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DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

Year 2023, Volume: 48 Issue: 5, 993 - 1003, 15.10.2023

Tarık Balkan Özlem Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23063

Abstract

Pesticide residues were screened in samples collected from pomegranate orchards in Antalya, Türkiye, and the health risks of such residues for consumers were assessed in this study. Analytical method verification was conducted to determine 260 pesticide residues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). A total of 54 pomegranate samples were analyzed using this method. Ten of pomegranate samples contained pesticide residues above European Union Maximum Residue Limits (EU-MRLs). Both buprofezin and tebuconazole were detected in two of these samples, acetamiprid in three, tebuconazole in two, deltamethrin in two, and chlorpyrifos in one. In the risk assessment, deltamethrin has the potential for chronic toxicity for consumers, and chlorpyrifos shows both acute and chronic toxicity risks.

Keywords

Acute risk Chronic risk LC-MS/MS Method verification QuEChERS

References

  • Bakırcı, G.T., Acay, D.B.Y., Bakırcı, F., Ötleş, S. (2014). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region, Turkey. Food Chemistry, 160; 379-392. Https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.2014.02.051.
  • Banerjee, K., Oulkar, D.P., Patil, S.B., Patil, S.H., Dasgupta, S., Savant, R., Adsule, P.G. (2008). Single-laboratory validation and uncertainty analysis of 82 pesticides determined in pomegranate, apple, and orange by ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International, 91(6); 1435–1445.
  • Balkan, T., Kara, K. (2022). Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin, 62(2); 26-35, Https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1053952.
  • Balkan, T., Yılmaz, Ö. (2022). Method validation, residue and risk assessment of 260 pesticides in some leafy vegetables using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 384; 132516, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132516.
  • Darko, G., Akoto, O. (2008). Dietary intake of organophosphorus pesticide residues through vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(12); 3703-3706, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.049.
  • Dinçay, O., Civelek, H. S., Görmez, E. (2017). Residue analysis of insecticides used for control of Mediterranean Fruit Fly [Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)] in Izmir’s satsuma (mandarin) and Antalya’s pomegranates. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(2); 231-238 (in Turkish with English abstract), Https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.387346.
  • Dülger, H., Tiryaki, O. (2021). Investigation of pesticide residues in peach and nectarine sampled from Çanakkale, Turkey, and consumer dietary risk assessment. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 193; 561, Https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10661-021-09349-8.
  • Ersoy N., Tatlı Ö., Özcan S., Evcil E., Coşkun L.Ş., Erdoğan E., 2011. Pesticide residues in some tropical and subtropical fruit species. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(2); 81-88, (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • Ersoy, N. (2019). Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in ‘Hicaznar’ Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivar. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2); 198-209. Https://doi.org/10.29048/ makufebed.637515.
  • EC, 2002. European Commission, Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, 2, 30–43.
  • EC, 2022. European Commission, European Union (EU) pesticides database. Pesticide Residues MRLs. Directorate General for Health & Consumers. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/ pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/mrls Accessed September 10, 2022.
  • Ilgın, T. (2016). Antalya ilinde nar üretim alanlarında ve depolanan meyvelerde görülen fungal hastalık etmenlerinin belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, Türkiye, 68s.
  • Gormez, E., Golge, O., Kabak, B. (2021). Quantification of fosetyl-aluminium/phosphonic acid and other highly polar residues in pomegranates using Quick Polar Pesticides method involving liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement. Journal of chromatography. A, 1642; 462038, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462038.
  • IUPAC 2022. The PPDB - Pesticide Properties Database International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/ aeru/iupac/index.htm (Accessed date: October 7, 2022).
  • Kahramanoglu, İ., (2019). Trends in pomegranate sector: production, postharvest handling and marketing. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences, 3(2); 239-246.
  • Kuchheuser, P., Birringer, M. (2022). Evaluation of specific import provisions for food products from third countries based on an analysis of RASFF notifications on pesticide residues. Food Control, 133;108581, Https://doi.org/10.016/ j.foodcont.2021.108581.
  • Lehotay S.J., 2007. Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate: Collaborative Study. Journal of AOAC International, 90(2); 485–520.
