Research Article
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Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-invasive Biomarker for Fish welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example

Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 30 - 35, 09.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241334425

Abstract

Ensuring fish welfare is essential from the ethical, legal, environmental, economic, and social perspectives. It plays a vital role in maintaining the health and sustainability of aquaculture practices while respecting the intrinsic value and welfare of the fish themselves. The presence of reliable welfare assessment schemes is of utmost importance to appraise the well-being of animals in aquaculture and uphold stringent welfare standards. In determining fish welfare, conducting welfare assessments with non-invasive biomarkers is crucial thus the primary objective of this study is to explore the potential usability of visible parasites as welfare biomarkers in fish without causing any harm to the fish. In this research, certain secondary stress indicators (hematocrit, plasma glucose and lactate) were employed as biomarkers for assessing the well-being of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The study aimed to investigate whether there is a possible correlation between the presence of visible ectoparasites on the gills (specifically, the Copepod parasite, Lernantropus kroyeri) and the aforementioned stress parameters. Thus, in this study, the examination was conducted to establish the validity of ectoparasites as non-invasive biomarkers for evaluating the welfare of fish. The results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the intensity of ectoparasites and the stress parameters used as indicators of welfare. The observable presence and intensity of ectoparasites on the gills of the fish can be proposed as a non-invasive biomarker for evaluating fish welfare in aquaculture.

Supporting Institution

NONE

Project Number

NONE

Thanks

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: AGRO-MEY AQUACULTURE COMPANY

