Research Article
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Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye)

Year 2023, Volume: 172 Issue: 172, 61 - 80, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017

Abstract

Caves evolution is controlled by lithological properties, discontinuities, water, climate, and physicomechanical properties of soluble rocks, vegetation and human impact. This study investigates the
cave formation in Upper Miocene-Pliocene clastic rock in Menteşe town of Muğla. The lithology, physico-mechanical properties and hydrogeologic factors of host rocks and morphology of the caves
in Asar Hill and Damlam Stream valley were examined. The caves are 1.47-9.71 m long, 2.24-19.36 m wide and 1.38-27 m high. Four joint sets and bedding planes affect the clastics in the Asar Hill
area. Mudstones (low plasticity clay, sandy clay) are in soft-very soft rock, while conglomerate is in moderate-hard rock class. The mudstone removal has started the formation of the caves. The
vegetation roots act as groundwater circulation paths in the Damlam Stream area. Water has eroded mudstone and muddy matrix of conglomerate following cracks and led to the formation of the
caves. Water infiltration may have led to stalactite, flowstone and travertine formation in Damlam Stream caves. Possible cave collapse could threaten life and property in the Asar Hill area, and may cause the destruction of internal structures of the caves in the Damlam Stream. Thus, precautionary measures such as continuous monitoring and protection must be taken in both cave areas.

Thanks

The authors thank to reviewers Dr. Hüseyin KARAKUŞ and Dr. İbrahim ÇOBANOĞLU, and editors for their valuable contribution for increasing the scientific quality of the paper.