  • Liu, Y., Shen, D., Li, S., Ni, Z., Ding, M., Ye, C., Tang, F. (2016). Residue levels and risk assessment of pesticides in nuts of China. Chemosphere, 144; 645-651, Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.008.
  • Matadha, N.Y., Mohapatra, S., Siddamallaiah, L. (2021). Distribution of fluopyram and tebuconazole in pomegranate tissues and their risk assessment. Food chemistry, 358; 129909, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129909.
  • Naik, R.H., Pallavi, M.S., Nandini, Shwetha, A., Bheemanna, M., Nidoni, R.U. (2022). Simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in pomegranate whole fruit and arils using LC-MS/MS. Food Chemistry, 387; 13286, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132865.
  • Ortelli, D., Edder, P., Corvi C. (2004). Multiresidue analysis of 74 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 520; 33–45. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.037.
  • Özalp, A., Yılmaz, İ. (2013). Input usage, profitability and productivity analysis of pomegranate production in Antalya province. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 26(1); 9-26, (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • Özercan, B. Taşcı, R. (2022). Investigation of Pesticide Use in Türkiye in Terms of Provinces, Regions and Pesticide Groups. Ziraat Mühendisliği, (375); 75-88, (in Turkish with English abstract), Https://doi.org/10.33724/zm.1120599. Polat, B., Tiryaki, O. (2019). Determination of some pesticide residues in conventional-grown and IPM-grown tomato by using QuEChERS method. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 54(2); 112-117, Https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03601234.2018.1531663.
  • Ryberg, M.W., Rosenbaum R.K., Mosqueron, L., Fantke, P. (2018). Addressing bystander exposure to agricultural pesticides in life cycle impact assessment. Chemosphere, 197; 541–549, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.088.
  • Saleh, I.A., Khorshed, M.A., Eshmawy, M.R., Kandil, M.A. (2020). Pesticide residues in horticultural crops from domestic markets of giza, egypt: occurrence and risk assessment. Plant Archives, 20(1); 3862-3869.
  • SANTE, 2021. SANTE/11312/2021 Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. 1–55. https://www.accredia.it/app/uploads/ 2021/02/SANTE_11312_2021.pdf (Accessed date: October 7, 2022).
  • Savant, R.H., Banerjee, K., Utture, S.C., Patil, S.H., Dasgupta, S., Ghaste, M.S., Adsule, P.G. (2010). Multiresidue analysis of 50 pesticides in grape, pomegranate, and mango by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, 58; 1447–1454, Https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903398f.
  • Soydan, K. D., Turgut, N., Yalçın, M., Turgut, C., Karakuş, P. B. K. (2021). Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region of Turkey and assessment of risk to consumers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28; 27511–27519. Https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11356-021-12580-y.
  • Şahin, Ö. (2013). Antalya ili nar alanlarında görülen zararlılar ve doğal düşmanları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, Türkiye, 41s.
  • Tiryaki, O. (2016). Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residuesin two apple varieties. Journal of Envıronmental Science and Health, Part B, 51; 722-729. Https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03601234.2016.1191922.
  • Tiryaki, O., Baysoyu, D., Seçer, E., Aydın G. (2008). Testing the stability of pesticides during sample processing for the chlorpyrifos and malathion residue analysis in cucumber including matrix effects. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80(1); 38-43.
  • Tripathy, V., Sharma, K.K., Mohapatra, S. et al. 2022. Persistence evaluation of fluopyram + tebuconazole residues on mango and pomegranate and their risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29; 33180–33190, Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17993-3.
  • TSI, 2019. Turkey Health Interview Survey. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/DownloadIstatistikselTablo?p=WEBW229PP/91tMV2m71fU6pRWq2F1ZD/lzOFFk0bNDi2rjAC8QDCRN62nr2M3n1K (Accessed date: September 10, 2022).
  • TSI, 2021. Turkish Statical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Accessed date: September 10, 2022)
  • Uçan, H. N., Dursun S., Gür K., Aktümsek A. (2009). Organochlorine Pesticide Residue Analyses in Some Fruit Samples Collected from Konya City Supermarkets. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21(6); 4843-4855.
  • Utture S.C., Banerjee, K., Kolekar, S.S., Dasgupta, S., Oulkar, D., Patil, S. H., Wagh, S.S., Adsule, P.G., Anuse, M.A. (2012). Food safety evaluation of buprofezin, dimethoate and imidacloprid residues in pomegranate. Food Chemistry, 131; 787-795, Https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.2011.09.044.
  • Venkitasamy, C., Zhao, L., Zhang, R., Pan Z. (2019). Chapter 8 – Pomegranate. Integrated Processing Technologies for Food and Agricultural By-Products, Academic Press, Pages 181-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814138-0.00008-3.

