Abstract
Sam Shepard’ın Vahşi Batı 1981 adlı oyunu eleştirmenler tarafından çoğunlukla iki kardeş arasındaki farklılıkların çatışmasını sahneleyen bir oyun olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Oyunun dramatik yapısı bu çelişen yanlara ve karakterlerin dönüşümlerine bağlı olsa da, oyun aynı ölçüde babanın yokluğu ve aile birliğinin bozulması ile gelen yitim duygusunun yarattığı melankolik özlemi açığa çıkarmaktadır. Bireysel düzlemde gerçekleşen bu melankolik özlem, aynı zamanda modern dönemde sanayileşme ve şehirleşmeyle beraber Batı kavramında olduğu gibi ulusal ideallerin geçerliğini kaybetmesiyle yaşanan yitimle benötesi düzlemde de gözlemlenebilir. Batı kavramına yüklenen söylenceler ilk kurulduğu yıllarda Avrupalı yerleşimcileri tarafından Amerika kıta doğasına ve yeni bir ulus olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne atfedilen cennet olma idealinin yitimi ile ulusal bağlamda dikkate alındığında önem kazanmaktadır. Bireysel ve ulusal düzlemi birbirine paralel tutan yitim duygusu, oyundaki iki kardeşin bilinçdışında bastırdıkları duyguları tıpkı bir psikanaliz sürecinde olduğu gibi konuşmalar ve eyleme dökme ile ön plana çıkarmasıyla somutlaşmaktadır. Buradan hareketle, bu çalışma oyunda babanın kaybıyla yaşanan yitimi ve melankolik özlemi ortaya koyan diyalogları bir edebiyat kuramı olarak edebi metin çözümlemelerinde eleştirel perspektifler sunan psikanalitik yöntem çerçevesinde tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Keywords
Yitim Melankoli Batı Eyleme Dökme Sam Shepard Vahşi Batı Psikanalitik Kuram Katartik Tedavi
References
- ANDERSON, Benedict. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.
- ARISTOTELES. (1982). The Poetics. In Aristotle`s Poetics. (Translated by James Hutton). (43-81). New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.
- BRADFORD, William. (1952). Of Plymouth Plantation 1620-1647. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
- BOTTOMS, Stephen J. (1998). The Theatre of Sam Shepard, States of Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- CHUBB, Kenneth and The Editors of Theatre Quarterly. (1981). “Metaphors, Mad Dogs and Old Time Cowboys: Interview with Sam Shepard”. In American Dreams The Imagination of Sam Shepard. (Ed. Bonnie Marranca). (187-210). New York. PAJ Publications.
- CREVECOEUR, J. Hector St. John de. (1981). Letters from an American Farmer. (Ed. Albert E. Stone). New York: Penguin Books.
- CULLEN, Jim. (2003). The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea That Shaped a Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ELLENBERGER, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious, The History and Evolutionary Psychiatry. U.S.A.: Basic Books.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1963). “Analytic Therapy” (1917). In The Standart Edition of the Complete Psychoanalytical Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. XVI. (Trans. and Ed. James Strachey). (448- 464). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1938). “Interpretations of Dreams” (1900). In The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. (Trans.&Ed. Dr. A. A. Brill). (181-553). New York: Random House, Inc.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917). In Collected Papers Vol. IV (Ed. Ernest Jones. Trans. Joan Riviere). (152-173). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1958). “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through” (Further Recommendations on the Technique of Psycho-Analysis II) (1914). In The Standard Edition. Vol. XII. (Trans&Ed. James Strachey). (145-157). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “Repression” (1915) In Collected Papers Vol. IV (Ed. Ernest Jones.& Trans. Joan Riviere). (84-98). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1962). “The Ego and the Super Ego (Ego Ideal)” (1923). In The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition. (Trans. Joan Riviere&Ed. James Strachey). (18-30). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1965). The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis. South Bend, Indiana: Gateway Editions LTD.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “The Unconscious” (1915). In Collected Papers Vol. IV. (Ed. Ernest Jones&Trans. Joan Riviere). (98-137). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “The Uncanny” (1919). In Collected Papers Vol. IV. (Ed. Ernest Jones.& Trans. Joan Riviere). (368-408). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1953). “Psychopathic Characters on the Stage” (1905). In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. VII. (Ed. and Trans. by James Strachey). (305-311). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- HART, Lynda. (1987). Sam Shepard’s Metaphorical Stages. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, Press Inc.
