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Studies on the investigation of natural radiation emitted from building materials

Year 2018, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 22 - 37, 02.04.2018

Ali Aşkın Murat Dal

https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.411782

Abstract

In this rewiev, studies performed in Turkey and in abroad in order to
determine the gamma activities of the 226Ra, 232Th,
40K isotopes existed in the various building materials and the
radiological parameters depending on the activities such as, radium equivalent
activity, gamma and alpha indexes, absorbed ratio of gamma dose, internal and
external hazard indexes, are investigated and their results are summarized for
the readers. In the performed studies, the radioactivities of the granite and
sand samples are found to be higher than the other materials. In some cement
specimens with high activity, it was reported that the source of high
radioactivity originates from the ash, which is commonly used as an additive
material in cement. When the number of studies and their results are considered,
it is understood  that the determination
of natural radioactivity emitted from building materials will be very  important for the protection of human health
in a long term.

Keywords

Natural radioactivity building material radiological parameter

References

  • Dihn, N.C., Dulinski, M., Jodlowski, P., Nowak, J., Rozanski, K. ve Sleziak, M., Natural radioactivity in groundwater - a review, Isotopes Environmental Health Studies, 47, 4, 415 - 437, (2011).
  • UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation), Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, New York, (1988).
  • Isam, S., Sara, A., Sahar, E. ve Hajo, I., Radiation exposure of workers in storage areas for building materials, Journal of Taibah University for Science, 8, 394-400, (2014).
  • Kendall, G.M. ve Smith, T.J., Doses to organs and tissues from radonand its decay products, Journal of Radiological Protection, 22, 4, 389-406, (2002).
  • Duran, T.M., Barros-Dios, M.J., Villar, A.F. ve Ravina A.R., Residential radon and lung cancer in never smokers. Asystematic review, Cancer Letters, 345, 1, 21-26, (2014).
  • OECD, "Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Exposure to radiation from the natural radioactivity in building materials," Paris, (1979).
  • UNSCEAR, "Exposure from natural radiation sources. Report to general assembly with annexes (Annex B)," New York: United Nations, (2000).
  • EC (European Commission), "Radiological protection principles concerning the natural radioactivity of building materials.," Radiation protection 112. Directorate General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection, Cenevre, (1999).
  • Grupen, C. ve Shwartz B., Particle Detectors. New York: Cambridge University Press, (2008).
  • Asaduzzaman, K., Mannan, F., Khandaker, M., Farook, M.S. ve Elkezza, A., Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Potential Radiological Risks of Common Building Materials Used in Bangladeshi Dwellings, Public Library of Science (PLoS one), 16, 10, 10, (2015).
  • Khandaker, M.U., Jojo, P.J., Kassim, H.A. ve Amin, Y.M., Radiometric analysis of construction materials using HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 152, 1, 33-37, (2012).
  • S. Zuhur, The investigation natural radioactivity levels in building materials used in Gaziantep region, M. Sc. Thesis Gaziantep Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (2014).
  • Rahman, S.U., Rafique, M. ve Jabbar, A., Radiological hazards due to naturally occurring radionuclides in the selected building materials used for the construction of dwellings in four districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 153, 3, 352-360, (2013).
  • Arabi, A.M., Ahmed, N.K. ve Salahel Din, K., Assessment of terrestrial gamma radiation doses for some Egyptian granite samples, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 128, 3, 382-385, (2008).
  • Gupta, M. ve Chauhan, R.P., Estimation of Low-Level Radiation Dose from Some Building Materials Using Gamma Spectroscopy, Indoor and Built Environment, 21, 3, 465-473, (2012).
  • Solak, S., Turhan, Ş., Ugur, F.A., Goren, E., Gezer, F., Yeğingil, Z. ve Yeğingil, İ., Evaluation of potential exposure risks of natural radioactivity levels emitted from building materials used in Adana, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 23, 4, 594-602, (2014). Mathew, P.J. ve Beretka, J., Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial waste and by-products, Health Physics, 48, 87-95, (1985).
  • Todorović, N., Hansman, J., Mrđa, D., Nikolov, J., Kardos, R. ve Krmar, M., Concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in industrial kaolinized granite, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 168, 10-14, (2017).
  • Morsi, T., Hegazy, R. ve Badawy W., Radiological impact assessment to the environment due to waste from disposal of porcelain, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 93, 6, 653-659, (2017).
  • Silfwerbrand, J., Jelinek, C., Trägardh, J., Isaksson, M. ve Döse, M., Naturally occurring radioactivity in some Swedish concretes and their constituents - Assessment by using I-index and dose-model, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 155-156, 105-111, (2016).
  • Raghub Y., Sivakumarc, S., Chandrasekarand, A., Prem Anande, D., Ravisankar, R. ve Senthilkumara, G., Natural radioactivity measurement and evaluation of radiological hazards in some commercial flooring materials used in Thiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, India, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7, 1, 116-122, (2014).
  • Christofides, G., Koroneos, A., Papadopoulou L., Papastefanou, C., Stoulos, S. ve Papadopoulos, A., Natural radioactivity and radiation index of the major plutonic bodies in Greece, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 124, 227-238, (2013).
  • Lu, X., Li, N., Yang, G. ve Zhao, C., Assessment of natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in building materials used in Yan'an, China, Health Physics, 104, 3, 325-331, (2013).