References

  • Barreto, M.O., Rey Planellas, S., Yang, Y., Phillips, C., Descovich, K. (2021). Emerging indicators of fish welfare in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12601 google scholar
  • Bermejo-Nogales, A., Calduch-Giner, J.A., Perez-Sânchez, J. (2014) Tissue-specific gene expression and functional regulation of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) by hypoxia and nutrient availability in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): implications on the physiological significance of UCP1-3 variants. Fish Physiology & Biochemistry, 40, 751-762. google scholar
  • Browning, H. (2023). Improving welfare assessment in aquaculture. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1060720 google scholar
  • Bui, S., Oppedal, F., Sievers, M. and Dempster, T. (2019). Behaviour in the toolbox to outsmart parasites and improve fish welfare in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11: 168-186. google scholar
  • Carbajal, A., Soler, P., Tallo-Parra, O., Isasa, M., Echevarria, C., Lopez-Bejar, M., Vinyoles, D. (2019). Towards Non-Invasive Methods in Measuring Fish Welfare: The Measurement of Cortisol Concentrations in Fish Skin Mucus as a Biomarker of Habitat Quality. Animals, https:// doi.org/10.3390/ani9110939 google scholar
  • Ellis, T., Yildiz, H. Y., Lopez-Olmeda, J. F., Spedicato, M. T., Tort, L., 0verli, 0., Martins, C. I. M., & Martins, C. I. M. (2012). Cortisol and finfish welfare. Fish Physiology & Biochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/ S10695-011-9568-Y google scholar
  • Er, A. & Kayış, Ş. (2015). Intensity and prevalence of some crustacean fish parasites in Turkey and their molecular identification. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 39 (6), https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1409-35 google scholar
  • FAO (2022). The state of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-136364-5 google scholar
  • Fazio, F., Ferrantelli, V., Fortino, G., Arfuso, F., Giangrosso, G., Faggio, C. (2015). The Influence of Acute Handling Stress on Some Blood Parameters in Cultured Sea Bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758). Italian Journal of Food Safety. 11, 4(1):4174. google scholar
  • Galhardo, L., & Oliveira, R. F. (2009). Psychological Stress and Welfare in Fish. Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences, https://doi. org/10.5016/1806-8774.2009V11P1 google scholar
  • Garratt, J. K., McCulloch, S. (2022). Wild Fish Welfare in UK Commercial Sea Fisheries: Qualitative Analysis Of Stakeholder Views. Animals, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202756 google scholar
  • Guardiola, F A., Cuesta, A., & Esteban, M. Â. (2016). Using skin mucus to evaluate stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FSI.2016.11.005 google scholar
  • Henry, M., Alexis, M., Fountoulaki, E., & Nengas, I. (2009). Effects of a natural parasitical infection (Lernanthropus kroyeri) on the immune system of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. Parasite Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01150.x google scholar
  • Iwama, G. K. (1998). Fish stress and health in aquaculture. 21(3). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/1352849 google scholar
  • Kulczykowska, E. (2019). Stress Response System in the Fish Skin-Welfare Measures. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/ FPHYS.2019.00072 google scholar
  • Levy de Carvalho Gomes, L. de C. G. (2007). Physiological responses of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) to acute handling stress. Acta Amazonica, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672007000400019 google scholar
  • Magalhâes, C. R. de, Schrama, D., Farinha, A. P., Revets, D., Kuehn, A., Planchon, S., Rodrigues, P. M., & Cerqueira, M. (2020). Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach to fish welfare research. BMC Genomics, https://doi. org/10.1186/S12864-020-6728-4 google scholar
  • Martins, C. I. M., Martins, C. I. M., Galhardo, L., Noble, C., Damsgârd, B., Spedicato, M. T., Zupa, W., Beauchaud, M., Kulczykowska, E., Massabuau, J.-C., Carter, T., Rey Planellas, S., & Kristiansen, T. S. (2012). Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish. 38(1). Fish Physiology & Biochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10695-011-9518-8. google scholar
  • Olsen, Y., Falk, K., & Reite, O. (1992). Cortisol and lactate levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar developing infectious anaemia (ISA). 14. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO014099 google scholar
  • Özak, A. A., Demirkale, I., & Yanar, A. (2016). Lernanthropid copepods parasitic on marine fishes in Turkish waters, including two new records. Zootaxa, 4174(1), 161-175. google scholar
  • 0verli, 0., Nordgreen, J., Mejdell, C. M., Janczak, A. M., Kittilsen, S., Johansen, I. B., & Horsberg, T. E. (2014). Ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) affect behavior and brain serotonergic activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Perspectives on animal welfare. Physiology and Behaviour, https://doi.org/10.1016/J. PHYSBEH.2014.04.031 google scholar
  • Schreck, C. B., & Tort, L. (2016). 1 - The Concept of Stress in Fish. In C. B. Schreck, L. Tort, A. P. Farrell, & C. J. Brauner (Eds.), Biology of Stress in Fish (Vol. 35, pp. 1-34). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802728-8.00001-1 google scholar
  • Segner, H., Sundh, H., Buchmann, K., Douxfils, J., Sundell, K.S., Mathieu, C., Ruane, N., Jutfelt, F., Toften, H., Vaughan, L. (2012). Health of farmed fish: its relation to fish welfare and its utility as welfare indicator. Fish Physiology& Biochemistry, 38(1), 85-105. google scholar
  • Segner, H., Reiser. S., Ruane, N., Rösch, R., Steinhagen, D., Vehanen, T. (2019). Welfare of fishes in aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1189. Budapest: FAO. google scholar
  • Seibel, H., BaBmann, B., & Rebl, A. (2021). Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.616955 google scholar
  • Stien, L. H., Bracke, M. B. M., Folkedal, O., Nilsson, J., Oppedal, F., Torgersen, T., Kittilsen, S., Midtlyng, P. J., Vindas, M. A., 0verli, 0., & Kristiansen, T. S. (2013). Salmon Welfare Index Model (SWIM 1.0): a semantic model for overall welfare assessment of caged Atlantic salmon: review of the selected welfare indicators and model presentation. 5(1). Reviews in Aquaculture, https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1753-5131.2012.01083.X google scholar
  • Tokşen, E. (2007). Lernanthropus kroyeri van Beneden, 1851 (Crustacea: Copepoda) infections of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 27 (2), 49. google scholar
  • Wells, R. M. G., & Pankhurst, N. W. (1999). Evaluation of Simple Instruments for the Measurement of Blood Glucose and Lactate, and Plasma Protein as Stress Indicators in Fish. 30(2). World Aquaculture Society, https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-7345.1999.TB00876.X google scholar
  • Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. (1997). The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3). https://doi.org/10.1152/PHYSREV.1997.77.3.591 google scholar
  • Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., Chatzifotis, S., Anastasiadis, P., Parisi, G., & Papandroulakis, N. (2021). Testing of the Salmon Welfare Index Model (SWIM 1.0) as a computational welfare assessment for sea-caged European sea bass. Italian Journal of Animal Science, https:// doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1961106 google scholar
  • Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., & Korkmaz, A. S. (2021). Parasitic copepod (Lernanthropus kroyeri) on caged sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): An estimation of abundance and internal infestation pressure. Journal of Fish Diseases, https://doi:10.1111/jfd.13504 google scholar
Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 30 - 35, 09.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241334425