- HAYES, Michael. J. (1995). “Sam Shepard”. In American Drama. (Ed. Clive Bloom). (131-142). London: MacMillan Press Ltd.
- KLEB, William. (1981). “Worse Than Being Homeless: True West and The Divided Self”. In American Dreams: The Imagination of Sam Shepard. (Ed. Bonny Marranca). (117-126) New York: PAJ Publications.
- MALKIN, Jeannette R. (1999). “Sam Shepard and Anxiety of Erasure”. In Memory-Theater and Postmodern Drama. (115-155). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- MARRANCA, Bony. (1981). “Alphabetical Shepard: The Play of Words”. American Dreams: The Imagination of Sam Shepard. (Ed. Bonny Marranca). (17-37). New York: PAJ Publications.
- MITCHELL, Lee Clark. (1996). Westerns: Making The Man in Fiction and Film. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. The Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online Version. (2009). 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.dictionary.oed.com [10 April 2009].
- ROSEN, Carol. (2004). Sam Shepard: A Poetic Rodeo. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. SAMPSON, Robert D. (2003). John L. Sullivan and His Times. Kent and London: The Kent State University Press.
- SHEPARD, Sam. (2000). “Vahşi Batı.” (1981). Toplu Oyunları I. (Çev. Yıldırım Türker). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
- SHEPARD, Sam. (2000). “Görsellik, Dil ve İçsel Kitaplık”. Toplu Oyunları I. (Çev. Şükran Yücel, Yıldırım Türker, Pınar Kür). (9-15). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
- SHEWEY, Don. (1985). Sam Shepard: The Life, The Loves, Behind the Legend of a True American Original. New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc.
- SMITH, John. (1967). “A Description of New England& c. [June] 1616”. In The English Scholar`s Library. No. 16. Captain J. Smith`s Works 1608-1631. (Ed. Edward Arber). (175-233). New York: AMS Press Inc.
- TUCKER, Martin. (1992). Sam Shepard. New York: The Continuum Publishing Co.
- TURNER, Frederick Jackson. (1979). The Significance of the Frontier in American History. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
- WADE, Leslie A. (1997). Sam Shepard and The American Theatre. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Abstract
True West 1981 by Sam Shepard has been mostly reviewed as the theatricalization of conflicts arising from the differences between two brothers. Although the dramatic structure of the play rests on these clashing sides and transformations of the characters, the play equally unveils a melancholia triggered by the loss of the absent father and family unity. This melancholia can also be discerned on the transpersonal level in the loss of national ideals like mythic West after modern urbanization and industrialization. The mythic ideals threaded around the West gain more significance when considered in national context through the loss of ideal of paradise attributed by the European settlers to the American landscape and the United States of America as a burgeoning nation. Paralleling the personal and transpersonal levels, the feeling of loss is materialized in the acting out of repressed elements and through dialogues the two brothers have as if in a psychoanalytic session. This study hence aims to discuss the loss and melancholia embedded in these dialogues in light of psychoanalytic theory which offers critical perspectives in literary textual analyses.
Keywords
Loss Melancholia West Acting Out Sam Shepard True West Psychoanalytic Theory Cathartic Treatment
References
- ANDERSON, Benedict. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.
- ARISTOTELES. (1982). The Poetics. In Aristotle`s Poetics. (Translated by James Hutton). (43-81). New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.
- BRADFORD, William. (1952). Of Plymouth Plantation 1620-1647. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
- BOTTOMS, Stephen J. (1998). The Theatre of Sam Shepard, States of Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- CHUBB, Kenneth and The Editors of Theatre Quarterly. (1981). “Metaphors, Mad Dogs and Old Time Cowboys: Interview with Sam Shepard”. In American Dreams The Imagination of Sam Shepard. (Ed. Bonnie Marranca). (187-210). New York. PAJ Publications.