  • Eštoková, A. ve Palaščáková, L., Assessment of natural radioactivity levels of cements and cement composites in the Slovak Republic, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 12, 7165-7179, (2013).
  • Xhixha, G., Ahmeti, A., Bezzon, G.P., Bitri, M., First characterisation of natural radioactivity in building materials manufactured in Albania, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 155, 2, 217-223, (2013).
  • Aslam, M., Gul, R., Ara, T. ve Hussain, M., Assessment of radiological hazards of naturally occurring radioactive materials in cement industry, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 151, 3, 483-488, (2012).
  • Ahmad, F., Natural radioactivity levels in building materials used in Egypt, Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 162, 43-52, (2011).
  • Ajayi, O., Measurement of activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th for assessment of radiation hazards from soils of the southwestern region of Nigeria, Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 48, 3, 323-332, (2009).
  • Mahmoud, K.R., Radionuclide content of local and imported cements used in Egypt, Journal of Radiological Protection, 27, 1, 69 - 77, (2007).
  • Amrani, D. ve Tahtat, M., Natural radioactivity in Algerian building materials, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54, 4, 687-689, (2001).
  • Sorantin, H. ve Steger, F., Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials in Austria, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 7, 1-4, 59-61, (1984).
  • Ngachin, M., Garavaglia, M., Giovani, C., Kwato Njock, M.G. ve Nourreddine, A., Assessment of natural radioactivity and associated radiation hazards in some Cameroonian building materials, Radiation Measurements, 42, 1, 61-67. (2007).
  • Baykara, O., Karatepe, Ş. ve Doğru, M., Assessments of natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in construction materials used in Elazig, Turkey, Radiation Measurement, 46, 153-158, (2011).
  • Mavi, B. ve Akkurt, I., Natural radioactivity and radiation hazards in some building materials used in Isparta, Turkey, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 79, 9, 933-937, (2010).
  • Turhan, S., Baykan, U.N. ve Sen, K., Measurement of the natural radioactivity in building materials used in Ankara and assessment of external doses, Journal of Radiological Protection, 28, 1, 83-91, (2008).
  • Erees, F.S., Dayanıklı, S.A. ve Çam, S., Natural Radionuclides in the Building Materials used in Manisa City, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 15, 5, 495-498, (2006).
  • Damla, N., Çevik, U., Kobya, A.İ. ve Ataksor B., Assessment of environmental radioactivity for Batman, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160, 401-412, (2010).
  • Altun, M., Sezgin, N., Nemlioğlu, S., Karakelle, B., Can, N. ve Temelli U.E., Natural radioactivity and hazard-level assessment of Portland cements in Turkey, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 314, 2, 941-948, (2017).
  • Canbaz, B., Çam, N.F., Yaprak, G. ve Candan, O., Natural radioactivity (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) and assessment of radiological hazards in the Kestanbol granitoid, Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 141, 2, 192-198, (2010).
  • Özdiş, B.E., Çam, N.F. ve Öztürk, B., Assessment of natural radioactivity in cements used as buildingmaterials in Turkey, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 311, 307-316, (2016).
  • Belgin, E.E. ve Aycık, G.A., 226Ra, 232Th and 40K Activity concentrations and radiological hazards of building materials in Muğla, Turkey, Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 2, 11-16, (2015).
  • Turhan, S. ve Gürbüz, G., Radiological significance of cement used in building construction in Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 129, 4, 391-396, (2008).
  • Tufan, M.Ç. ve Dişçi, T., Natural radioactivity measurements in building materials used in Samsun, Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 156, 1, 87-92, (2013).
  • Damla, N., Çevik, U., Kobya, A.İ., Çelik, A. ve Çelik, N., Assessment of natural radiation exposure levels and mass attenuation coefficients of lime and gypsum samples used in Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 457-466, (2010).
  • Turhan, Ş., Aykamıs, A.S. ve Kılıç A.M., Natural radionuclide content and radiological hazard associated with usage of quartzite sand samples from Ovacik-Silifke-Mersin open pit as building material in Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 136, 2, 101-107 , (2009).
  • Turhan, Ş., Arıkan, İ.H., Köse, A. ve Varinlioğlu A., Assessment of the radiological impacts of utilizing coal combustion fly ash as main constituent in the production of cement, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177, 1-4, 555-561, (2011).
  • Damla, N., Çevik, U., Kobya, A.İ., Çelik, A., Çelik N. ve Van Grieken, R., Radiation dose estimation and mass attenuation coefficients of cement samples used in Turkey, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176, 1-3, 644-649, (2010).
  • Turhan, S., Radiological impacts of the usability of clay and kaolin as raw material in manufacturing of structural building materials in Turkey, Journal of Radiological Protection, 29, 1, 75-83, (2009).
  • Cevik, U., Damla, N., Kobya, A.I., Çelik, N., Çelik, A., Van, A.A., Assessment of natural radioactivity of sand used in Turkey, Journal of Radiological Protection, 29, 1, 61-74, (2009).
  • Akkurt, I., Oruncak, B. ve Gunoglu, K., Natural Radioactivity and dose rates in commercially used marble from Afyonkarahisar - Turkey, International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5, 2, 170-173, (2010).
  • Kam, E. ve Bozkurt, A., Environmental radioactivity measurements in Kastamonu region of northern Turkey, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65, 4, 440-444, (2007).
  • Köksal, E.M., Çelebi, N. ve Özçınar, B., Indoor 222Rn concentrations in İstanbul Houses, Health Physics, 65, 1, 87-88, (1993).
  • Degerlier, M. ve Çelebi, N., Indoor radon concentrations in Adana, Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 131, 2, 259-264, (2008).

Yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerden yayılan doğal radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar

Year 2018, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 22 - 37, 02.04.2018

Ali Aşkın Murat Dal

https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.411782

Abstract

Bu derlemede, çeşitli yapı
malzemelerinde var olan 226Ra, 232Th, 40K radyoaktif
izotoplarından yayılan gama radyasyonun aktivitesinin ve bu aktivitelere bağlı
olan radyum eşdeğer aktivitesi, gama ve alfa indeksi, soğurulan gama doz oranı
ile iç ve dış risk indeksleri gibi radyolojik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi
amacıyla Türkiye’de ve diğer ülkelerde yapılmış araştırmalar ve sonuçları incelenerek
okuyucuların dikkatine sunulmuştur. Yapılan çalışmaların genelinde granit ve
kum örneklerindeki doğal radyoaktivite diğer malzemelere oranla daha yüksek
bulunmuştur.  Aktivitesi yüksek bulunan
bazı çimento örneklerinde, yüksek radyoaktivtenin kaynağının çimentoda katkı
malzemesi olarak kullanılan kül’den kaynaklandığı belirtilmiştir. Bu konuda
yapılan çalışmaların sayıları ve elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde,
yapı malzemelerinden yayılan doğal radyoaktivitenin belirlenmesinin uzun vadede
insan sağlığının korunmasına önemli katkıları olacağı görülmektedir.

