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Everzol Red LFB ve Everzol Yellow CGL'nin Zebra Balığı (Danio rerio) Embriyoları Üzerinde Teratojenik ve Gelişimsel Toksisitesinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 62 - 67, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1081350

Abstract

Kimyasal sentezle üretilen sentetik boyalar; tekstil, gıda, kozmetik, plastik ve ilaç endüstrilerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu boyalardan biri olan azo boyalar, çevreye zararlı olmalarına rağmen yaygın olarak kullanılan en büyük boya grubudur. Sınırlı sayıda çalışma, boyaların çevre üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmıştır, bu nedenle ekotoksikolojik çalışmaların yapılması zorunludur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, zebra balığı embriyolarında Everzol Red LFB (ERL) ve Everzol Yellow CGL'nin (EYC) toksik etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Embriyolar 96 saat boyunca 23-600 mg L-1 ERL ve EYC'ye maruz bırakılmış ve bu bireylerin hayatta kalma oranları, kalp atım hızları, kuluçkadan çıkma oranları ve vücut malformasyonları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, ERL ve EYC'nin 96 saatlik LC50 değerleri sırasıyla 292 (232-391) ve 127 (107-152) mg L-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. ERL ve EYC teratojenik indeks (TI) değerleri sırasıyla 1.37 ve 1.49 olarak hesaplanmıştır. ERL ve EYC, hesaplanan TI değerine göre zebra balığı embriyoları için teratojeniktir. Her iki boya da Danio rerio embriyolarında, embriyonik büyümenin ve kalp hızının önemli ölçüde engellenmesine neden olmuştur. ERL ve EYC embriyolarda perikardiyal ödem, yolk kesesi ödemi, kuyruk malformasyonu ve spinal eğriliğe neden olmuştur. Belirlenen parametrelere göre EYC'nin zebra balığı larvaları üzerindeki olumsuz etkisi ERL'den daha fazladır. Bu sonuçlar, her iki boyanın da zebra balığı gelişimi üzerinde olumsuz etkilere neden olduğunu ve bu boyaların su ortamına girmesi halinde su ekosistemini olumsuz etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Abe, F.R, Machado, A.L., Soares, A.M.V.M., Oliveira, D.P., & Pestana, J.L.T. (2019). Life history and behavior effects of synthetic and natural dyes on Daphnia magna. Chemosphere, 236, 124390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124390
  • Akbulut, G.B.A., Turhan, D.Ö., & Yiğit, E. (2020). Alleviation of Everzol Red LFB Toxicity in Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) by Exogenous Salicylic Acid. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(4), 876-884. https://doi.10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.683962
  • Akbulut, C., &Yön, N.D. (2013). Bisfenol a’nın zebra balıklarında (Danio rerio) teratolojik etkileri. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, 105-111.
  • Alafiatayo, A.A., Lai, K.S., Syahida, A., Mahmood, M., & Shaharuddin, N.A. (2019). Pytochemical evaluation, embryotoxicity, and teratogenic effects of Curcuma longa extract on Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3807207, 10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3807207
  • Demirci, Ö., & Asma, D.H. (2013). Antioxidant responses in Phanerochaete chrysosporium exposed to Astrazone Red FBL textile dye. Cell Biochemistry & Function, 31, 86-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.2865
  • European Zebrafish Resource Centre (EZRC). Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Heidelberg University, 109. Retrieved from https://www.ezrc.kit.edu , Date of Access: 21/12/2021
  • Jadhav, S.B., Phugare S.S., Patil, P.S., & Jadhav, J.P. (2011). Biochemical degradation pathway of textile dye Remazol Red and subsequent toxicological evaluation by cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress studies. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 65 (6), 733- 743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.04.003
  • Kızıltan, T., Baran, A., Kankaynar, M., Şenol, O., Sulukan, E., Yıldırım, S., & Ceyhun, S.B. (2022). Efects of the food colorant carmoisine on zebrafsh embryos at a wide range of concentrations. Archives of Toxicology, 96, 1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-022-03240-2
  • Lu, J., Wu, J., Gong, L., Cheng, Y., Yuan, Q., & He, Y. (2022). Combined toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and sulfamethoxazole on Zebrafish embryos. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 19273-19282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17198-8
  • Manimaran D., Sulthana, A., & Elangovan, N. (2018). Reactive black 5 induced developmental defects via potentiating apoptotic cell death in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal, 6(6), 449-452. https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2018.06.00216
  • Manjunatha, B., Han, L., Kundapur, R.R., Liu, K., & Lee, S.J. (2020). Herbul black henna (hair dye) causes cardiovascular defects in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 14150–14159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07762-z