References

  • Aktimur, H. T., Sarıaslan, M. M., Sönmez, M., Keçer, M., Uysal, Ş., Özmutaf, M. 1996. Muğla ilinin (merkez ilçe) arazi kullanım potansiyeli. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 9853, 33, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Anon, O. H. 1979. Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping: part 1- rock and soil materials. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 19(1), 364–71.
  • ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 2000. D2487 standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System, USCS).
  • Aubrecht, R., Lánczos, T., Šmída, B., Brewer-Carías, C., Mayoral, F., Schlögl, J., Audy, M., Vlček, L., Kováčik, Ľ., Gregor, M. 2008. Venezuelan sandstone caves: a new view on their genesis. hydrogeology and speleothems. Geologica Croatica 61(2-3), 345-362.
  • Awadh, S. M., Abood, Z. S., Eisa, M. J. 2013. Chemical and physical control processes on the development of caves in the Injana Formation, Central Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geoscience 6, 3765–3772.
  • Bergada, M. M., Cervello, J. M., Serrat, D. 1997. Karst in conglomerates in Catalonia (Spain): morphological forms and sedimentary sequence types recorded on archaeological sites. Quaternaire 8(2-3), 267-277.
  • Breitenbach, S. F. M., Donges, J. F., Daly, B. K., Kohn, T., Kohn, T. 2010. Two sandstone caves on the southern edge of the Meghalaya Plateau, India. Cave and Karst Science, Transactions of the British Cave Research Association 37(2), 49-52.
  • Broch, E., Franklin, J. A. 1972. The point-load strength test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 9, 669-697.
  • Busche, D., Sponholz, B., 1992. Morphological and micromorphological aspects of the sandstone karst of eastern Niger. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 85, 1-18.
  • Deere, D. U., Miller, R. P. 1966. Engineering classification and index properties of rock. Technical Report No: AFWL-TR-65-116, Urbana, Illinois, 327.
  • Değirmenci, M., Bayarı, C. S., Denizman, C., Kurttas, T. 1994. Caves in conglomerate, Köprüçay Basin, Western Taurids-Türkiye. National Sculpture Society Bulletin 56, 14–22.
  • Dunkley, J., Ellis, M., Bolger, T. 2017. Unusual caves and karst-like features in sandstone and conglomerate in Thailand. Helictite 43, 15-31.
  • Eastwood, W. J., Leng, M. J., Roberts, N., Davis, B. 2007. Holocene climate change in the easternMediterranean region: a comparison of stable isotope and pollen data from Lake Gölhisar, southwest Türkiye. Journal of Quaternary Science 22(4), 327–341.
  • Ekmekçi, M. 2005. Karst in Turkish thrace: compatibility between geological history and karst type. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 14, 73–90.
  • Ferk, M., Lipar, M. 2012. Eogenetic caves in the Pleistocene carbonate conglomerate in Slovenia. Acta Geographica Slovenica 52(1), 7–33.
  • Ferrarese, F., Sauro, U. 2005. The Montello hill: The classical karst of the conglomerate rocks. Acta Carsologica 34(2), 439-448.
  • Ford, D. C., Williams, P. W. 2007. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, 562.
  • Gamble, J. C. 1971. Durability-Plasticity classification of shales and other argillaceous rocks. PhD Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • Google, 2022. www.google.com.tr/map. 06 May 2022.
  • Göktaş, F. 1998. Muğla çevresi (GB Anadolu) Neojen tortullaşmasının stratigrafisi ve sedimantolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 10225, 181, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Grimes, K. G. 2012. Karst and paleokarst features involving sandstones of the Judbarra / Gregory National Park. Northern Territory, Australia. Helictite 41, 67-73.
  • Gutierrez, F., Parise, M., DeWaele, J., Jourde, H. 2014. A review on natural and human-induced geohazardsx and impacts in karst. Earth-Science Reviews 138, 61–88.
  • Gül, M. 2015. Lithological properties and environmental importance of the Quaternary colluviums (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 4089–4108.
  • Gül, M., Karacan, E., Aksoy, M. 2013. Muğla kenti yerleşim alanı ve yakın çevresinin genel jeolojik ve mühendislik jeolojisi özelliklerinin araştırılması. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Fonu, Proje No: 12/54, 25, (unpublished).
  • Gül, M., Özbek, A., Karacan, E. 2016. Rock fall hazard assessment in Asar Hill, ancient Mabolla City, Muğla—SW Türkiye. Environmental Earth Sciences 75, 1310, 16.
  • Gül, M., Çetin, E., Küçükuysal, C., Gülcan, M., Kahveci, Y. 2021. Recent alluvial fan developments in Muğla (SW Türkiye). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14, 819.
  • Güldalı, N., Nazik, L., Soylu, C., Aksoy, B. 1984. Fethiye- Köyceğiz-Marmaris ve Muğla çevresinin doğal mağaraları. Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 7586, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Günay, G., Güner, N., Törk, K. 2015. Turkish karst aquifers. Environmental Earth Sciences 74(1), 217-226.
  • Gürer, Ö. F., Sanğu, E., Özburan, M., Gürbüz, A., Sarıca- Filoreau, N. 2013. Complex basin evolution in the Gökova Gulf region: implications on the Late Cenozoic tectonics of southwest Türkiye. International Journal of Earth Science (Geologische Rundschau) 102, 2199–2221.
  • HGK (General Command of Mapping). 2016. http://www. hgk.msb.gov.tr. 25 August 2016
  • ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). 1978. International society for rock mechanics commission on standardization of laboratory and field tests: Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts 15(6), 319-368.
  • ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). 2007. The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974- 2006.
  • Jiménez-Moreno, G., Alçiçek, H., Alçiçek, M., Van den Hoek Ostende, L., Wesselingh, F. 2015. Vegetation and climate changes during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene in SW Anatolia, Türkiye. Quaternary Research 84(3), 448-456.
  • Kayan, İ. 1979. Muğla-Yatağan Neojen havzalarının jeomorfolojisi. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Proje No: TBAG-189, 272, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Konak, N., Akdeniz, N., Öztürk, E. M. 1987. Geology of the south of Menderes Massif: IGCP Project No.5: Correlation of Variscan and Pre-Variscan Events of the Alpine-Mediterranean Mountain Belt. Field Meeting, Türkiye, Sept. 13-19, 1987a, Guide Book for the Field Excursion Along Western Anatolia, Türkiye, 42-53, Ankara.
  • Kranjc, A. 2005. Conglomerate karst in Slovenia: history of cave knowledge and research of Udin Boršt (Gorenjsko). Acta Carsologica 34(2), 521-532.
  • Küçükuysal, C., Gül, M., Aghayev, T. 2018. Muğla polyesi kırmızı Akdeniz toprakları (Terra Rossa): mineralojik, mikromorfolojik, jeokimyasal ve pedolojk özellikleri. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Proje No: 116Y027, 74, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Lapaire, F., Becker, D., Christe, R., Luetscher, M. 2006. Karst phenomena with gas emanations in Early Oligocene conglomerates: risks within a highway context (Jura, Switzerland). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 66, 237–250.
  • Lipar, M., Ferk, M. 2011. Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt. Slovenia. International Journal of Speleology 40(1), 53-64.
  • MGM (Turkish State Meteorological Service). 2022. https:// www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=undefined&m=MUGLA. 31 May 2022.
  • MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration). 2002. 1/500.000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası, Aydın, N20 paftası, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Minaeian, B., Ahangari, K. 2013. Estimation of uniaxial compressive strength based on P-wave and Schmidt hammer rebound using statistical method. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 1925– 1931.
  • Nazik, L. 1996. Gökçeler Manisa ve Yerküpe Menteşe Kavaklıdere mağaralarinin ön araştırma raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 9896, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Özel, E., Nazik, L., Mengi, H., Kutlay, H., Derici, Ş., Törk, K., Aksoy, B. 1996. Yerküpe mağarası Kavaklıdere Muğla araştırma raporu mimari ve elektrifikasyon uygulama projesi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 10048, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Palmer, A. N. 1991. Origin and morphology of limestone caves. Geological Society of America Bulletin 103, 1-21.
  • Parise, M., Lollino, P. 2011. A preliminary analysis of failure mechanisms in karst and man-made underground caves in Southern Italy. Geomorphology 134, 132–143.
  • Sezer, İ. L. 2003. Muğla yöresinde deprem aktivitesi ve riski. Kuvaterner Çalıştayı IV. İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü 111-120.
  • Sivakugan, N., Shukla, S. K., Das, B. M. 2013. Rock Mechanics: An Introduction. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, 234.
  • Şahin, E. 2015. Karstification of Asartepe, Merkez, Muğla. Bsc Thesis, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 35 (unpublished).
  • Tuncer, K., Törk, K., Nazik, L., Kutlay, H., Özel, E., Acar, C. 2005. Gökçeler-Muğla, İntepe-Milas, Gelme-Çingerek-Marmaris ve Girmeler-Fethiye mağaralari değerlendirme ve öneriler raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 10172, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Waltham, T. 2002. The engineering classifıcation of karst with respect to the role and influence of caves. International Journal of Speleology 31(1, 4), 19- 35.
  • Zeybek, M. 2017. Geological factors controlling cave occurrences within clastic sediments of Yatağan Formation (Upper Miocene-Pliocene, SW Türkiye). MSc Thesis, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 89 (unpublished).
Year 2023, Volume: 172 Issue: 172, 61 - 80, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017