ANTALYA'DA YETİŞTİRİLEN NARLARDA PESTİSİT KALINTILARININ BELİRLENMESİ VE SAĞLIK RİSK DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 48 Issue: 5, 993 - 1003, 15.10.2023

Tarık Balkan Özlem Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23063

Abstract

Antalya ili nar bahçelerinden toplanan numunelerde pestisit kalıntıları taranmış ve bu kalıntıların tüketiciler için oluşturduğu sağlık riskleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sıvı kromatografi-tandem kütle spektrometresi (LC–MS/MS) ile 260 pestisit kalıntısının belirlenmesi için analitik metot doğrulaması yapılarak, Antalya ilinden toplanan 54 nar numunesi analiz edilmiştir. 10 nar numunesinde Avrupa Birliği Maksimum Kalıntı Limitlerinin (AB-MRL) aştığı belirlenmiştir. Bunlarda ikisinde buprofezin ve tebuconazole, üçünde acetamiprid, ikisinde tebuconazole, ikisinde deltamethrin ve birinde ise chlorpyrifos tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen pestisitlere yönelik risk değerlendirmesinde deltamethrin kalıntı değerlerinin tüketiciler için kronik toksisite potansiyeline sahip olduğu, chlorpyrifos kalıntı değerinin ise hem akut hem kronik toksisite riski gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Akut risk Kronik risk LC-MS/MS Metot doğrulama QuEChERS