Keywords

Doğal radyoaktivite yapı malzemesi radyolojik parametre

References

  • Dihn, N.C., Dulinski, M., Jodlowski, P., Nowak, J., Rozanski, K. ve Sleziak, M., Natural radioactivity in groundwater - a review, Isotopes Environmental Health Studies, 47, 4, 415 - 437, (2011).
  • UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation), Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, New York, (1988).
  • Isam, S., Sara, A., Sahar, E. ve Hajo, I., Radiation exposure of workers in storage areas for building materials, Journal of Taibah University for Science, 8, 394-400, (2014).
  • Kendall, G.M. ve Smith, T.J., Doses to organs and tissues from radonand its decay products, Journal of Radiological Protection, 22, 4, 389-406, (2002).
  • Duran, T.M., Barros-Dios, M.J., Villar, A.F. ve Ravina A.R., Residential radon and lung cancer in never smokers. Asystematic review, Cancer Letters, 345, 1, 21-26, (2014).
  • OECD, "Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Exposure to radiation from the natural radioactivity in building materials," Paris, (1979).
  • UNSCEAR, "Exposure from natural radiation sources. Report to general assembly with annexes (Annex B)," New York: United Nations, (2000).
  • EC (European Commission), "Radiological protection principles concerning the natural radioactivity of building materials.," Radiation protection 112. Directorate General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection, Cenevre, (1999).
  • Grupen, C. ve Shwartz B., Particle Detectors. New York: Cambridge University Press, (2008).
  • Asaduzzaman, K., Mannan, F., Khandaker, M., Farook, M.S. ve Elkezza, A., Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Potential Radiological Risks of Common Building Materials Used in Bangladeshi Dwellings, Public Library of Science (PLoS one), 16, 10, 10, (2015).
  • Khandaker, M.U., Jojo, P.J., Kassim, H.A. ve Amin, Y.M., Radiometric analysis of construction materials using HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 152, 1, 33-37, (2012).
  • S. Zuhur, The investigation natural radioactivity levels in building materials used in Gaziantep region, M. Sc. Thesis Gaziantep Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (2014).
  • Rahman, S.U., Rafique, M. ve Jabbar, A., Radiological hazards due to naturally occurring radionuclides in the selected building materials used for the construction of dwellings in four districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 153, 3, 352-360, (2013).
  • Arabi, A.M., Ahmed, N.K. ve Salahel Din, K., Assessment of terrestrial gamma radiation doses for some Egyptian granite samples, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 128, 3, 382-385, (2008).
  • Gupta, M. ve Chauhan, R.P., Estimation of Low-Level Radiation Dose from Some Building Materials Using Gamma Spectroscopy, Indoor and Built Environment, 21, 3, 465-473, (2012).
  • Solak, S., Turhan, Ş., Ugur, F.A., Goren, E., Gezer, F., Yeğingil, Z. ve Yeğingil, İ., Evaluation of potential exposure risks of natural radioactivity levels emitted from building materials used in Adana, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 23, 4, 594-602, (2014). Mathew, P.J. ve Beretka, J., Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial waste and by-products, Health Physics, 48, 87-95, (1985).
  • Todorović, N., Hansman, J., Mrđa, D., Nikolov, J., Kardos, R. ve Krmar, M., Concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in industrial kaolinized granite, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 168, 10-14, (2017).
  • Morsi, T., Hegazy, R. ve Badawy W., Radiological impact assessment to the environment due to waste from disposal of porcelain, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 93, 6, 653-659, (2017).
  • Silfwerbrand, J., Jelinek, C., Trägardh, J., Isaksson, M. ve Döse, M., Naturally occurring radioactivity in some Swedish concretes and their constituents - Assessment by using I-index and dose-model, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 155-156, 105-111, (2016).
  • Raghub Y., Sivakumarc, S., Chandrasekarand, A., Prem Anande, D., Ravisankar, R. ve Senthilkumara, G., Natural radioactivity measurement and evaluation of radiological hazards in some commercial flooring materials used in Thiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, India, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7, 1, 116-122, (2014).
  • Christofides, G., Koroneos, A., Papadopoulou L., Papastefanou, C., Stoulos, S. ve Papadopoulos, A., Natural radioactivity and radiation index of the major plutonic bodies in Greece, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 124, 227-238, (2013).
  • Lu, X., Li, N., Yang, G. ve Zhao, C., Assessment of natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in building materials used in Yan'an, China, Health Physics, 104, 3, 325-331, (2013).
  • Eštoková, A. ve Palaščáková, L., Assessment of natural radioactivity levels of cements and cement composites in the Slovak Republic, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 12, 7165-7179, (2013).
  • Xhixha, G., Ahmeti, A., Bezzon, G.P., Bitri, M., First characterisation of natural radioactivity in building materials manufactured in Albania, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 155, 2, 217-223, (2013).
  • Aslam, M., Gul, R., Ara, T. ve Hussain, M., Assessment of radiological hazards of naturally occurring radioactive materials in cement industry, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 151, 3, 483-488, (2012).