Abstract

References

  • Aktimur, H. T., Sarıaslan, M. M., Sönmez, M., Keçer, M., Uysal, Ş., Özmutaf, M. 1996. Muğla ilinin (merkez ilçe) arazi kullanım potansiyeli. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 9853, 33, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Anon, O. H. 1979. Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping: part 1- rock and soil materials. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 19(1), 364–71.
  • ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 2000. D2487 standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System, USCS).
  • Aubrecht, R., Lánczos, T., Šmída, B., Brewer-Carías, C., Mayoral, F., Schlögl, J., Audy, M., Vlček, L., Kováčik, Ľ., Gregor, M. 2008. Venezuelan sandstone caves: a new view on their genesis. hydrogeology and speleothems. Geologica Croatica 61(2-3), 345-362.
  • Awadh, S. M., Abood, Z. S., Eisa, M. J. 2013. Chemical and physical control processes on the development of caves in the Injana Formation, Central Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geoscience 6, 3765–3772.
  • Bergada, M. M., Cervello, J. M., Serrat, D. 1997. Karst in conglomerates in Catalonia (Spain): morphological forms and sedimentary sequence types recorded on archaeological sites. Quaternaire 8(2-3), 267-277.
  • Breitenbach, S. F. M., Donges, J. F., Daly, B. K., Kohn, T., Kohn, T. 2010. Two sandstone caves on the southern edge of the Meghalaya Plateau, India. Cave and Karst Science, Transactions of the British Cave Research Association 37(2), 49-52.
  • Broch, E., Franklin, J. A. 1972. The point-load strength test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 9, 669-697.
  • Busche, D., Sponholz, B., 1992. Morphological and micromorphological aspects of the sandstone karst of eastern Niger. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 85, 1-18.
  • Deere, D. U., Miller, R. P. 1966. Engineering classification and index properties of rock. Technical Report No: AFWL-TR-65-116, Urbana, Illinois, 327.
  • Değirmenci, M., Bayarı, C. S., Denizman, C., Kurttas, T. 1994. Caves in conglomerate, Köprüçay Basin, Western Taurids-Türkiye. National Sculpture Society Bulletin 56, 14–22.
  • Dunkley, J., Ellis, M., Bolger, T. 2017. Unusual caves and karst-like features in sandstone and conglomerate in Thailand. Helictite 43, 15-31.
  • Eastwood, W. J., Leng, M. J., Roberts, N., Davis, B. 2007. Holocene climate change in the easternMediterranean region: a comparison of stable isotope and pollen data from Lake Gölhisar, southwest Türkiye. Journal of Quaternary Science 22(4), 327–341.
  • Ekmekçi, M. 2005. Karst in Turkish thrace: compatibility between geological history and karst type. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 14, 73–90.
  • Ferk, M., Lipar, M. 2012. Eogenetic caves in the Pleistocene carbonate conglomerate in Slovenia. Acta Geographica Slovenica 52(1), 7–33.
  • Ferrarese, F., Sauro, U. 2005. The Montello hill: The classical karst of the conglomerate rocks. Acta Carsologica 34(2), 439-448.
  • Ford, D. C., Williams, P. W. 2007. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, 562.
  • Gamble, J. C. 1971. Durability-Plasticity classification of shales and other argillaceous rocks. PhD Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • Google, 2022. www.google.com.tr/map. 06 May 2022.
  • Göktaş, F. 1998. Muğla çevresi (GB Anadolu) Neojen tortullaşmasının stratigrafisi ve sedimantolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 10225, 181, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Grimes, K. G. 2012. Karst and paleokarst features involving sandstones of the Judbarra / Gregory National Park. Northern Territory, Australia. Helictite 41, 67-73.
  • Gutierrez, F., Parise, M., DeWaele, J., Jourde, H. 2014. A review on natural and human-induced geohazardsx and impacts in karst. Earth-Science Reviews 138, 61–88.
  • Gül, M. 2015. Lithological properties and environmental importance of the Quaternary colluviums (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 4089–4108.
  • Gül, M., Karacan, E., Aksoy, M. 2013. Muğla kenti yerleşim alanı ve yakın çevresinin genel jeolojik ve mühendislik jeolojisi özelliklerinin araştırılması. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Fonu, Proje No: 12/54, 25, (unpublished).
  • Gül, M., Özbek, A., Karacan, E. 2016. Rock fall hazard assessment in Asar Hill, ancient Mabolla City, Muğla—SW Türkiye. Environmental Earth Sciences 75, 1310, 16.
  • Gül, M., Çetin, E., Küçükuysal, C., Gülcan, M., Kahveci, Y. 2021. Recent alluvial fan developments in Muğla (SW Türkiye). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14, 819.
  • Güldalı, N., Nazik, L., Soylu, C., Aksoy, B. 1984. Fethiye- Köyceğiz-Marmaris ve Muğla çevresinin doğal mağaraları. Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 7586, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Günay, G., Güner, N., Törk, K. 2015. Turkish karst aquifers. Environmental Earth Sciences 74(1), 217-226.