Abstract

Project Number

NONE

References

  • Barreto, M.O., Rey Planellas, S., Yang, Y., Phillips, C., Descovich, K. (2021). Emerging indicators of fish welfare in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12601 google scholar
  • Bermejo-Nogales, A., Calduch-Giner, J.A., Perez-Sânchez, J. (2014) Tissue-specific gene expression and functional regulation of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) by hypoxia and nutrient availability in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): implications on the physiological significance of UCP1-3 variants. Fish Physiology & Biochemistry, 40, 751-762. google scholar
  • Browning, H. (2023). Improving welfare assessment in aquaculture. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1060720 google scholar
  • Bui, S., Oppedal, F., Sievers, M. and Dempster, T. (2019). Behaviour in the toolbox to outsmart parasites and improve fish welfare in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11: 168-186. google scholar
  • Carbajal, A., Soler, P., Tallo-Parra, O., Isasa, M., Echevarria, C., Lopez-Bejar, M., Vinyoles, D. (2019). Towards Non-Invasive Methods in Measuring Fish Welfare: The Measurement of Cortisol Concentrations in Fish Skin Mucus as a Biomarker of Habitat Quality. Animals, https:// doi.org/10.3390/ani9110939 google scholar
  • Ellis, T., Yildiz, H. Y., Lopez-Olmeda, J. F., Spedicato, M. T., Tort, L., 0verli, 0., Martins, C. I. M., & Martins, C. I. M. (2012). Cortisol and finfish welfare. Fish Physiology & Biochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/ S10695-011-9568-Y google scholar
  • Er, A. & Kayış, Ş. (2015). Intensity and prevalence of some crustacean fish parasites in Turkey and their molecular identification. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 39 (6), https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1409-35 google scholar
  • FAO (2022). The state of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-136364-5 google scholar
  • Fazio, F., Ferrantelli, V., Fortino, G., Arfuso, F., Giangrosso, G., Faggio, C. (2015). The Influence of Acute Handling Stress on Some Blood Parameters in Cultured Sea Bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758). Italian Journal of Food Safety. 11, 4(1):4174. google scholar
  • Galhardo, L., & Oliveira, R. F. (2009). Psychological Stress and Welfare in Fish. Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences, https://doi. org/10.5016/1806-8774.2009V11P1 google scholar
  • Garratt, J. K., McCulloch, S. (2022). Wild Fish Welfare in UK Commercial Sea Fisheries: Qualitative Analysis Of Stakeholder Views. Animals, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202756 google scholar
  • Guardiola, F A., Cuesta, A., & Esteban, M. Â. (2016). Using skin mucus to evaluate stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FSI.2016.11.005 google scholar
  • Henry, M., Alexis, M., Fountoulaki, E., & Nengas, I. (2009). Effects of a natural parasitical infection (Lernanthropus kroyeri) on the immune system of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. Parasite Immunology, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01150.x google scholar
  • Iwama, G. K. (1998). Fish stress and health in aquaculture. 21(3). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/1352849 google scholar
  • Kulczykowska, E. (2019). Stress Response System in the Fish Skin-Welfare Measures. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/ FPHYS.2019.00072 google scholar
  • Levy de Carvalho Gomes, L. de C. G. (2007). Physiological responses of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) to acute handling stress. Acta Amazonica, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672007000400019 google scholar
  • Magalhâes, C. R. de, Schrama, D., Farinha, A. P., Revets, D., Kuehn, A., Planchon, S., Rodrigues, P. M., & Cerqueira, M. (2020). Protein changes as robust signatures of fish chronic stress: a proteomics approach to fish welfare research. BMC Genomics, https://doi. org/10.1186/S12864-020-6728-4 google scholar
  • Martins, C. I. M., Martins, C. I. M., Galhardo, L., Noble, C., Damsgârd, B., Spedicato, M. T., Zupa, W., Beauchaud, M., Kulczykowska, E., Massabuau, J.-C., Carter, T., Rey Planellas, S., & Kristiansen, T. S. (2012). Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish. 38(1). Fish Physiology & Biochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10695-011-9518-8. google scholar
  • Olsen, Y., Falk, K., & Reite, O. (1992). Cortisol and lactate levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar developing infectious anaemia (ISA). 14. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO014099 google scholar
  • Özak, A. A., Demirkale, I., & Yanar, A. (2016). Lernanthropid copepods parasitic on marine fishes in Turkish waters, including two new records. Zootaxa, 4174(1), 161-175. google scholar
  • 0verli, 0., Nordgreen, J., Mejdell, C. M., Janczak, A. M., Kittilsen, S., Johansen, I. B., & Horsberg, T. E. (2014). Ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) affect behavior and brain serotonergic activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Perspectives on animal welfare. Physiology and Behaviour, https://doi.org/10.1016/J. PHYSBEH.2014.04.031 google scholar
  • Schreck, C. B., & Tort, L. (2016). 1 - The Concept of Stress in Fish. In C. B. Schreck, L. Tort, A. P. Farrell, & C. J. Brauner (Eds.), Biology of Stress in Fish (Vol. 35, pp. 1-34). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802728-8.00001-1 google scholar
  • Segner, H., Sundh, H., Buchmann, K., Douxfils, J., Sundell, K.S., Mathieu, C., Ruane, N., Jutfelt, F., Toften, H., Vaughan, L. (2012). Health of farmed fish: its relation to fish welfare and its utility as welfare indicator. Fish Physiology& Biochemistry, 38(1), 85-105. google scholar
  • Segner, H., Reiser. S., Ruane, N., Rösch, R., Steinhagen, D., Vehanen, T. (2019). Welfare of fishes in aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1189. Budapest: FAO. google scholar
  • Seibel, H., BaBmann, B., & Rebl, A. (2021). Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.616955 google scholar
  • Stien, L. H., Bracke, M. B. M., Folkedal, O., Nilsson, J., Oppedal, F., Torgersen, T., Kittilsen, S., Midtlyng, P. J., Vindas, M. A., 0verli, 0., & Kristiansen, T. S. (2013). Salmon Welfare Index Model (SWIM 1.0): a semantic model for overall welfare assessment of caged Atlantic salmon: review of the selected welfare indicators and model presentation. 5(1). Reviews in Aquaculture, https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1753-5131.2012.01083.X google scholar
  • Tokşen, E. (2007). Lernanthropus kroyeri van Beneden, 1851 (Crustacea: Copepoda) infections of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 27 (2), 49. google scholar
  • Wells, R. M. G., & Pankhurst, N. W. (1999). Evaluation of Simple Instruments for the Measurement of Blood Glucose and Lactate, and Plasma Protein as Stress Indicators in Fish. 30(2). World Aquaculture Society, https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-7345.1999.TB00876.X google scholar
  • Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. (1997). The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3). https://doi.org/10.1152/PHYSREV.1997.77.3.591 google scholar
  • Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., Chatzifotis, S., Anastasiadis, P., Parisi, G., & Papandroulakis, N. (2021). Testing of the Salmon Welfare Index Model (SWIM 1.0) as a computational welfare assessment for sea-caged European sea bass. Italian Journal of Animal Science, https:// doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1961106 google scholar
  • Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., & Korkmaz, A. S. (2021). Parasitic copepod (Lernanthropus kroyeri) on caged sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): An estimation of abundance and internal infestation pressure. Journal of Fish Diseases, https://doi:10.1111/jfd.13504 google scholar
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hijran Yavuzcan 0000-0001-6567-7467

