Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Correlations of gas, dust and young stellar populations in the spiral galaxy NGC 7331

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 138 - 151, 05.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.948997

Abstract

Molecular clouds (MCs) in galaxies are complex places with many phases. It is, therefore, essential to study the physics and kinematics of the MCs using multiple emission lines. We probe the physics of the molecular gas and dust in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 7331 using multiple emission lines, i.e. carbon monoxide (CO), 24μm and far-ultraviolet (FUV) data. 14 positions were targeted across the gaseous disc of NGC 7331. We found that CO intensities, gas mass, gas surface density, and 24μm-to-FUV flux ratio (i.e. the extinction) increase up to about 40 arcsec from the centre and then start to decrease. There is a positive correlation between most of the pair of parameters studied (except FUV flux density). The beam-averaged physical parameters on the eastern side of the disc show higher median values than those on the western side. Our results indicate that the star formation activity, stellar populations and overall physical properties of the ISM are different on either side of the disc. Our study provides notable insights into the complex nature of the interstellar medium (ISM) in galaxies and has the potential to provoke future higher-resolution studies yet to come.

References

  • Fukui, Y., & Kawamura, A., Molecular Clouds in Nearby Galaxies, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 48, 547-580, (2010).
  • Cuadrado, S., Goicoechea, J. R., Cernicharo, J., Fuente, A., Pety, J., Tercero, B. Complex organic molecules in strongly UV-irradiated gas, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 603, 124-153, (2017).
  • Wakelam, V., Bron, E., Cazaux, S., Dulieu, F., Gry, C., Guillard, P., Habart, E., Hornekær, L., Morisset, S., Nyman, G., Pirronello, V., Price, S., Valdivia, V., Vidali, G., Watanabe, N., H2 formation on interstellar dust grains: The viewpoints of theory, experiments, models and observations, Molecular Astrophysics, 48, 1-36, (2017).
  • Kim, J., Kim, W., Ostriker, E. C., Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars. II. Dispersal of Star-forming Giant Molecular Clouds by Photoionization and Radiation Pressure, The Astrophysical Journal, 859, 68-91, (2018).
  • Bicalho, I. C., Combes, F., Rubio, M., Verdugo, C., Salome, P., ALMA CO(2-1) observations in the XUV disk of M83, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 623, 66-72, (2019).
  • Flores, H., Hammer, F., Elbaz, D., Cesarsky, C. J., Liang, Y. C., Fadda, D., Gruel, N., Star formation rates of distant luminous infrared galaxies derived from Hα and IR luminosities, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 415, 885-888, (2004).
  • Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R. C. Jr., Bianchi, L., Thilker, D. A., Dale, D. A., Engelbracht, C. W., Leitherer, C., Meyer, M. J., Sosey, M. L., Mutchler, M., Regan, M. W. et al., Star Formation in NGC 5194 (M51a): The Panchromatic View from GALEX to Spitzer, The Astrophysical Journal, 633, 871-893, (2005).
  • Dale, D. A., Gil de Paz, A., Gordon, K. D., Hanson, H. M., Armus, L., Bendo, G. J., Bianchi, L., Block, M., Boissier, S., Boselli, A. et al., An Ultraviolet-to-Radio Broadband Spectral Atlas of Nearby Galaxies, The Astrophysical Journal, 655, 863-884, (2007).
  • Makarov D., Prugniel P., Terekhova N., Courtois H., Vauglin I., HyperLEDA. III. The catalogue of extragalactic distances, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 570, 13-24, (2014).
  • Helfer T. T., Thornley M. D., Regan M. W., Wong T., Sheth K., Vogel S. N., Blitz L., Bock D. C.-J., The BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies (BIMA SONG). II. The CO Data, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 145, 259-327, (2003).
  • Gil de Paz, A., Boissier, S., Madore, B. F., Seibert, M., Joe, Y. H., Boselli, A., Wyder, T. K., Thilker, D., Bianchi, L., Rey, S., et al, The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 173, 185-255, (2007).
  • Sault R. J., Teuben P. J., Wright M. C. H., A Retrospective View of MIRIAD, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems IV., Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 77, 433-436, (1995).
  • Markwardt C. B., Non-linear Least-squares Fitting in IDL with MPFIT”, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVIII., Quebec City, QC, Canada, 411, 251-254, (2009).
  • Dame T. M., Hartmann D., Thaddeus P., The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey, The Astrophysical Journal, 547, 792-813, (2001).
  • Rosolowsky E., Engargiola G., Plambeck R., Blitz L., Giant Molecular Clouds in M33. II. High-Resolution Observations, The Astrophysical Journal, 599, 258-274, (2003).
  • Bolatto A. D., Wolfire M., Leroy A. K., The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 51, 207-243, (2013).
  • Narayanan, D., Krumholz, M. R., Ostriker, E. C., Hernquist, L.. A general model for the CO-H2 conversion factor in galaxies with applications to the star formation law, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 421, 3127–3146, (2012).
  • Elmegreen, B. G., Scalo, J.. Interstellar Turbulence I: Observations and Processes, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 42, 211-281, (2004).