- CREVECOEUR, J. Hector St. John de. (1981). Letters from an American Farmer. (Ed. Albert E. Stone). New York: Penguin Books.
- CULLEN, Jim. (2003). The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea That Shaped a Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ELLENBERGER, Henri F. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious, The History and Evolutionary Psychiatry. U.S.A.: Basic Books.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1963). “Analytic Therapy” (1917). In The Standart Edition of the Complete Psychoanalytical Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. XVI. (Trans. and Ed. James Strachey). (448- 464). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1938). “Interpretations of Dreams” (1900). In The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. (Trans.&Ed. Dr. A. A. Brill). (181-553). New York: Random House, Inc.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917). In Collected Papers Vol. IV (Ed. Ernest Jones. Trans. Joan Riviere). (152-173). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1958). “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through” (Further Recommendations on the Technique of Psycho-Analysis II) (1914). In The Standard Edition. Vol. XII. (Trans&Ed. James Strachey). (145-157). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “Repression” (1915) In Collected Papers Vol. IV (Ed. Ernest Jones.& Trans. Joan Riviere). (84-98). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1962). “The Ego and the Super Ego (Ego Ideal)” (1923). In The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition. (Trans. Joan Riviere&Ed. James Strachey). (18-30). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1965). The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis. South Bend, Indiana: Gateway Editions LTD.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “The Unconscious” (1915). In Collected Papers Vol. IV. (Ed. Ernest Jones&Trans. Joan Riviere). (98-137). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1950). “The Uncanny” (1919). In Collected Papers Vol. IV. (Ed. Ernest Jones.& Trans. Joan Riviere). (368-408). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- FREUD, Sigmund. (1953). “Psychopathic Characters on the Stage” (1905). In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. VII. (Ed. and Trans. by James Strachey). (305-311). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- HART, Lynda. (1987). Sam Shepard’s Metaphorical Stages. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, Press Inc.
- HAYES, Michael. J. (1995). “Sam Shepard”. In American Drama. (Ed. Clive Bloom). (131-142). London: MacMillan Press Ltd.
- KLEB, William. (1981). “Worse Than Being Homeless: True West and The Divided Self”. In American Dreams: The Imagination of Sam Shepard. (Ed. Bonny Marranca). (117-126) New York: PAJ Publications.
- MALKIN, Jeannette R. (1999). “Sam Shepard and Anxiety of Erasure”. In Memory-Theater and Postmodern Drama. (115-155). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- MARRANCA, Bony. (1981). “Alphabetical Shepard: The Play of Words”. American Dreams: The Imagination of Sam Shepard. (Ed. Bonny Marranca). (17-37). New York: PAJ Publications.
- MITCHELL, Lee Clark. (1996). Westerns: Making The Man in Fiction and Film. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. The Oxford English Dictionary. OED Online Version. (2009). 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.dictionary.oed.com [10 April 2009].
- ROSEN, Carol. (2004). Sam Shepard: A Poetic Rodeo. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. SAMPSON, Robert D. (2003). John L. Sullivan and His Times. Kent and London: The Kent State University Press.
- SHEPARD, Sam. (2000). “Vahşi Batı.” (1981). Toplu Oyunları I. (Çev. Yıldırım Türker). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
- SHEPARD, Sam. (2000). “Görsellik, Dil ve İçsel Kitaplık”. Toplu Oyunları I. (Çev. Şükran Yücel, Yıldırım Türker, Pınar Kür). (9-15). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
- SHEWEY, Don. (1985). Sam Shepard: The Life, The Loves, Behind the Legend of a True American Original. New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc.
- SMITH, John. (1967). “A Description of New England& c. [June] 1616”. In The English Scholar`s Library. No. 16. Captain J. Smith`s Works 1608-1631. (Ed. Edward Arber). (175-233). New York: AMS Press Inc.
- TUCKER, Martin. (1992). Sam Shepard. New York: The Continuum Publishing Co.
- TURNER, Frederick Jackson. (1979). The Significance of the Frontier in American History. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
- WADE, Leslie A. (1997). Sam Shepard and The American Theatre. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 1, 2012 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2012 Volume: 52 Issue: 2 |
Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography
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