Project Number NONE
Publication Date January 9, 2024
Submission Date July 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 39 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yavuzcan, H. (2024). Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-invasive Biomarker for Fish welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 39(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241334425
AMA Yavuzcan H. Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-invasive Biomarker for Fish welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example. Aqua Sci Eng. January 2024;39(1):30-35. doi:10.26650/ASE20241334425
Chicago Yavuzcan, Hijran. “Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-Invasive Biomarker for Fish Welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus Kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39, no. 1 (January 2024): 30-35. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241334425.
EndNote Yavuzcan H (January 1, 2024) Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-invasive Biomarker for Fish welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39 1 30–35.
IEEE H. Yavuzcan, “Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-invasive Biomarker for Fish welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example”, Aqua Sci Eng, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 30–35, 2024, doi: 10.26650/ASE20241334425.
ISNAD Yavuzcan, Hijran. “Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-Invasive Biomarker for Fish Welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus Kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39/1 (January 2024), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241334425.
JAMA Yavuzcan H. Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-invasive Biomarker for Fish welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example. Aqua Sci Eng. 2024;39:30–35.
MLA Yavuzcan, Hijran. “Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-Invasive Biomarker for Fish Welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus Kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, vol. 39, no. 1, 2024, pp. 30-35, doi:10.26650/ASE20241334425.
Vancouver Yavuzcan H. Validity of Visible Ectoparasite Intensity As a Non-invasive Biomarker for Fish welfare: Parasitic Copepod, Lernantropus kroyeri in Sea Bass As an Example. Aqua Sci Eng. 2024;39(1):30-5.

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