  • Ahmad, F., Natural radioactivity levels in building materials used in Egypt, Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 162, 43-52, (2011).
  • Ajayi, O., Measurement of activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th for assessment of radiation hazards from soils of the southwestern region of Nigeria, Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 48, 3, 323-332, (2009).
  • Mahmoud, K.R., Radionuclide content of local and imported cements used in Egypt, Journal of Radiological Protection, 27, 1, 69 - 77, (2007).
  • Amrani, D. ve Tahtat, M., Natural radioactivity in Algerian building materials, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54, 4, 687-689, (2001).
  • Sorantin, H. ve Steger, F., Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials in Austria, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 7, 1-4, 59-61, (1984).
  • Ngachin, M., Garavaglia, M., Giovani, C., Kwato Njock, M.G. ve Nourreddine, A., Assessment of natural radioactivity and associated radiation hazards in some Cameroonian building materials, Radiation Measurements, 42, 1, 61-67. (2007).
  • Baykara, O., Karatepe, Ş. ve Doğru, M., Assessments of natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in construction materials used in Elazig, Turkey, Radiation Measurement, 46, 153-158, (2011).
  • Mavi, B. ve Akkurt, I., Natural radioactivity and radiation hazards in some building materials used in Isparta, Turkey, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 79, 9, 933-937, (2010).
  • Turhan, S., Baykan, U.N. ve Sen, K., Measurement of the natural radioactivity in building materials used in Ankara and assessment of external doses, Journal of Radiological Protection, 28, 1, 83-91, (2008).
  • Erees, F.S., Dayanıklı, S.A. ve Çam, S., Natural Radionuclides in the Building Materials used in Manisa City, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 15, 5, 495-498, (2006).
  • Damla, N., Çevik, U., Kobya, A.İ. ve Ataksor B., Assessment of environmental radioactivity for Batman, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160, 401-412, (2010).
  • Altun, M., Sezgin, N., Nemlioğlu, S., Karakelle, B., Can, N. ve Temelli U.E., Natural radioactivity and hazard-level assessment of Portland cements in Turkey, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 314, 2, 941-948, (2017).
  • Canbaz, B., Çam, N.F., Yaprak, G. ve Candan, O., Natural radioactivity (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) and assessment of radiological hazards in the Kestanbol granitoid, Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 141, 2, 192-198, (2010).
  • Özdiş, B.E., Çam, N.F. ve Öztürk, B., Assessment of natural radioactivity in cements used as buildingmaterials in Turkey, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 311, 307-316, (2016).
  • Belgin, E.E. ve Aycık, G.A., 226Ra, 232Th and 40K Activity concentrations and radiological hazards of building materials in Muğla, Turkey, Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 2, 11-16, (2015).
  • Turhan, S. ve Gürbüz, G., Radiological significance of cement used in building construction in Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 129, 4, 391-396, (2008).
  • Tufan, M.Ç. ve Dişçi, T., Natural radioactivity measurements in building materials used in Samsun, Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 156, 1, 87-92, (2013).
  • Damla, N., Çevik, U., Kobya, A.İ., Çelik, A. ve Çelik, N., Assessment of natural radiation exposure levels and mass attenuation coefficients of lime and gypsum samples used in Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 457-466, (2010).
  • Turhan, Ş., Aykamıs, A.S. ve Kılıç A.M., Natural radionuclide content and radiological hazard associated with usage of quartzite sand samples from Ovacik-Silifke-Mersin open pit as building material in Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 136, 2, 101-107 , (2009).
  • Turhan, Ş., Arıkan, İ.H., Köse, A. ve Varinlioğlu A., Assessment of the radiological impacts of utilizing coal combustion fly ash as main constituent in the production of cement, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177, 1-4, 555-561, (2011).
  • Damla, N., Çevik, U., Kobya, A.İ., Çelik, A., Çelik N. ve Van Grieken, R., Radiation dose estimation and mass attenuation coefficients of cement samples used in Turkey, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176, 1-3, 644-649, (2010).
  • Turhan, S., Radiological impacts of the usability of clay and kaolin as raw material in manufacturing of structural building materials in Turkey, Journal of Radiological Protection, 29, 1, 75-83, (2009).
  • Cevik, U., Damla, N., Kobya, A.I., Çelik, N., Çelik, A., Van, A.A., Assessment of natural radioactivity of sand used in Turkey, Journal of Radiological Protection, 29, 1, 61-74, (2009).
  • Akkurt, I., Oruncak, B. ve Gunoglu, K., Natural Radioactivity and dose rates in commercially used marble from Afyonkarahisar - Turkey, International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5, 2, 170-173, (2010).
  • Kam, E. ve Bozkurt, A., Environmental radioactivity measurements in Kastamonu region of northern Turkey, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65, 4, 440-444, (2007).
  • Köksal, E.M., Çelebi, N. ve Özçınar, B., Indoor 222Rn concentrations in İstanbul Houses, Health Physics, 65, 1, 87-88, (1993).
  • Degerlier, M. ve Çelebi, N., Indoor radon concentrations in Adana, Turkey, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 131, 2, 259-264, (2008).
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Ali Aşkın