References

  • Bakırcı, G.T., Acay, D.B.Y., Bakırcı, F., Ötleş, S. (2014). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region, Turkey. Food Chemistry, 160; 379-392. Https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.2014.02.051.
  • Banerjee, K., Oulkar, D.P., Patil, S.B., Patil, S.H., Dasgupta, S., Savant, R., Adsule, P.G. (2008). Single-laboratory validation and uncertainty analysis of 82 pesticides determined in pomegranate, apple, and orange by ethyl acetate extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International, 91(6); 1435–1445.
  • Balkan, T., Kara, K. (2022). Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province. Plant Protection Bulletin, 62(2); 26-35, Https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1053952.
  • Balkan, T., Yılmaz, Ö. (2022). Method validation, residue and risk assessment of 260 pesticides in some leafy vegetables using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 384; 132516, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132516.
  • Darko, G., Akoto, O. (2008). Dietary intake of organophosphorus pesticide residues through vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(12); 3703-3706, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.049.
  • Dinçay, O., Civelek, H. S., Görmez, E. (2017). Residue analysis of insecticides used for control of Mediterranean Fruit Fly [Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)] in Izmir’s satsuma (mandarin) and Antalya’s pomegranates. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(2); 231-238 (in Turkish with English abstract), Https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.387346.
  • Dülger, H., Tiryaki, O. (2021). Investigation of pesticide residues in peach and nectarine sampled from Çanakkale, Turkey, and consumer dietary risk assessment. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 193; 561, Https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10661-021-09349-8.
  • Ersoy N., Tatlı Ö., Özcan S., Evcil E., Coşkun L.Ş., Erdoğan E., 2011. Pesticide residues in some tropical and subtropical fruit species. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(2); 81-88, (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • Ersoy, N. (2019). Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in ‘Hicaznar’ Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivar. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2); 198-209. Https://doi.org/10.29048/ makufebed.637515.
  • EC, 2002. European Commission, Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 establishing community methods of sampling for the official control of pesticide residues in and on products of plant and animal origin and repealing Directive 79/700/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, 2, 30–43.
  • EC, 2022. European Commission, European Union (EU) pesticides database. Pesticide Residues MRLs. Directorate General for Health & Consumers. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/ pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/mrls Accessed September 10, 2022.
  • Ilgın, T. (2016). Antalya ilinde nar üretim alanlarında ve depolanan meyvelerde görülen fungal hastalık etmenlerinin belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, Türkiye, 68s.
  • Gormez, E., Golge, O., Kabak, B. (2021). Quantification of fosetyl-aluminium/phosphonic acid and other highly polar residues in pomegranates using Quick Polar Pesticides method involving liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement. Journal of chromatography. A, 1642; 462038, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462038.
  • IUPAC 2022. The PPDB - Pesticide Properties Database International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/ aeru/iupac/index.htm (Accessed date: October 7, 2022).
  • Kahramanoglu, İ., (2019). Trends in pomegranate sector: production, postharvest handling and marketing. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences, 3(2); 239-246.
  • Kuchheuser, P., Birringer, M. (2022). Evaluation of specific import provisions for food products from third countries based on an analysis of RASFF notifications on pesticide residues. Food Control, 133;108581, Https://doi.org/10.016/ j.foodcont.2021.108581.
  • Lehotay S.J., 2007. Determination of pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate: Collaborative Study. Journal of AOAC International, 90(2); 485–520.
  • Liu, Y., Shen, D., Li, S., Ni, Z., Ding, M., Ye, C., Tang, F. (2016). Residue levels and risk assessment of pesticides in nuts of China. Chemosphere, 144; 645-651, Https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.008.
  • Matadha, N.Y., Mohapatra, S., Siddamallaiah, L. (2021). Distribution of fluopyram and tebuconazole in pomegranate tissues and their risk assessment. Food chemistry, 358; 129909, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129909.
  • Naik, R.H., Pallavi, M.S., Nandini, Shwetha, A., Bheemanna, M., Nidoni, R.U. (2022). Simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in pomegranate whole fruit and arils using LC-MS/MS. Food Chemistry, 387; 13286, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132865.
  • Ortelli, D., Edder, P., Corvi C. (2004). Multiresidue analysis of 74 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 520; 33–45. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.037.
  • Özalp, A., Yılmaz, İ. (2013). Input usage, profitability and productivity analysis of pomegranate production in Antalya province. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 26(1); 9-26, (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • Özercan, B. Taşcı, R. (2022). Investigation of Pesticide Use in Türkiye in Terms of Provinces, Regions and Pesticide Groups. Ziraat Mühendisliği, (375); 75-88, (in Turkish with English abstract), Https://doi.org/10.33724/zm.1120599. Polat, B., Tiryaki, O. (2019). Determination of some pesticide residues in conventional-grown and IPM-grown tomato by using QuEChERS method. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 54(2); 112-117, Https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03601234.2018.1531663.
  • Ryberg, M.W., Rosenbaum R.K., Mosqueron, L., Fantke, P. (2018). Addressing bystander exposure to agricultural pesticides in life cycle impact assessment. Chemosphere, 197; 541–549, Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.088.
  • Saleh, I.A., Khorshed, M.A., Eshmawy, M.R., Kandil, M.A. (2020). Pesticide residues in horticultural crops from domestic markets of giza, egypt: occurrence and risk assessment. Plant Archives, 20(1); 3862-3869.
  • SANTE, 2021. SANTE/11312/2021 Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. 1–55. https://www.accredia.it/app/uploads/ 2021/02/SANTE_11312_2021.pdf (Accessed date: October 7, 2022).
  • Savant, R.H., Banerjee, K., Utture, S.C., Patil, S.H., Dasgupta, S., Ghaste, M.S., Adsule, P.G. (2010). Multiresidue analysis of 50 pesticides in grape, pomegranate, and mango by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, 58; 1447–1454, Https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903398f.
  • Soydan, K. D., Turgut, N., Yalçın, M., Turgut, C., Karakuş, P. B. K. (2021). Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region of Turkey and assessment of risk to consumers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28; 27511–27519. Https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11356-021-12580-y.
  • Şahin, Ö. (2013). Antalya ili nar alanlarında görülen zararlılar ve doğal düşmanları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, Türkiye, 41s.
  • Tiryaki, O. (2016). Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of some pesticide residuesin two apple varieties. Journal of Envıronmental Science and Health, Part B, 51; 722-729. Https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03601234.2016.1191922.
  • Tiryaki, O., Baysoyu, D., Seçer, E., Aydın G. (2008). Testing the stability of pesticides during sample processing for the chlorpyrifos and malathion residue analysis in cucumber including matrix effects. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80(1); 38-43.
  • Tripathy, V., Sharma, K.K., Mohapatra, S. et al. 2022. Persistence evaluation of fluopyram + tebuconazole residues on mango and pomegranate and their risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29; 33180–33190, Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17993-3.
  • TSI, 2019. Turkey Health Interview Survey. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/DownloadIstatistikselTablo?p=WEBW229PP/91tMV2m71fU6pRWq2F1ZD/lzOFFk0bNDi2rjAC8QDCRN62nr2M3n1K (Accessed date: September 10, 2022).
  • TSI, 2021. Turkish Statical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Accessed date: September 10, 2022)
  • Uçan, H. N., Dursun S., Gür K., Aktümsek A. (2009). Organochlorine Pesticide Residue Analyses in Some Fruit Samples Collected from Konya City Supermarkets. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21(6); 4843-4855.
  • Utture S.C., Banerjee, K., Kolekar, S.S., Dasgupta, S., Oulkar, D., Patil, S. H., Wagh, S.S., Adsule, P.G., Anuse, M.A. (2012). Food safety evaluation of buprofezin, dimethoate and imidacloprid residues in pomegranate. Food Chemistry, 131; 787-795, Https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.2011.09.044.
  • Venkitasamy, C., Zhao, L., Zhang, R., Pan Z. (2019). Chapter 8 – Pomegranate. Integrated Processing Technologies for Food and Agricultural By-Products, Academic Press, Pages 181-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814138-0.00008-3.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tarık Balkan 0000-0003-4756-4842

