233.
  • Smeets, T., Merkelbach, H., Horselenberg, R., & Jelicic, M. (2005). Trying to recollect past events: Confidence, beliefs and memories. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 917–934.
  • Whittlesea B. W. A., Jacoby L. L., Girard K. (1990). Illusions of immediate memory - evidence of an attributional basis for feelings of familiarity and perceptual quality. Journal of Memory and Language, 29(6), 716-732.
  • Whittlesea B. W. A., Leboe J. P. (2000). The heuristic basis of remembering and classification: Fluency, generation, and resemblance. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 129(1), 84-106.
  • Whittlesea B. W. A. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition, 19(6), 1235-1253.
  • Yonelinas A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(23), 441-517.

Akıcılık ve Aşinalığın Yanlış Atfedilmesinin Otobiyografik Bellek Yargılarına Etkileri

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 18 - 29, 10.02.2022

Abstract

Akıcı işlemenin neden olduğu aşinalık, akıcılığın kaynağı belirlenemezse geçmiş deneyimlere yanlış atfedilebilir. Bu akıcılık ve aşinalık etkisi epizodik bellek çalışmalarında aşinalığın yanlış atfedilmesi hipotezi olarak sunulmuştur. Bu çalışmada akıcı işlemeden kaynaklanan aşinalığın yanlış atfedilmesi hipotezi otobiyografik bellek için test edilmiştir. Bu hipotezi test etmek için tekrarın ön hazırlama etkisi kullanılmıştır. Akıcılığın kaynağına ilişkin farkındalık ön hazırlayıcının eşik üstü ya da eşik altı sunulması ile belirlenmiştir. Yaşam Olayları Envanteri insanların başlarından geçen olaylar hakkında güven derecelendirmesi yapmalarına imkan sağlayan ve otobiyografik bellek çalışmalarında kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada katılımcılara bir Yaşam Olayları Envanteri maddesine yanıt vermeden önce eşik altı ya da eşik üstü bir ön hazırlayıcı sunulmuştur. Ön hazırlayıcı Yaşam Olayları Envanteri cümlesinin yüklemiyle aynı ya da farklı bir yüklem olarak gösterilmiştir. Katılımcıların eşik altı ön hazırlayıcıların cümlenin yüklemiyle aynı olduğu olaylar için eşik altı ön hazırlayıcıların cümlenin yükleminden farklı olduğu olaylara kıyasla daha yüksek güven derecelendirmesi verdikleri gözlemlenmiştir. Aşinalığın yanlış atfedilmesi hipotezi ile tutarlı olarak, ön hazırlayıcıların eşik üstü olması dolayısı ile katılımcıların ön hazırlayıcıları gördüklerinin farkında olmaları durumunda güven derecelendirmesinde görülen bu fark ortadan kalkmıştır. Deneyin sonuçları, daha akıcı işlemenin diğer bir deyişle işleme kolaylığının artmasının, katılımcıların geçmişlerinde bir olayın olup olmadığına ilişkin verdikleri güven derecelendirmelerini etkileyebileceğini göstermiştir.

References

  • Bernstein, D. M., Godfrey, R. D., Davison, A. & Loftus E. (2004). Conditions affecting the revelation effect for autobiographical memory. Memory and Cognition, 32, 455-462.
  • Bernstein, D. M., Whittlesea, B. W. & Loftus, E. F. (2002). Increasing Confidence in remote autobiographical memory and general knowledge: Extensions of revelation effect. Memory and Cognition, 30, 432-438.
  • Bernstein D.A, Rudd M.E, Erdfelder E, Godfrey, R, Loftus E.F (2009). The revelation effect for autobiographical memory: A mixture-model analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 463-468.
  • Brown, A.S., & Marsh, E.J. (2008). Evoking false beliefs about autobiographical experience. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 186–190.
  • Brown, A.S., & Marsh, E.J. (2009). Creating Illusions of Past Encounter Through Brief Exposure. Psychological Science, 20(5), 534-538.
  • Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language,53(4), 594–628.
  • Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C.W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261–288.
  • Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208–214.
  • Heaps, C., Nash, M. (1999). Individual differences in imagination inflation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 313–318.
  • Jacoby L. L, Dallas M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual-learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 110(3), 306-340.
  • Jacoby L. L., Whitehouse K (1989). An illusion of memory - False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 118(2), 126-135.
  • Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., & Dywan, J. (1989). Memory attributions. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 391-422). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Jacoby, L.L., 1991. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
  • Kelley C.M., Rhodes M.G., (2002). Making sense and nonsense of experience: attributions in memory and judgment. Psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory, 41, 293-320.
  • Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., & Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.
  • Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
  • Loftus, E.F. (2003). Make-believe memories. American Psychologist, 58, 864–873.
  • Mendelsohn A., Furman O., Navon I., Dudai, Y. (2009). Subjective vs. documented reality: A case study of long-term real-life autobiographical memory. Learning and Memory, 16(2),142-146.
  • Oppenheimer D.M. (2008). The secret life of fluency. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12 (6), 237-241.
  • Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition, 21, 89-102.
  • Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G., Kirsch, I., & Relyea, M. (2004). Plausibility and belief in autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 791-807.
  • Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G., Kirsch, I., & Jimenez, S. (2006). The effects of prevalence and script information on plausibility, belief, and memory of autobiographical events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 1049-1064.
  • Sharman, S.J., Garry, M. & Beuke, C. J. (2004). Imagination or exposure causes imagination inflation. American Journal of Psychology, 117(2), 157-168.
  • Sharman S.J., Barnier A.J. (2008). Imagining nice and nasty events in childhood or adulthood: Recent positive events show the most imagination inflation. Acta Psychologica, 129(2), 228-233.
  • Smeets, T., Merkelbach, H., Horselenberg, R., & Jelicic, M. (2005). Trying to recollect past events: Confidence, beliefs and memories. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 917–934.
  • Whittlesea B. W. A., Jacoby L. L., Girard K. (1990). Illusions of immediate memory - evidence of an attributional basis for feelings of familiarity and perceptual quality. Journal of Memory and Language, 29(6), 716-732.
  • Whittlesea B. W. A., Leboe J. P. (2000). The heuristic basis of remembering and classification: Fluency, generation, and resemblance. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 129(1), 84-106.
  • Whittlesea B. W. A. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition, 19(6), 1235-1253.
  • Yonelinas A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(23), 441-517.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aslı Bahar İnan 0000-0002-9350-5643

Hasan Tekman 0000-0002-0859-6836

Publication Date February 10, 2022
Submission Date October 26, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İnan, A. B., & Tekman, H. (2022). Influences of Fluency and Familiarity Misattribution on Autobiographical Memory Judgments. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.1014202