  • Meireles, G., Daam, M.A., Sanches, A.L.M., Zanoni, M.V.B., Soares, A.M.V.M., Gravato, C., & Oliveira, D.P., (2018). Red disperse dyes (DR 60, DR 73 and DR 78) at environmentally realistic concentrations impact biochemical profile of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ChemicoBiological Interactions, 292, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.007
  • Mu, X., Chai, T., Wang, K., Zhu, L., Huang, Y., Shen, G.,… & Wang, C. (2016). The developmental effect of difenoconazole on Zebrafish embryos: A mechanism research. Environmental Pollution, 212, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.035
  • Natarajan, R. & Manivasagan, R. (2020). Effect of operating parameters on dye wastewater treatment using Prosopis cineraria and kinetic modeling. Environmental Engineering Research, 25(5), 788-793. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.308
  • OECD, (2006). Draft proposal for a new guideline. Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) Test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (1st Version), May 30
  • OECD, (2013). Guıdelınes for the testıng of chemıcals. Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test. 236, July 26
  • Oliveira, G.A.R., Lapuente, J., Teixido, E., Porredon, C., Borras, M., & Oliveira, D.P. (2016). Textile dyes induce toxicity on zebrafish early life stages. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(2), 429-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3202
  • Park, H., Lee, J.Y., Park, S., Song, G., & Lim, W. (2019). Developmental toxicity and angiogenic defects of etoxazole exposed Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Aquatic Toxicology, 217, 105324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105324
  • Peng, Y., Li, M., Huang, Y., Cheng, B., Cao, Z., Liao, X., Xiong, G., Liu, F., Hu, C., & Lu, H. (2021). Bifenazate induces developmental and immunotoxicity in Zebrafish. Chemosphere, 271, 129457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129457
  • Rahman, M.S., Islam, S.M.M., Haque, A., & Shahjahan, M. (2020). Toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide sumithion to embryo and larvae of zebrafish. Toxicology Reports, 7, 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.004
  • Selderslaghs, I.W.T., Rompay, A.R.V., Coen, W., & Witters, H.E. (2009). Development of a screening assay to identify teratogenic and embryo toxic chemicals using the Zebrafish embryo. Reproductive Toxicology, 28, 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.05.004
  • Selvaraj, V., Karthika, T.S., Mansiya, C., & Alagar, M. (2021). An over review on recently developed techniques, mechanisms and intermediate involved in the advanced azo dye degradation for industrial applications. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1224, 129195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129195
  • Shen, B., Liu H.C., Ou, W.B., Eilers, G., Zhou, S.M., Meng, F.G., Li, C.Q., & Li, Y.Q. (2015). Toxicity induced by Basic Violet 14, Direct Red 28 and Acid Red 26 in Zebrafish larvae. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 35(12), 1473–1480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3134
  • Sun, Y., Cao, Y., Tong, L., Tao, F., Wang, X, Wu, H., & Wang, M. (2020). Exposure to prothioconazole induces developmental toxicity andcardiovascular effects on zebrafish embryo. Chemosphere, 251, 126418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126418
  • To, K.T., Mary, L.S., Wooley, A.H., Wilbanks, M.S., Bednar, A.J., Perkins, E.J., Truong, L…, & Reyero, N.G. (2021). Morphological and behavioral effects in zebrafish embryos after exposure to smoke dyes. Toxics, 9(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9010009
  • Tsuruwaka, Y., Konishi, M., & Shimada, E. (2015). Loss of wwox expression in zebrafish embryos causes edema and alters Ca2+ Dynamics. PeerJ Life and Environment, 3, 727. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.727
  • Turhan, D.Ö. (2021). Evaluation of teratogenic and toxic effects of enrofloxacin-based antibiotic on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae with biochemical and developmental markers. Chemistry and Ecology, 37(8), 704-714. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2021.1974007
  • Zamora, M.H., & Jeronimo, F.M. (2019). Exposure to the azo dye direct blue 15 produces toxic effects on microalgae, Cladocerans, and zebrafish embryos. Ecotoxicology, 28, 890-902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-019-02087-1
  • Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhu L, Du Z, Wang J, Wang J, Li B, &Yang, Y. (2020). Fluoxastrobin-induced effects on acute toxicity, development toxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in Danio rerio embryos. Science of the Total Environment, 715, 137069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137069