NGC 7331 sarmal gökadasında gaz, toz ve genç yıldız popülasyonları arasındaki korelasyon

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 138 - 151, 05.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.948997

Abstract

Galaksilerdeki moleküler bulutlar (MC'ler), birçok evresi olan karmaşık yerlerdir. Bu nedenle, çoklu emisyon çizgileri kullanarak MC'lerin fiziğini ve kinematiğini incelemek önemlidir. Çok sayıda emisyon verisi kullanarak, şöyle ki karbon monoksit (CO), 24micron ve uzak ultraviyole (FUV) verileri, yakın evrende yer alan sarmal galaksi NGC 7331'deki moleküler gaz ve tozun fiziğini araştırıyoruz. NGC 7331 galaksisinin gazlı diski boyunca 14 konum hedeflendi. CO yoğunluklarının, gaz kütlesinin, gaz yüzey yoğunluğunun ve 24micron / FUV akı oranının (yani sönümleme) merkezden yaklaşık 40 yay saniyeye kadar arttığını ve sonra azalmaya başladığını bulduk. Çalışılan parametre çiftlerinin çoğu arasında pozitif bir korelasyon vardır (FUV akı yoğunluğu hariç). Diskin doğu tarafında elde edilen fiziksel parametreler batı tarafındakilerden daha yüksek medyan değerleri göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, yıldız oluşum aktivitesinin, yıldız popülasyonlarının ve ISM’in genel fiziksel özelliklerinin diskin her iki tarafında farklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmamız, galaksilerdeki ISM'in karmaşık doğası hakkında dikkate değer bilgiler sağlamakta ve gelecekte yapılması planlanan daha yüksek çözünürlüklü çalışmaları teşvik etmek potansiyeline sahiptir.