  • Gürer, Ö. F., Sanğu, E., Özburan, M., Gürbüz, A., Sarıca- Filoreau, N. 2013. Complex basin evolution in the Gökova Gulf region: implications on the Late Cenozoic tectonics of southwest Türkiye. International Journal of Earth Science (Geologische Rundschau) 102, 2199–2221.
  • HGK (General Command of Mapping). 2016. http://www. hgk.msb.gov.tr. 25 August 2016
  • ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). 1978. International society for rock mechanics commission on standardization of laboratory and field tests: Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts 15(6), 319-368.
  • ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics). 2007. The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974- 2006.
  • Jiménez-Moreno, G., Alçiçek, H., Alçiçek, M., Van den Hoek Ostende, L., Wesselingh, F. 2015. Vegetation and climate changes during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene in SW Anatolia, Türkiye. Quaternary Research 84(3), 448-456.
  • Kayan, İ. 1979. Muğla-Yatağan Neojen havzalarının jeomorfolojisi. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Proje No: TBAG-189, 272, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Konak, N., Akdeniz, N., Öztürk, E. M. 1987. Geology of the south of Menderes Massif: IGCP Project No.5: Correlation of Variscan and Pre-Variscan Events of the Alpine-Mediterranean Mountain Belt. Field Meeting, Türkiye, Sept. 13-19, 1987a, Guide Book for the Field Excursion Along Western Anatolia, Türkiye, 42-53, Ankara.
  • Kranjc, A. 2005. Conglomerate karst in Slovenia: history of cave knowledge and research of Udin Boršt (Gorenjsko). Acta Carsologica 34(2), 521-532.
  • Küçükuysal, C., Gül, M., Aghayev, T. 2018. Muğla polyesi kırmızı Akdeniz toprakları (Terra Rossa): mineralojik, mikromorfolojik, jeokimyasal ve pedolojk özellikleri. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Proje No: 116Y027, 74, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Lapaire, F., Becker, D., Christe, R., Luetscher, M. 2006. Karst phenomena with gas emanations in Early Oligocene conglomerates: risks within a highway context (Jura, Switzerland). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 66, 237–250.
  • Lipar, M., Ferk, M. 2011. Eogenetic caves in conglomerate: an example from Udin Boršt. Slovenia. International Journal of Speleology 40(1), 53-64.
  • MGM (Turkish State Meteorological Service). 2022. https:// www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=undefined&m=MUGLA. 31 May 2022.
  • MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration). 2002. 1/500.000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası, Aydın, N20 paftası, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Minaeian, B., Ahangari, K. 2013. Estimation of uniaxial compressive strength based on P-wave and Schmidt hammer rebound using statistical method. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 1925– 1931.
  • Nazik, L. 1996. Gökçeler Manisa ve Yerküpe Menteşe Kavaklıdere mağaralarinin ön araştırma raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 9896, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Özel, E., Nazik, L., Mengi, H., Kutlay, H., Derici, Ş., Törk, K., Aksoy, B. 1996. Yerküpe mağarası Kavaklıdere Muğla araştırma raporu mimari ve elektrifikasyon uygulama projesi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 10048, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Palmer, A. N. 1991. Origin and morphology of limestone caves. Geological Society of America Bulletin 103, 1-21.
  • Parise, M., Lollino, P. 2011. A preliminary analysis of failure mechanisms in karst and man-made underground caves in Southern Italy. Geomorphology 134, 132–143.
  • Sezer, İ. L. 2003. Muğla yöresinde deprem aktivitesi ve riski. Kuvaterner Çalıştayı IV. İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü 111-120.
  • Sivakugan, N., Shukla, S. K., Das, B. M. 2013. Rock Mechanics: An Introduction. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, 234.
  • Şahin, E. 2015. Karstification of Asartepe, Merkez, Muğla. Bsc Thesis, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 35 (unpublished).
  • Tuncer, K., Törk, K., Nazik, L., Kutlay, H., Özel, E., Acar, C. 2005. Gökçeler-Muğla, İntepe-Milas, Gelme-Çingerek-Marmaris ve Girmeler-Fethiye mağaralari değerlendirme ve öneriler raporu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 10172, Ankara (unpublished).
  • Waltham, T. 2002. The engineering classifıcation of karst with respect to the role and influence of caves. International Journal of Speleology 31(1, 4), 19- 35.
  • Zeybek, M. 2017. Geological factors controlling cave occurrences within clastic sediments of Yatağan Formation (Upper Miocene-Pliocene, SW Türkiye). MSc Thesis, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 89 (unpublished).
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering, General Geology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mutlu Zeybek This is me 0000-0002-0296-1492