Evaluation of Teratogenic and Developmental Toxicity of Everzol Red LFB and Everzol Yellow CGL on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 62 - 67, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1081350

Abstract

Synthetic dyes produced by chemical synthesis are used in textile, food, cosmetic, plastic, and pharmaceutical industries. Of these dyes, azo dyes are a major group of dyes widely used by these industries despite their harm to the environment. A limited number of studies have focused on the impact of dyes on the environment; thus eco-toxicological studies are imperative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of Everzol Red LFB (ERL) and Everzol Yellow CGL (EYC) on zebrafish embryos. Embryos were exposed to 23-600 mg L-1 ERL and EYC for 96 hours and the survival rates, heart rate, hatching rates, and body malformation of these individuals were determined. According to the results of this study, the 96 h LC50 values of the ERL and EYC were determined to be 292 (232-391) and 127 (107-152) mg L-1, respectively. The teratogenic index (TI) values of the ERL and EYC were calculated as 1.37 and 1.49, respectively. ERL and EYC are teratogenic for zebrafish embryos based on the calculated TI value. Both dyes caused significant inhibition of embryonic growth and heart rate in Danio rerio embryos. ERL and EYC caused pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail malformation, and spinal curvature in embryos. According to the determined parameters, the negative effect of EYC on zebrafish larvae is greater than of the ERL. These results indicate that both dyes have adverse effects on zebrafish development and may adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem if they enter the aquatic environment.