References

  • Fukui, Y., & Kawamura, A., Molecular Clouds in Nearby Galaxies, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 48, 547-580, (2010).
  • Cuadrado, S., Goicoechea, J. R., Cernicharo, J., Fuente, A., Pety, J., Tercero, B. Complex organic molecules in strongly UV-irradiated gas, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 603, 124-153, (2017).
  • Wakelam, V., Bron, E., Cazaux, S., Dulieu, F., Gry, C., Guillard, P., Habart, E., Hornekær, L., Morisset, S., Nyman, G., Pirronello, V., Price, S., Valdivia, V., Vidali, G., Watanabe, N., H2 formation on interstellar dust grains: The viewpoints of theory, experiments, models and observations, Molecular Astrophysics, 48, 1-36, (2017).
  • Kim, J., Kim, W., Ostriker, E. C., Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars. II. Dispersal of Star-forming Giant Molecular Clouds by Photoionization and Radiation Pressure, The Astrophysical Journal, 859, 68-91, (2018).
  • Bicalho, I. C., Combes, F., Rubio, M., Verdugo, C., Salome, P., ALMA CO(2-1) observations in the XUV disk of M83, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 623, 66-72, (2019).
  • Flores, H., Hammer, F., Elbaz, D., Cesarsky, C. J., Liang, Y. C., Fadda, D., Gruel, N., Star formation rates of distant luminous infrared galaxies derived from Hα and IR luminosities, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 415, 885-888, (2004).
  • Calzetti, D., Kennicutt, R. C. Jr., Bianchi, L., Thilker, D. A., Dale, D. A., Engelbracht, C. W., Leitherer, C., Meyer, M. J., Sosey, M. L., Mutchler, M., Regan, M. W. et al., Star Formation in NGC 5194 (M51a): The Panchromatic View from GALEX to Spitzer, The Astrophysical Journal, 633, 871-893, (2005).
  • Dale, D. A., Gil de Paz, A., Gordon, K. D., Hanson, H. M., Armus, L., Bendo, G. J., Bianchi, L., Block, M., Boissier, S., Boselli, A. et al., An Ultraviolet-to-Radio Broadband Spectral Atlas of Nearby Galaxies, The Astrophysical Journal, 655, 863-884, (2007).
  • Makarov D., Prugniel P., Terekhova N., Courtois H., Vauglin I., HyperLEDA. III. The catalogue of extragalactic distances, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 570, 13-24, (2014).
  • Helfer T. T., Thornley M. D., Regan M. W., Wong T., Sheth K., Vogel S. N., Blitz L., Bock D. C.-J., The BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies (BIMA SONG). II. The CO Data, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 145, 259-327, (2003).
  • Gil de Paz, A., Boissier, S., Madore, B. F., Seibert, M., Joe, Y. H., Boselli, A., Wyder, T. K., Thilker, D., Bianchi, L., Rey, S., et al, The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 173, 185-255, (2007).
  • Sault R. J., Teuben P. J., Wright M. C. H., A Retrospective View of MIRIAD, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems IV., Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 77, 433-436, (1995).
  • Markwardt C. B., Non-linear Least-squares Fitting in IDL with MPFIT”, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVIII., Quebec City, QC, Canada, 411, 251-254, (2009).
  • Dame T. M., Hartmann D., Thaddeus P., The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey, The Astrophysical Journal, 547, 792-813, (2001).
  • Rosolowsky E., Engargiola G., Plambeck R., Blitz L., Giant Molecular Clouds in M33. II. High-Resolution Observations, The Astrophysical Journal, 599, 258-274, (2003).
  • Bolatto A. D., Wolfire M., Leroy A. K., The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 51, 207-243, (2013).
  • Narayanan, D., Krumholz, M. R., Ostriker, E. C., Hernquist, L.. A general model for the CO-H2 conversion factor in galaxies with applications to the star formation law, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 421, 3127–3146, (2012).
  • Elmegreen, B. G., Scalo, J.. Interstellar Turbulence I: Observations and Processes, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 42, 211-281, (2004).
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Selçuk Topal 0000-0003-2132-5632

Publication Date January 5, 2022
Submission Date June 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Topal, S. (2022). Correlations of gas, dust and young stellar populations in the spiral galaxy NGC 7331. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 138-151. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.948997
AMA Topal S. Correlations of gas, dust and young stellar populations in the spiral galaxy NGC 7331. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. January 2022;24(1):138-151. doi:10.25092/baunfbed.948997
Chicago Topal, Selçuk. “Correlations of Gas, Dust and Young Stellar Populations in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 7331”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 24, no. 1 (January 2022): 138-51. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.948997.
EndNote Topal S (January 1, 2022) Correlations of gas, dust and young stellar populations in the spiral galaxy NGC 7331. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 24 1 138–151.
IEEE S. Topal, “Correlations of gas, dust and young stellar populations in the spiral galaxy NGC 7331”, BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 138–151, 2022, doi: 10.25092/baunfbed.948997.
ISNAD Topal, Selçuk. “Correlations of Gas, Dust and Young Stellar Populations in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 7331”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 24/1 (January 2022), 138-151. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.948997.
JAMA Topal S. Correlations of gas, dust and young stellar populations in the spiral galaxy NGC 7331. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2022;24:138–151.
MLA Topal, Selçuk. “Correlations of Gas, Dust and Young Stellar Populations in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 7331”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 1, 2022, pp. 138-51, doi:10.25092/baunfbed.948997.
Vancouver Topal S. Correlations of gas, dust and young stellar populations in the spiral galaxy NGC 7331. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2022;24(1):138-51.