Murat Dal

Publication Date April 2, 2018
Submission Date October 4, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aşkın, A., & Dal, M. (2018). Yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerden yayılan doğal radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(1), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.411782
AMA Aşkın A, Dal M. Yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerden yayılan doğal radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. July 2018;20(1):22-37. doi:10.25092/baunfbed.411782
Chicago Aşkın, Ali, and Murat Dal. “Yapılarda kullanılan Malzemelerden yayılan doğal Radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 20, no. 1 (July 2018): 22-37. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.411782.
EndNote Aşkın A, Dal M (July 1, 2018) Yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerden yayılan doğal radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 20 1 22–37.
IEEE A. Aşkın and M. Dal, “Yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerden yayılan doğal radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar”, BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 22–37, 2018, doi: 10.25092/baunfbed.411782.
ISNAD Aşkın, Ali - Dal, Murat. “Yapılarda kullanılan Malzemelerden yayılan doğal Radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 20/1 (July 2018), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.411782.
JAMA Aşkın A, Dal M. Yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerden yayılan doğal radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2018;20:22–37.
MLA Aşkın, Ali and Murat Dal. “Yapılarda kullanılan Malzemelerden yayılan doğal Radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 1, 2018, pp. 22-37, doi:10.25092/baunfbed.411782.
Vancouver Aşkın A, Dal M. Yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerden yayılan doğal radyasyonun araştırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2018;20(1):22-37.
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