Özlem Yılmaz 0000-0001-8564-120X

Early Pub Date September 21, 2023
Publication Date October 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 48 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Balkan, T., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2023). DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. Gıda, 48(5), 993-1003. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23063
AMA Balkan T, Yılmaz Ö. DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. The Journal of Food. October 2023;48(5):993-1003. doi:10.15237/gida.GD23063
Chicago Balkan, Tarık, and Özlem Yılmaz. “DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT”. Gıda 48, no. 5 (October 2023): 993-1003. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23063.
EndNote Balkan T, Yılmaz Ö (October 1, 2023) DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. Gıda 48 5 993–1003.
IEEE T. Balkan and Ö. Yılmaz, “DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT”, The Journal of Food, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 993–1003, 2023, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD23063.
ISNAD Balkan, Tarık - Yılmaz, Özlem. “DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT”. Gıda 48/5 (October 2023), 993-1003. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23063.
JAMA Balkan T, Yılmaz Ö. DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. The Journal of Food. 2023;48:993–1003.
MLA Balkan, Tarık and Özlem Yılmaz. “DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT”. Gıda, vol. 48, no. 5, 2023, pp. 993-1003, doi:10.15237/gida.GD23063.
Vancouver Balkan T, Yılmaz Ö. DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATES GROWN IN ANTALYA AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT. The Journal of Food. 2023;48(5):993-1003.
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GIDA / The Journal of FOOD is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/