Murat Gül 0000-0003-1555-6426

Fikret Kaçaroğlu This is me 0000-0002-2811-6748

Ergun Karacan This is me 0000-0002-6583-4861

Ahmet Özbek This is me 0000-0002-6326-4324

Early Pub Date April 28, 2023
Publication Date December 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 172 Issue: 172

Cite

APA Zeybek, M., Gül, M., Kaçaroğlu, F., Karacan, E., et al. (2023). Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 172(172), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017
AMA Zeybek M, Gül M, Kaçaroğlu F, Karacan E, Özbek A. Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Bull.Min.Res.Exp. December 2023;172(172):61-80. doi:10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017
Chicago Zeybek, Mutlu, Murat Gül, Fikret Kaçaroğlu, Ergun Karacan, and Ahmet Özbek. “Caves in Clastic Rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye)”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 172, no. 172 (December 2023): 61-80. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017.
EndNote Zeybek M, Gül M, Kaçaroğlu F, Karacan E, Özbek A (December 1, 2023) Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 172 172 61–80.
IEEE M. Zeybek, M. Gül, F. Kaçaroğlu, E. Karacan, and A. Özbek, “Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye)”, Bull.Min.Res.Exp., vol. 172, no. 172, pp. 61–80, 2023, doi: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017.
ISNAD Zeybek, Mutlu et al. “Caves in Clastic Rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye)”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 172/172 (December 2023), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017.
JAMA Zeybek M, Gül M, Kaçaroğlu F, Karacan E, Özbek A. Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2023;172:61–80.
MLA Zeybek, Mutlu et al. “Caves in Clastic Rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye)”. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, vol. 172, no. 172, 2023, pp. 61-80, doi:10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017.
Vancouver Zeybek M, Gül M, Kaçaroğlu F, Karacan E, Özbek A. Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Bull.Min.Res.Exp. 2023;172(172):61-80.

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