References

  • Abe, F.R, Machado, A.L., Soares, A.M.V.M., Oliveira, D.P., & Pestana, J.L.T. (2019). Life history and behavior effects of synthetic and natural dyes on Daphnia magna. Chemosphere, 236, 124390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124390
  • Akbulut, G.B.A., Turhan, D.Ö., & Yiğit, E. (2020). Alleviation of Everzol Red LFB Toxicity in Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) by Exogenous Salicylic Acid. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(4), 876-884. https://doi.10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.683962
  • Akbulut, C., &Yön, N.D. (2013). Bisfenol a’nın zebra balıklarında (Danio rerio) teratolojik etkileri. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, 105-111.
  • Alafiatayo, A.A., Lai, K.S., Syahida, A., Mahmood, M., & Shaharuddin, N.A. (2019). Pytochemical evaluation, embryotoxicity, and teratogenic effects of Curcuma longa extract on Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3807207, 10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3807207
  • Demirci, Ö., & Asma, D.H. (2013). Antioxidant responses in Phanerochaete chrysosporium exposed to Astrazone Red FBL textile dye. Cell Biochemistry & Function, 31, 86-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.2865
  • European Zebrafish Resource Centre (EZRC). Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Heidelberg University, 109. Retrieved from https://www.ezrc.kit.edu , Date of Access: 21/12/2021
  • Jadhav, S.B., Phugare S.S., Patil, P.S., & Jadhav, J.P. (2011). Biochemical degradation pathway of textile dye Remazol Red and subsequent toxicological evaluation by cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress studies. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 65 (6), 733- 743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.04.003
  • Kızıltan, T., Baran, A., Kankaynar, M., Şenol, O., Sulukan, E., Yıldırım, S., & Ceyhun, S.B. (2022). Efects of the food colorant carmoisine on zebrafsh embryos at a wide range of concentrations. Archives of Toxicology, 96, 1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-022-03240-2
  • Lu, J., Wu, J., Gong, L., Cheng, Y., Yuan, Q., & He, Y. (2022). Combined toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and sulfamethoxazole on Zebrafish embryos. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 19273-19282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17198-8
  • Manimaran D., Sulthana, A., & Elangovan, N. (2018). Reactive black 5 induced developmental defects via potentiating apoptotic cell death in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal, 6(6), 449-452. https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2018.06.00216
  • Manjunatha, B., Han, L., Kundapur, R.R., Liu, K., & Lee, S.J. (2020). Herbul black henna (hair dye) causes cardiovascular defects in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 14150–14159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07762-z
  • Meireles, G., Daam, M.A., Sanches, A.L.M., Zanoni, M.V.B., Soares, A.M.V.M., Gravato, C., & Oliveira, D.P., (2018). Red disperse dyes (DR 60, DR 73 and DR 78) at environmentally realistic concentrations impact biochemical profile of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ChemicoBiological Interactions, 292, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.007
  • Mu, X., Chai, T., Wang, K., Zhu, L., Huang, Y., Shen, G.,… & Wang, C. (2016). The developmental effect of difenoconazole on Zebrafish embryos: A mechanism research. Environmental Pollution, 212, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.035
  • Natarajan, R. & Manivasagan, R. (2020). Effect of operating parameters on dye wastewater treatment using Prosopis cineraria and kinetic modeling. Environmental Engineering Research, 25(5), 788-793. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.308
  • OECD, (2006). Draft proposal for a new guideline. Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) Test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (1st Version), May 30
  • OECD, (2013). Guıdelınes for the testıng of chemıcals. Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test. 236, July 26
  • Oliveira, G.A.R., Lapuente, J., Teixido, E., Porredon, C., Borras, M., & Oliveira, D.P. (2016). Textile dyes induce toxicity on zebrafish early life stages. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(2), 429-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3202
  • Park, H., Lee, J.Y., Park, S., Song, G., & Lim, W. (2019). Developmental toxicity and angiogenic defects of etoxazole exposed Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Aquatic Toxicology, 217, 105324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105324
  • Peng, Y., Li, M., Huang, Y., Cheng, B., Cao, Z., Liao, X., Xiong, G., Liu, F., Hu, C., & Lu, H. (2021). Bifenazate induces developmental and immunotoxicity in Zebrafish. Chemosphere, 271, 129457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129457
  • Rahman, M.S., Islam, S.M.M., Haque, A., & Shahjahan, M. (2020). Toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide sumithion to embryo and larvae of zebrafish. Toxicology Reports, 7, 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.004
  • Selderslaghs, I.W.T., Rompay, A.R.V., Coen, W., & Witters, H.E. (2009). Development of a screening assay to identify teratogenic and embryo toxic chemicals using the Zebrafish embryo. Reproductive Toxicology, 28, 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.05.004
  • Selvaraj, V., Karthika, T.S., Mansiya, C., & Alagar, M. (2021). An over review on recently developed techniques, mechanisms and intermediate involved in the advanced azo dye degradation for industrial applications. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1224, 129195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129195
  • Shen, B., Liu H.C., Ou, W.B., Eilers, G., Zhou, S.M., Meng, F.G., Li, C.Q., & Li, Y.Q. (2015). Toxicity induced by Basic Violet 14, Direct Red 28 and Acid Red 26 in Zebrafish larvae. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 35(12), 1473–1480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3134
  • Sun, Y., Cao, Y., Tong, L., Tao, F., Wang, X, Wu, H., & Wang, M. (2020). Exposure to prothioconazole induces developmental toxicity andcardiovascular effects on zebrafish embryo. Chemosphere, 251, 126418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126418
  • To, K.T., Mary, L.S., Wooley, A.H., Wilbanks, M.S., Bednar, A.J., Perkins, E.J., Truong, L…, & Reyero, N.G. (2021). Morphological and behavioral effects in zebrafish embryos after exposure to smoke dyes. Toxics, 9(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9010009
  • Tsuruwaka, Y., Konishi, M., & Shimada, E. (2015). Loss of wwox expression in zebrafish embryos causes edema and alters Ca2+ Dynamics. PeerJ Life and Environment, 3, 727. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.727
  • Turhan, D.Ö. (2021). Evaluation of teratogenic and toxic effects of enrofloxacin-based antibiotic on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae with biochemical and developmental markers. Chemistry and Ecology, 37(8), 704-714. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2021.1974007
  • Zamora, M.H., & Jeronimo, F.M. (2019). Exposure to the azo dye direct blue 15 produces toxic effects on microalgae, Cladocerans, and zebrafish embryos. Ecotoxicology, 28, 890-902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-019-02087-1
  • Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhu L, Du Z, Wang J, Wang J, Li B, &Yang, Y. (2020). Fluoxastrobin-induced effects on acute toxicity, development toxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in Danio rerio embryos. Science of the Total Environment, 715, 137069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137069
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Duygu Özhan Turhan 0000-0002-7111-4289

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date March 2, 2022
Acceptance Date April 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özhan Turhan, D. (2022). Evaluation of Teratogenic and Developmental Toxicity of Everzol Red LFB and Everzol Yellow CGL on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. Commagene Journal of Biology, 6(1), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1081350